污染湖泊生态系统服务净价值评估——以滇池为例

水污染是我国湖泊生态系统面临的主要环境问题,评估污染条件下湖泊生态系统服务价值对认识和恢复污染湖泊生态功能具有重要意义。针对当前湖泊生态系统服务价值评估方法中未体现水污染负面影响的问题,在传统生态系统服务功能价值评估框架的基础上,将水污染造成的经济损失内化到生态系统服务功能价值中,提出了针对污染湖泊的生态系统服务功能价值评估方法。应用该方法核算了滇池生态系统服务净价值。结果表明:2006—2015年滇池年均生态系统服务功能价值为386.55亿元/a,水污染改变了滇池的价值结构,供水价值丧失,气候调节、旅游和蓄水等成为滇池生态系统服务功能价值的主体;滇池水污染对流域内外经济社会发展造成的损失达到15.23亿元/a,主要经济损失体现在生态补水费用和蓝藻去除费用;综合湖泊生态系统服务的正向价值和水污染的负向损失,滇池的净生态系统服务价值为371.33亿元/a,占流域GDP的11.7%。将水污染损失纳入湖泊生态系统服务功能价值评估中增强了评价结果的合理性,能够更加真实地反映湖泊生态系统对人类经济社会发展的综合影响。     

湖泊生态缓冲带识别与生态系统服务价值评估——以滇池为例

湖滨带及环湖区域是发挥湖泊生态功能的关键区域,湖泊生态缓冲带建设是生态系统服务功能提升和湖泊生态保育的重要手段。基于原地产污贡献、单位面积价值当量因子和GIS分析等方法,以滇池为例识别湖泊生态缓冲带并评估生态系统服务价值。结果表明：(1)滇池生态缓冲带识别划定出山体型缓冲带、农田型缓冲带、村落型缓冲带、城镇型缓冲带和湿地型缓冲带等5种类型,上边界和下边界长度为171.50km和127.55km,平均宽度为349.49m,总面积为38.12km²;其中湿地型占主,缓冲带宽度处于20—825m之间,面积为10.31km²、占比27.05%;(2)2000—2020年环滇池区域生态系统服务价值整体呈下降趋势,价值总量由12.40亿元降低至7.78亿元;价值等级以低等级和中等级别为主,多期评估显示二者占比处于70.21%—77.66%之间;外海北岸和草海区域生态系统服务价值降低最为明显,反映出城镇建设等人类活动的影响;(3)环滇池区域湿地型、林地型和草地型三种情景模拟对生态系统服务价值分别提升58.87%、21.08%和17.48%,湿地型情景下水文...     

Humber estuary — a case study

This paper presents the results of an extensive and detailed survey conducted in 1985 on the biology, bacteriology and levels of heavy metals in subtidal sediments of the Humber estuary. The findings of the investigation are assessed with respect to environmental quality. Abundance and distribution patterns of the indicator species Capitella capitata, the numbers of faecal bacteria, and levels of heavy metals and organic matter are examined in relation to areas of sewage disposal. The possible effects of inputs from the Humber to the North Sea are discussed.     

Long-term changes in amphipod population dynamics in a temperate estuary following ecosystem restoration

The Mondego estuary (Portugal) has suffered severe ecological stress over the last two decades, as manifested in the replacement of seagrasses by opportunistic macroalgae, degradation of water quality and increased turbidity. A restoration plan was implemented in 1998, which aimed to reverse the eutrophication effects, and especially to restore the original natural seagrass (Zostera noltii) community. This article explores the long-term changes in Ampithoe valida and Melita palmata (Amphipoda) populations in response to eutrophication (with consequent seagrass loss and macroalgal proliferation) and to the subsequent restoration plan (with progressive seagrass recovery and macroalgal biomass decline). Until the early 1990s, high densities of A. valida and M. palmata were recorded in the Mondego estuary, especially during the occurrence of the macroalgal bloom and during all the periods in which green macroalgae were available. After the implementation of the restoration plan, species abundance, biomass and production levels decreased considerably due to the progressive decline of green macroalgae. This implied the virtual disappearance of the amphipod population, mainly A. valida. Distinct behaviours displayed by the two species could be related to different food strategies and habitat preferences. Ampithoe valida showed feeding preferences for ephemeral softer, filamentous or bladed algae (e.g. Ulva sp.) due to its high caloric content, using the Z. noltii bed only as a habitat for protection against predators or shelter from wave action. On the other hand, M. palmata did not suffer a strong decline in its population density, biomass and production, which may indicate that this species is probably not a primary consumer of green macroalgae and may readily shift to alternative ecological niches. Handling editor: P. Viaroli     

湖泊生态系统服务功能评估初探--以湖北保安湖为例

随着生物资源价值估算方法的日益成熟 ,生态系统的服务评估成为生态系统研究的热点 .鉴于国内对于湖泊生态系统的服务评价的研究较少 ,本文运用生态系统学与生态经济学方法研究了湖北保安湖生态系统的部分生态服务 .计算得到 1992年保安湖水生态系统有机质生产价值为 15 14 .93万元 ,固定CO2 的价值为 4 772 .99万元 ,释放O2 的价值为 36 2 6 .5 3万元 ,主要初级生产者储存N、P的价值为 4 4 .4 8万元 ,而年吸收量的价值为 15 0 7.99万元 ,调蓄和供水的价值为 10 92 8.93万元 ,消除排入湖水SO2 价值为5 1.5 0万元 ,合计 2 .2 4× 10 8元 .据不完全估计 ,可以认为 ,生态系统具有巨大的生态经济效益。     

城乡建设用地关联对生态系统服务的影响——以洞庭湖地区为例

城乡建设用地数量及相互联系的变化是空间要素及结构演化的重要方面,深刻影响着生态环境质量和生态系统服务水平,研究城乡建设用地关联对生态系统服务的影响对国土空间高质量发展具有重要意义。以洞庭湖地区为研究对象,从土地利用关联视角出发,运用引力模型、InVEST模型、面板数据模型等方法,定量研究了城乡建设用地关联对生态系统服务的影响。结果表明：（1）洞庭湖地区城镇建设用地规模呈现上升趋势,农村居民点用地规模呈现下降趋势;（2）城乡建设用地关联强度呈不断增强趋势,且强关联网格以建成区为核心向周边扩展,低关联网格分布于远离建成区的地方;（3）生境质量和碳储量呈现下降趋势,食物供给则呈现上升趋势,各项生态系统服务价值具有显著的空间异质性;（4）城乡建设用地关联强度对生态系统服务具有负向影响,人口密度、GDP密度、夜间灯光、道路网络对生态系统服务也呈现负向影响,归一化差异植被指数与生态系统服务之间则存在显著的正相关。研究结果有助于了解关联视角下城乡建设用地对生态系统服务的影响机制,可以为制定合理的城乡空间发展战略提供科学依据。     

区域湿地生态系统结构与功能变化对生态系统服务价值的影响——以海口市为例

利用海口市1959年地形图和1976、1985、1995、2005、2018年5个年份影像数据的精确配准与解译,基于当量因子的生态系统服务价值(Ecosystem services value,ESV)评估方法,构建了湿地生态系统结构与功能变化对其ESV影响的评估模型,分析了湿地ESV的动态变化。结果显示：(1)基于面积效应的ESV计算结果表明,1959 - 2018年全市ESV损失10.73亿元。1959 - 2018年各项ESV中仅供给服务ESV增加0.58亿元,调节服务、支持服务、文化服务ESV分别减少5.09、1.87、0.47亿元;(2)ESV动态模型修订后的生态系统服务价值当量显示,仅浅海水域、淤泥质海滩和海水养殖场的ESV当量有所增加;沙石海滩、红树林、三角洲/沙洲/沙岛、洪泛湿地/内陆滩涂、淡水湖、河流、水库的ESV当量损失严重;淡水养殖场、农用池塘/坑塘水面、水田、其他用地的ESV当量损失较轻;建设用地ESV当量持续减少;(3)不同空间尺度的湿地ESV损失结果存在差异。湿地ESV评估中,湿地的自我调节和恢复能力不容忽视,外界干扰下湿地生态服务功能变化的阈值有待于进一步研究。     

The closure of the grevelingen estuary: Its influence on phytoplankton primary production and nutrient content

The Grevelingen estuary was cut off from the sea in May 1971, and changed into stagnat lake Grevelingen. After the closure nitrate concentrations decreased to extremely low values (less than 2 μgat NH₃-N/1). Ammonia concentrations varied between 10–30 μgat NH₃-N/1, comparable with the situation before the closure. Phosphate concentrations fluctuated between1–2 μgat PO₄-P/1 in the estuarine phase, and increased to μgat after the closure, presumably caused by decomposition of biological material and release of phosphates from the bottom. Phytoplankton primary production was not markedly affected by the damming up, and amounted to 175 g C/m² in 1971. Communication no. 147 of the Delta Institute for Hydrobiological Research, Yerseke, The Netherlands     

A case study of a shared/buy-in computing ecosystem

Many research institutions are deploying computing clusters based on a shared/buy-in paradigm. Such clusters combine shared computers, which are free to be used by all users, and buy-in computers, which are computers purchased by users for semi-exclusive use. The purpose of this paper is to characterize the typical behavior and performance of a shared/buy-in computing cluster, using data traces from the Shared Computing Cluster (SCC) at Boston University that runs under this paradigm as a case study. Among our main findings, we show that the semi-exclusive policy, which allows any SCC user to use idle buy-in resources for a limited time, increases the utilization of buy-in resources by 17.4%, thus significantly improving the performance of the system as a whole. We find that jobs allowed to run on idle buy-in resources arrive more frequently and run for a shorter time than other jobs. Finally, we identify the run time limit (i.e., the maximum time during which a job is allowed to use resources) and the type of parallel environment as two factors that have a significant impact on the different performance experienced by shared and buy-in jobs.     

河湖生态系统生态用水优化研究——以滇池流域为例

生态需水是河流与湖泊生态系统健康的重要基础。湖泊流域的河流与湖泊生态系统之间存在密切的水量联系,目前对流域内生态用水的研究多为单一生态系统生态需水简单相加,忽略了河流和湖泊之间复杂的水量联系。基于河湖复合生态系统之间的水量联系构建了河湖生态系统生态用水优化模型,并以滇池为例分析了河湖生态系统生态用水规律。结果表明：湖泊流域中单一河流或湖泊生态需水计算结果不能满足复合生态系统的生态用水要求,需要综合考虑河流和湖泊之间的水量联系;在当前水质状况下,牛栏江每年的调水量不能满足滇池流域的生态用水要求;滇池流域水体污染对流域内生态用水影响较大,随着水体污染程度的下降,流域生态用水量和调水量呈指数下降,河流生态用水呈线性下降。     

大堤型湖滨带生态系统健康状态驱动因子——以太湖为例

湖滨带是湖泊生态系统的重要组成部分,对维持湖泊生态系统健康和改善水环境功能具有积极作用。由于防洪需要,我国许多湖泊在湖滨带中修建了防洪大堤,防洪大堤对湖滨带生态系统的影响还缺乏研究,识别引起大堤型湖滨带生态健康退化的驱动因子是开展湖滨带生态修复的必要前提。针对太湖湖滨带的特点,在定性筛选了太湖主体营养状态、入湖河流污染负荷通量、岸带类型、风浪强度4个主要影响因子的基础上,分别采用"多元线性逐步回归法"和"偏相关系数法"进行驱动因子识别,2种方法确定的驱动因子个数均为3个,且3者的驱动力大小排序也相同,即太湖主体营养状态>岸带类型>入湖河流污染负荷通量。3个驱动因子对太湖湖滨带生态系统健康的影响均为负效应,也即太湖主体的营养状态综合指数越高、入湖河流污染负荷通量越重、岸带状况越差,湖滨带生态系统也就越不健康。另外,从统计方法的角度解释了"风浪强度"没有入选为驱动因子的原因;澄清了现阶段环境学、生态学领域对"驱动因子"识别方法的误解及不足之处。研究结果为大堤型湖滨带的生态修复方案提供了理论支持。     

湖泊的水生态模型

由于城市化进程的不断加快,大量的污染物排放到湖泊中,打破了湖泊的生态平衡.湖泊的水生态模型不仅能够研究湖泊的富营养化现象,而且还可以模拟工业毒物等污染物对湖泊生态系统的影响,是湖泊管理的有力工具.本文从分析湖泊的污染现状以及污染趋势出发,介绍了湖泊水生态模型的研究现状,并根据模型的模拟对象和空间模拟能力对湖泊水生态模型进行了分类.在此基础上介绍了AQUATOX、PAMOLARE、CAEDYM、WASP、OOMAS等比较成熟的模拟湖泊生态系统的模型软件,阐述了它们的产生、发展、主要特点以及应用,总结了当今湖泊水生态模型在模拟过程中遇到的问题,并对水生态模型的发展趋势进行了展望.本文为湖泊水生态模型的选择提供了建议.     

The effects of population density changes on ecosystem services value: A case study in Western Jilin,China

In recent decades, the semi-arid ecosystem of China's Western Jilin province has changed dramatically due to intensive human activities. This article simulated the population density in Western Jilin using a Kernel Density Estimation method and explored the influence of population density on both the value and structure of ecosystem services in various regions. The results showed that lower population density correlated with higher values of ecosystem services per unit area. Apart from food production value, the value of each type of ecosystem service per unit area decreased as population density increased, with the greatest change observed in the value of waste disposal and the lowest in the value of raw materials. Analysis of demographic change on the structure of ecosystem services value produced a Gourd Phenomenon. Sensitivity analysis showed that the sensitivity coefficient of farmland ecosystems was highest, followed by wetland ecosystems and water ecosystems. Therefore, we should restore farmland to grassland and wetland (with its associated rivers and lakes) when reconstructing the eco-environment in Western Jilin.     

城郊过渡带湖泊湿地生态服务功能价值评估--以武汉市严东湖为例

城郊过渡带湖泊湿地面临着改善城市居民生活环境及满足城郊过渡带经济发展的双重压力,承担着更多样、更重要的生态服务功能,从生态服务功能价值分量的基础上探讨开发利用对策,可为其可持续开发利用提供依据。本文以武汉市城郊过渡带湖泊湿地严东湖为研究对象,基于市场价值法、影子工程法、旅行费用法、条件价值法等方法对严东湖生态服务功能的直接、间接使用价值及非使用价值进行了货币化计量。结果表明,严东湖生态服务功能的总价值为35799.09?104元?a-1,其中直接使用价值、间接使用价值及非使用价值分别为2628.80?104、2904.13?104、30266.16?104元?a-1,表现为非使用价值＞间接使用价值＞直接使用价值,且非使用价值约是其使用价值的5.5倍。12个单项指标中为存在价值最高;使用价值中为涵养水源价值＞蒸腾吸热价值＞均化洪水价值＞休闲旅游价值＞科研教育价值＞物质生产价值＞生物多样性维持价值＞固碳释氧价值＞水质净化价值;非使用价值中为存在价值＞遗产价值＞选择价值。因此,城市过渡带湖泊的开发利用应保护现有湖面的完整性,保持涵养水源、蒸腾吸热及均化洪水功能,弱化养殖类物质生产功能,适度发展休闲旅游功能,提高固碳释氧能力,并增强水质净化能力。     

A “strategic” model of material cycling in a closed ecosystem

The aim of this paper is to reconcile the observed vulnerability of self-sustaining (materially closed) experimental ecosystems with demonstrations of virtually unconditional stability in mathematical models incorporating material recycling. We prove deterministic local stability in a generalized version of a model previously investigated by two of us (Nisbet and Gurney), but show that, except with rather narrowly specified parameter values, the system is likely to be extremely sensitive to external perturbations.     

Environmental changes affect ecosystem services of the intermittent Lake Cerknica

Lake Cerknica is an intermittent wetland with seasonal water level fluctuations. This paper discusses the possible changes of ecosystem services due to altered ecosystem functions caused by regional climate change. For this purpose, the lake's water regime was analysed and biomass production of common reed (Phragmites australis), the prevailing species, was related to ambient temperatures and water level. The effect of the latter was also examined for reed transpiration rate and plant diversity. The results revealed a gradual loss of seasonality of floods and droughts. High water level in winter months and temperatures at the beginning as well as the end of vegetation period were found to have a significant influence on reed biomass. The plant diversity research in six subsequent years in three different aquatic habitats revealed trends of a decrease due to increased water depth during the vegetation period. The complexity of the system and consequently ecosystem services might also be affected due to changes of other processes, which revealed to be related to water level; namely transpiration rate, plant mycorrhizal colonisation and soil mineralisation.