PRNs基因家族研究进展

Pirins（简称PRNs、PIRs）是含有Cupin结构域的基因家族,属于功能各异的Cupin超家族成员之一。PRN蛋白的N端结构域含有金属离子结合位点,在原核和真核生物中高度保守。人hPRN可作为转录因子辅因子和氧化还原感受器参与癌症发生过程,是癌症治疗的潜在靶点。植物PRNs基因家族一般含有多个成员,其生物学功能尚未得到深入研究。概述了PRNs蛋白的基本结构及其生化特征,并综述了PRNs在人、微生物和植物中的生物学功能,以期为进一步解析水稻等作物中PRNs的功能提供一定线索,并为基因编辑等生物育种技术改良作物提供新的靶点。     

利用合成生物学原理提高光合作用效率的研究进展

我国人口增多与耕地面积减少的矛盾日益突出,粮食安全已成为我国国民经济可持续发展的重要保障。光合作用是作物产量形成的物质基础,提高作物光能利用效率是提高作物产量的重要途径之一。本文从光合作用过程中光能高效吸收、传递与转化,光能高效利用和碳同化等三大模块综述了近期科学家利用合成生物学对光合作用改造的最新进展。最后我们对其在农业中的应用前景进行了展望,通过合成生物学原理提高光合作用效率可能将为增加粮食产量提供重要理论支撑和关键生物技术。     

水稻育种行业创新进展

水稻是我国最重要的粮食作物,水稻等主要作物的持续稳定生产对保障我国粮食安全和农业可持续发展具有重大的现实和战略意义。近20年来,水稻分子生物学和分子设计育种方面均取得了一系列的重要研究进展,特别是重要功能基因的发现与利用,随着基因组学、计算生物学、系统生物学、合成生物学等新兴学科的发展,不仅为解析生物复杂性状的遗传调控网络带来了机遇,也为育种技术创新奠定了科学基础。本文简要综述与提高水稻产量有关的功能基因研究进展。     

低植酸作物研究现状与展望

本文系统评述了植酸的生物学和生化合成、植酸的含量与贮存形式及其影响因素、低植酸作物的营养功能、低植酸作物的诱变培育和低植酸突变性状的遗传研究,展望了低植酸作物培育的前景。     

秭归张家冲坡耕地作物类型对土壤微生物功能多样性的影响

湖北省秭归县张家冲小流域位于三峡库区,土地资源贫瘠,生态环境脆弱。为探讨相似土壤环境下,种植不同作物的坡耕地土壤微生物的碳源代谢是否有差异,我们选择该地水土保持站试验田坡耕地3种典型作物(柑橘、茶树、花生)及有无树篱搭配共计6种处理的6块样地,采得18个土样,测定了土壤理化性质,通过Biolog ECO微平板技术研究土壤微生物功能多样性,并运用多元统计方法,探索土壤微生物功能多样性与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明,土壤理化性质及土壤微生物受种植作物类型的影响。花生样地速效养分含量最低(P0.001)。柑橘无树篱样地土壤微生物活性最高,即Biolog培养的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)最大(P0.05)。不同作物样地土壤微生物功能多样性顺序为:柑橘地花生地茶树地(P0.05)。总体来看,样地土壤微生物主要代谢碳源类型为多聚物类和氨基酸类。芳香类和胺类碳源代谢在不同作物样地间存在显著差异(P0.05),有无树篱对糖类和羧酸类碳源代谢有较大的影响(P0.01)。柑橘样地土壤微生物碳源代谢受土壤理化因子影响较小,茶树样地土壤微生物的代谢与土壤pH、碱解氮、速效磷等相关性较高,而花生样地土壤微生物的代谢却与总氮、速效钾相关性较高。研究表明:在该地贫瘠的土壤中,不同作物土壤理化性质、土壤微生物代谢活性、多样性及碳源代谢类型存在差异;土壤微生物代谢特征与土壤理化性质有关。     

艾比湖流域小尺度农田土壤养分的空间分布和盐渍化风险评价

为了解绿洲经济迅速发展背景下新疆典型尾闾绿洲-艾比湖流域小尺度农田土壤的养分和盐渍化状况,对该地区典型农田土壤中有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾等养分元素的空间分布、影响因素以及盐渍化风险状况进行了评价。结果表明:(1)农田土壤中有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量均较高。所有土壤样点中总盐分含量属于高度变异,其他指标属于低度变异。(2)半方差函数分析表明土壤中碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量的空间变异性主要受施肥和灌溉等随机性因素的影响;而有机质和总盐分含量的空间变异性则受植被覆盖和土壤质地等结构性因素以及施肥、灌溉等随机性因素的共同影响。(3)空间分析表明,总体看农田土壤中有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量较高区域主要分布在中部和北部,受施肥、灌溉方式和植被盖度等因素的影响;而盐分含量较高区域主要分布在研究区南部和边缘区域,主要受地形、土壤质地和植被盖度的影响。(4)相关分析表明农田土壤中有机质、速效钾、速效磷、碱解氮和总盐分含量呈显著的负相关关系。盐渍化风险评估表明土壤中总盐分含量属于低度到中度的盐渍化风险,不会对主要作物棉花的生长产生危害,但应改进灌溉方式和种植制度,同时采用增施有机肥、进行秸秆还田等措施促进棉花作物的稳产、高产。     

两种间种对油茶林地土壤养分含量的影响

为研究油茶Camellia oleifera幼林间种豆科植物对土壤养分含量的影响,在油茶林地分别间种大豆Glycine max和花生Arachis hypogaea两种作物,连续测定花生和大豆生长到收获期间每个月土壤全氮、全钾、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量变化情况。结果表明,间种2种作物均能改善林地土壤,与对照组相比,间种组土壤全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效钾含量均有显著提高,但有机质与有机磷含量无明显变化;2种豆科植物均可作为油茶间种作物。间种大豆组土壤各养分含量均高于花生组,表明大豆更适合用于油茶林间种。     

植物热激蛋白与作物非生物抗逆性的改良

文章就植物热激蛋白(Hsps)的种类、产生、生物学功能及其在作物抗逆性改良中的研究进展作介绍。     

生物工程在作物育种中的应用

生物工程是生物学、生物化学、微生物学和化学工程在工农业生产诸方面的应用,它包括发酵工程、酶工程、遗传工程和细胞工程等。以往作物育种多半是在产生完整植株过程终了时,挑选那些具有高产或抗病等性状的植物个体,或者利用嫁接、杂交和辐射等技术进行作物育种。自七十年代后,由于生物学技术发展,人们在坚持传统育种的同时又从生物工程方面对它进行了研究,以期改良作物和弄清高等植物发育机制问题。     

秸秆还田对土壤钾素的影响及其替代钾肥效应研究进展

农作物秸秆是重要的有机资源,其合理有效利用也越来越受到重视。秸秆还田具有增加作物产量、提高土壤有机碳含量、培肥地力、促进养分循环利用和缓解土壤酸化等特点,对减少化肥施用具有重要作用。随着人们对资源高效利用认识的深入,秸秆还田水平正在不断的提高,国内外在秸秆还田对土壤钾素影响等方面的研究也取得了丰硕的成果。本文主要从秸秆还田对土壤钾素、作物产量的影响以及秸秆钾素与化肥钾的等效性等方面对秸秆还田的钾素效应进行了综述。还田秸秆初期主要是通过自身钾素释放提高当季土壤速效钾含量,而长期秸秆还田还可能促进矿物钾的释放;有效的秸秆还田不仅能够为土壤提供大量氮、磷、钾等速效养分,而且能为土壤中的微生物提供丰富的碳源,提高土壤肥力,进而增加作物产量。中国目前秸秆有效还田仍然不足1/3,与欧美国家秸秆还田率相比还具有很大的发展潜力。加强秸秆还田率将能缓解中国耕地土壤钾素缺乏与钾矿资源不足的矛盾。今后应进一步深入研究适宜秸秆还田量及其与化肥钾的合理配置,短期试验结合长期监测以探讨秸秆还田对钾素影响的作用机理,为提高秸秆有效还田,促进土壤-作物钾素高效循环提供理论依据。     

Complete genome sequence of Paenibacillus mucilaginosus 3016, a bacterium functional as microbial fertilizer

Paenibacillus mucilaginosus is a ubiquitous functional bacterium in microbial fertilizer. Here we report the complete sequence of P. mucilaginosus 3016. Multiple sets of functional genes have been found in the genome. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first announcement about the complete genome sequence of a P. mucilaginosus strain.     

Immobilizing of Bacillus mucilaginosus--a producer of exopolysaccharides,on chitin

The bacteria Bacillus mucilaginosus were immobilized on chitin sorbents. Exopolysaccharides produced by B. mucilaginosus were capable of sorbing efficiently copper ions. A composite biosorbent involving the chitin derivative Khizitel with immobilized B. mucilaginosus cells at the stage of active exopolysaccharide synthesis was developed.     

Construction of transgenic Bacillus mucilaginosus strain with improved phytase secretion

AIMS: To construct a transgenic Bacillus mucilaginosus strain to increase the secretion capability of a wild-type isolate of B. mucilaginosus D4B1 to hydrolyse phytate phosphorus, which can be used as a microbial fertilizer in field application. METHODS AND RESULTS: We constructed a phytase secreting expression vector pSP43 with a mini-Tn5 transposon and a Aspergillus fumigatus phytase expression cassette. The vector pSP43 was successfully transferred into the wild-type B. mucilaginosus using the particle bombardment method, and three transgenic strains with a stable copy of phytase expression cassette integrated into the chromosome of the B. mucilaginosus by Tn5 transposition were selected. The phytase activity of the engineered strains increased 36-46-fold when compared with the wild-type strain of D4B1. CONCLUSIONS: The A. fumigatus phytase gene can be expressed under the direction of p43 promoter in B. mucilaginosus. The expression protein is secreted extracellularly and newly constructed strains showed a high phytase activity. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: A transgenic Bacillus strain by the particle bombardment method was constructed.     

p63基因的结构与功能

p63基因是肿瘤抑制基因p53家族成员之一,与p53基因表现出高度同源性.较之p53基因,p63基因更为复杂.p63的两个不同启动子和多种内含子剪接方式,导致p63基因编码产生多种亚型P63蛋白.这些P63亚型蛋白,在不同的组织不同的发育阶段发挥不同的生物学功能.本文就p63基因结构、p63在细胞周期和凋亡中的作用,以及在表皮发育中的功能等方面的研究进展作一概述.     

胶质芽胞杆菌对磷矿石风化作用时细菌蛋白质的双向电泳分析

本文研究对磷矿石有风化作用的胶质芽胞杆菌(Bacillus muscilaginosus)在风化磷矿石过程中菌体蛋白质组的变化及差异, 以此了解该风化作用的分子生物学机制。将该菌接入液体培养基中, 加磷矿粉为处理组, 不加磷矿粉为对照组, 静置培养。培养10 d 后, 取上清液离心后的固体物和部分上清液中的外分泌蛋白用作菌体蛋白质组学分析。菌体蛋白质组二维电泳图谱进行比较和软件分析后, 处理组可见蛋白点数为(1134±98)个, 对照组可见蛋白点数为(729±53)个, 两者比较具有统计学差异(P<0.0     

A phylogenetic analysis of staphylococci, Peptococcus saccharolyticus and Micrococcus mucilaginosus

The intra- and intergeneric relationships of the genus Staphylococcus, and the phylogenetic position of Peptococcus saccharolyticus and Micrococcus (Staphylococcus salivarius), were investigated by comparative oligonucleotide cataloguing of 16S rRNA. All the staphylococci investigated form a phylogenetically coherent group at the genus level that, in addition, contains the anaerobic species Peptococcus saccharolyticus. The genus Staphylococcus belongs to the broad Bacillus-Lactobacillus-Streptococcus cluster that is defined by Gram-positive bacteria with a low DNA G+C content. Micrococcus mucilaginosus is not a genuine member of the genus Micrococcus. The binary matching coefficients between the 16S rRNA of Micrococcus mucilaginosus and those representatives of the Arthrobacter/Micrococcus group and related genera indicate that Micrococcus mucilaginosus should be regarded as a member of a new genus.     

胶质芽孢杆菌HM8841紫外线诱变育种研究

以胶质芽孢杆菌HM8841作为出发菌株,通过紫外线诱变和突变菌株性能测定,选育出3株适合生产发酵的优良菌种。与出发菌株相比,突变株具有缩短发酵周期,提高发酵水平,增强芽孢抗逆性能等特点。     

Lipid metabolism modulation by the P2X7 receptor in the immune system and during the course of infection: new insights into the old view

For decades, scientists have described numerous protein pathways and functions. Much of a protein’s function depends on its interactions with different partners, and those partners can change depending on the cell type or system. The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is one such multifunctional protein that is related to multiple partners and signaling pathways. The relationship between P2X7R and different enzymes involved in lipid metabolism represents a relatively new field in P2X7R research. This field of research began in epithelial cells and currently includes immune and nervous cells. The P2X7R-lipid metabolism pathway is related to many biological functions of P2X7R, such as cell death and pathogen clearance, and this signaling pathway may be involved in many functions that are dependent on bioactive lipids. In the present review, we will attempt to summarize data related to the P2X7R-lipid metabolism pathway, focusing on signaling pathways and their biological relevance to the immune system and infection.     

细胞P120的作用

P120属于连环蛋白家族成员,通常情况下,P120定位于细胞膜,通过钙黏附素介导细胞之间的黏附.当P120异位分布于细胞质和细胞核时,与细胞增殖、炎性反应及肿瘤的发生发展关系密切.文章综述了P120结构、亚型及P120在细胞的不同定位和作用.从分子生物学领域进一步阐明细胞P120的作用,为临床治疗疾病提供新的靶点.     

Microbial flocculation by Bacillus mucilaginosus: Applications and mechanisms

Microbiological flocculation in wastewater by a strain of Bacillus mucilaginosus was examined and the flocculation mechanism was investigated using Coomassie brilliant blue reaction, Anthrone reaction, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), scanning electronic microscope, and infrared spectroscopy. The GY03 strain, isolated from farmland soil, was identified as B. mucilaginosus by its morphology and 16S rDNA sequence. Cultivated in a nitrogen-free medium, the flocculation material (bacterium-mineral complex) was used to treat domestic, brewage, and pharmaceutical wastewater. On the basis of one-way experimental results, orthogonal experiments were carried out and the optimum processing conditions of the microbial flocculants were obtained. In the optimal conditions, the maximal removal ratio of COD in domestic, brewage, and pharmaceutical wastewater reached 74.6%, 70.5%, and 66.2%, respectively; the maximal removal ratio of BOD was 42.3%, 77.4%, and 41.7%, respectively; and the maximal removal of SS amounted 93.3%, 93.6%, and 88.4%, respectively. The treatment to kaolin suspended liquid by the GY03 strain may act as a model of studying microbial flocculation mechanisms in which bridging and charge neutralization hypothesis were proposed as the critical reasons based upon the experimental observations.