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1.
The recruitment of honeybee foragers individually exploiting a low-flow rate-feeder that presented different temporal reward programs was experimentally analyzed. By capturing hive bees that landed at the feeder in a 2-h period, the arrival rate of incoming bees could be obtained. With this procedure we quantitatively analyzed the maximum number of hive bees that can be brought to the feeding station by single foragers. Test bees collected sucrose solution during 12 visits to a rate-feeder located 160 m from the hive. The constant programs offered 0.6, 1.2, or 2.4 M sugar for all 12 visits, while the variable programs delivered either 0.6, 1.2, or 0.6 M or 0.6, 2.4, or 0.6 M, with four visits for each molarity. Results showed that the sucrose concentration exploited by single foragers increased the arrival rate. Moreover, there was a linear relationship within this range of sucrose concentrations that presented a slope of 1.58. Since the sugar solutions were provided at the same flow rate (5 μl/min) in all the programs, the arrival rate expressed in terms of sucrose flow rate (milligrams of sucrose/minute) shows that one additional incoming bee per hour arrived when the single forager assessed an increase in the sucrose flow rate of 0.75 mg sucrose/min at the rate-feeder. The absence of differences in the frequency of visits of the single foragers during the constant programs suggests that the differences observed in the arrival rate can mainly be explained by a more intensive display of the recruitment mechanisms performed per foraging trip instead of by their iterativeness throughout different foraging cycles. Variable reward programs showed that arrival rate is rapidly adjusted according to the reward change and is independent of its magnitude. Received in revised form: 17 August 2001 Electronic Publication 相似文献
2.
In the high mountains of the Colombian Eastern Cordillera (~2000–3000 m above sea level), at the Altiplano Cundiboyacense region and surroundings, beekeepers have specialised in pollen production with substantial harvests all year round. Despite this productive advantage, the knowledge about plants used by honeybees as pollen resources is still limited. Hence, the aim of this work was to identify the botanical origin of bee pollen from this region and to examine differences between five distinguished sub-regions: Sabana de Bogotá, Fúquene, Márquez, Tundama and Norte-Gutiérrez. By means of palynological analyses of 86 pollen samples produced between 2008 and 2010, we found a total amount of 126 pollen types, most of them belonging to the families Asteraceae and Fabaceae. Major pollen types correspond to the exotic taxa Hypochaeris radicata, Brassicaceae, Eucalyptus globulus, Trifolium repens, Trifolium pratense and the native taxa Quercus humboldtii and Weinmannia sp. Differences between sample groups from the five sub-regions were mainly associated to variations in pollen abundance and frequency of native plant species. This result highlights the potential for commercialising bee-pollen from the Colombian Eastern Cordillera with geographical origin differentiation, as well as the importance for beekeeping in promoting the conservation of the natural ecosystems from the region. 相似文献
3.
The article by Harpur et al. (2012) ‘Management increases genetic diversity of honey bees via admixture’ concludes that ‘…honey bees do not suffer from reduced genetic diversity caused by management and, consequently, that reduced genetic diversity is probably not contributing to declines of managed Apis mellifera populations’. In the light of current honeybee and beekeeping declines and their consequences for honeybee conservation and the pollination services they provide, we would like to express our concern about the conclusions drawn from the results of Harpur et al. (2012). While many honeybee management practices do not imply admixture, we are convinced that the large-scale genetic homogenization of admixed populations could drive the loss of valuable local adaptations. We also point out that the authors did not account for the extensive gene flow that occurs between managed and wild/feral honeybee populations and raise concerns about the data set used. Finally, we caution against underestimating the importance of genetic diversity for honeybee colonies and highlight the importance of promoting the use of endemic honeybee subspecies in apiculture. 相似文献
4.
This study was conducted at the apiary of the Beekeeping Research Section at the Sakha Agricultural Research Station, ARC, Kafrelsheikh, and other apiaries in Kafrelsheikh province, during two successive years 2015 and 2016. The study aimed to survey nectar and pollen floral resources in Kafrelsheikh province. Ninty seven plant species belonging to 33 families were recorded as nectar sources, and 82 plant species belonging to 36 families were recorded as pollen sources during the whole year. The largest amount of monthly trapped pollen was obtained during May followed by August. It can be concluded that, beekeepers in Kafrelsheikh province can harvest good honey yield at the end of blooming seasons of citrus ( Citrus spp.) during March and April, Egyptian clover ( Trifolium alexandrinum L.) during May and June, loofah ( Luffa aegyptiaca Mill.) during June to October, cotton ( Gossypium spp.) during July and August, and banana ( Musa spp.) during August and September. They also, could be trapping pollen loads collected from faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) and flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.) during January to March, date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera L.) during March and April, Egyptian clover during May and June, summer seed watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus var. colothynthoides L.) during June and July, loofah and maize ( Zea mays L.) during June to November. 相似文献
5.
This work characterises monofloral honeys of the Yucatán Peninsula based on their pollen content. The sampling was carried out from January to July 2000. We examined 78 different honey samples from various parts of the Yucatán Peninsula including the states of Yucatán, Campeche and Quintana Roo. Pollen separated from honey was acetolysed, identified and counted. Through pollen analysis, 250 pollen taxa were identified, 180 of which had not been reported previously in Mexican honeys. Thirteen different types of monofloral honeys were found (with a percentage of ≥ 45%) within the honey produced in the Yucatán, Peninsula. These were : Viguiera dentata, Bursera simaruba, Piscidia piscipula, Eugenia sp. 2, Pimenta dioica, Melothria pendula, Gymnanthes lucida, Phoradendron quadrangulare, Gymnopodium floribundum, Rubiaceae 1, Thouinia paucidentata, Thouinia sp. 1, and Pouteria mammosa. This is the first study of monofloral honeys in Mexico and Central America. The characterisation of the honey may give an added market value as it permits us to separate the honeys of monofloral or multifloral origin. The results of this study indicate that it is possible to produce several monofloral honeys in a region with great plant diversity as the Yucatán Peninsula. We recommend installing apiaries in disturbed vegetation zones of the Yucatán Peninsula where an advanced succession of a tree layer exists. This supplies the nectar and pollen during the critical period in March and April which is the driest season. 相似文献
6.
A few queens of the honeybee, Apis mellifera scutellata, were imported from Africa and released in Brazil in 1957. Progeny of these bees have now largely colonized the American tropics. Their imminent arrival in the United States poses a serious threat to the beekeeping industry and to agriculture dependent on honeybee pollination. African and European bees are morphologically very similar. DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms are proving successful in distinguishing between the two. Several DNA markers specific to European honeybees have been described previously. Reported here are three cloned honeybee DNA probes that reveal polymorphisms that appear to be either African or European specific. Of fourteen alleles or haplotypes identified, five were present only in African and neotropical (Venezuelan and Mexican) African bees but absent in European-derived bees, two were present only in European-derived bees but absent in samples from South Africa. Another allele showed apparent frequency differences among populations. Such markers are useful in studying the genetics of neotropical African bee populations. Venezuelan and Mexican honeybee colonies show a preponderance of the African alleles with low levels of the European alleles. These observations of nuclear DNA, revealing limited paternal European introgression, together with previous mitochondrial DNA findings showing negligible European maternal gene flow into feral African populations, indicate that neotropical African bees are primarily African. 相似文献
7.
为了探究不同组配的蜜蜂信息素对西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera蜂蜜生产及繁殖性能的影响。本研究在不同浓度(0.05 μg/μL、0.10 μg/μL和0.15 μg/μL)反式-9-氧代-2-癸烯酸[(E)-9-oxodec-2-enoicacid,9-ODA]对工蜂卵黄原蛋白基因(Vg)表达影响基础上,以蜂蜡为载体,用4种蜂王上颚腺信息素(9-ODA,9-HDA,HOB,HVA)与蜜蜂幼虫饥饿信息素(β-罗勒烯)按照一定比例组配了4种蜜蜂信息素挂片(T1-1、T1-2、T2-1、T2-2),同时以纯蜂蜡挂片作为空白对照组(CK)。系统研究了4种蜜蜂信息素挂片对西方蜜蜂无王群急造王台以及有王群的蜂蜜产量、封盖子数和群势影响。结果表明:人工饲喂0.05 μg/μL、0.10 μg/μL和0.15 μg/μL的9-ODA,对工蜂Vg表达水平具有显著抑制作用(P<0.05);与对照组相比,4个实验组(T1-1、T1-2、T2-1和T2-2组)出现封盖王台的时间均有显著延迟(P<0.05),推迟时间2~3 d;T2-1组蜂蜜产量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),蜂蜜产量提高24.00%;T1-2组、T2-1组和T2-2组封盖子数量都显著高于对照组(P<0.05),分别提高84.52%、64.50%和80.09%;T1-2组和T2-1组蜂群群势显著高于对照组(P<0.05),分别提高了53.37%和50.85%。因此不同组配的蜜蜂信息素对西方蜜蜂蜂蜜生产及繁殖性能都起到了积极作用,相关研究结果对养蜂生产中合理利用蜜蜂信息素有指导意义。 相似文献
8.
Bees were trained to discriminate between two patterns, one of which was associated with a reward, in a Y-choice apparatus
with the targets presented vertically at a distance at an angular subtense of 50°. Previous work with this apparatus has found
discrimination between two patterns of coloured gratings or radial sectors that are fixed in different orientations during
the training. When there was contrast to the blue receptors alone, gratings of period 6° were resolved, and 4° when there
was contrast to the green receptors. In the present work, bees discriminate between a pattern containing tangentially arranged
edges and one containing radially arranged edges, both with no average edge orientation. The targets were rotated every 5 min
to make the locations of areas useless as cues. The edges remained consistently radial or tangential and were therefore the
only cues. Tests with patterns of selected colours and various levels of grey show that for each colour there is a level of
grey at which discrimination fails. Discrimination is therefore colour-blind. The same patterns were made with combinations
of coloured papers that give no contrast to the green receptors or alternatively to the blue receptors. The bees discriminate
only if the edges between colours present a contrast to the green receptors. The system that discriminates generalized radial
and tangential cues is therefore colour blind because the inputs are restricted to the green receptors, not because receptor
outputs are added together. The same result was obtained with a very coarse pattern of period 20°.
Accepted: 10 January 1999 相似文献
9.
The interplay between the recruitment dance and food-giving trophallactic contacts of returning Apis mellifera foragers was analyzed. Dancing and trophallactic events were recorded for bees returning from a rate feeder that provided 50% weight on weight sucrose solution at a constant flow rate of 5 μl min −1. Bees that had danced immediately before their trophallactic contact had more recipients per trophallaxis compared with bees that did not dance before. Thus, besides information coded in dancing behavior, dance maneuvers could serve as a stimulus to increase attention of bees located on the dance floor to receive nectar. In addition, the number of bees receiving food during a trophallaxis showed a positive correlation with the probability of dancing immediately after contacting. The time from arrival at the hive to when the first or the subsequent contacts took place presented no correlation with the probability of dancing after trophallaxis. Also, the duration of a trophallaxis was positively correlated with the number of recipients per trophallaxis. These results suggest that returning foragers could receive information during a trophallactic contact with their hive mates that modify thresholds for dancing. Dance maneuvers and trophallactic contacts performed by foraging bees seem to be “mutually” affected. Accepted: 29 November 1999 相似文献
10.
When conditioned honeybees collect sucrose solution delivered at a range of low-profit flow rates for the hive, they increase the pause length between successive visits. If sucrose solution was delivered continuously, it accumulated at the food source in an amount proportional to the pause length and the flow rate of nectar. When the flow rate of sucrose solution was further decreased but kept constant throughout the day, a threshold level was attained in which oscillations in the length of the pauses were observed. The relationship between the amount of accumulated nectar and subsequent pause length at this threshold level can be depicted by means of a power function. The best fit allowed the calculation of the values of parameters that quantitatively describe the control system regulating foraging activity. The importance of foraging pauses as a strategy to cope with changing nectar availability is discussed. Accepted: 7 January 1998 相似文献
11.
ABSTRACT. Honeybees rapidly became adapted to synthetic alarm pheromone components dispensed within their hives, and were less; inclined to sting both unmarked targets and targets marked with the; alarm pheromone. The possible application to beekeeping is discussed. 相似文献
12.
A nitrogen balance feeding trial was carried out with the marsupial honey possum, Tarsipes rostratus, using four pollen-honey diets varying in nitrogen content from 9.4 mg · g −1 to 2.3 mg · g −1 dry matter. The dietary maintenance nitrogen requirement (MNR) was determined by regression analysis as 89 ± 21 mg N · kg −0.75 · day −1 and the truly digestible MNR was 79 mg N · kg −0.75 · day −1.. Regressing nitrogen balance on daily nitrogen intake separately for ten males and seven females revealed that the slopes
of the fitted lines did not vary significantly, but the difference in the intercepts approached significance. This suggests
that the MNR for females may be lower than that of males. The nitrogen digestibility of the diet was 76% and the biological
value (BV) was 58%. A comparison of the MNR of the honey possum with that of other marsupials shows that it is indeed much
lower than that of herbivorous macropodid marsupials and is close to that of the sap- and gum-feeding sugar glider, Petarurus breviceps. The endogenous urinary nitrogen excretion (EUN) of the honey possum was 42 mg N · kg −0.75 · day −1 and a regression analysis with other published data showed that the EUN per unit basal heat production is significantly lower
than that of eutherian mammals. Measurements of the actual feeding rates of animals in the field, taken together with the
low MNR, do not lend support to the hypothesis that the honey possum exhibits a reduced rate of reproduction due to a deficiency
in dietary nitrogen. It is possible that the quality of nitrogen provided by pollen, as reflected in its composition of essential
amino acids, may be a limiting factor.
Accepted: 15 September 2000 相似文献
13.
Pollen is important for the nutrition of honeybees and it is necessary for their survival and reproduction. In this study, we collected daily the pollen pellets from four colonies and also recorded the plants in flower in the area around the apiary, over a two‐year period. Field records revealed the presence of 204 species with Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Rosaceae being the most specious families. Although honey bees collected more than 140 pollen types, the main pollen sources (>60% of the total weight) came from less than ten taxa. The most important pollen types with respect to total weight were Sisymbrium irio, Papaver rhoeas, Verbascum sp., Polygonum aviculare, Zea mays and Olea europaea. The use of pollen traps proved a more accurate method to record the type and the foraging period during which the honeybees collect pollen, compared to field observations. 相似文献
14.
ABSTRACT. Groups of honeybee workers ( Apis mellifera Linn.; Hymenoptera: Apidae) show endogenous circadian rhythms in metabolic activity. Workers entrained to two different photoperiods, when put together in a group, coordinate their individual metabolic activity cycles into a synchronized group oscillation. Either physical interaction among workers, or a low volatility contact pheromone, is implicated in the control of this oscillating system. 相似文献
16.
1. 1.Muscle potentials in fibrillar flight muscles of worker and drone honeybees were recorded extracellularly at thoracic temperatures from 30 to 10°C. 2. 2.Extinction temperatures for muscle potentials were higher in drones for all treatments. 3. 3.Cold acclimation (15°C) lowered extinction temperatures significantly in workers and drones. Acclimitization changed extinction temperatures significantly only in drones. 4. 4.Cold acclimitization had a bigger effect on the rate of muscle potential amplitude decline with decreasing temperature than acclimation. 5. 5.Acclimation and acclimitization had no effect on the increase of muscle potential duration with falling temperature. 6. 6.Muscle potential frequency during shivering was not much different between cold and warm treated bees. Author Keywords: Honeybee (Apis mellifera) workers and drones; flight muscle potentials; temperature acclimation and acclimitization 相似文献
17.
The rediscovery of the Minor Snake-eyed Skink, Ablepharus grayanus, from two different localities in Sistan and Baluchestan and Kerman Provinces, southeastern Iran is reported. A total of 24 specimens was examined based on morphometrics, colour pattern and pholidotic characters. One-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) based on morphometric measurements revealed significant differences in terms of the snoutvent length (SVL) and fore- and hind limb distances (GA) between eastern and western populations of Ablepharus pannonicus. The most distinguishing characters of Ablepharus grayanus are morphological features, especially ear opening status and scales around the midbody (18-20 versus 20-22). Based on morphological grounds, Ablepharus grayanus is clearly distinguished from A. pannonicus occurring in the eastern and western regions of the Iranian Plateau. 相似文献
18.
Experimental work was conducted at two apiaries located in Irbid district and in Shuna North, Jordan, during the years 2004-2006. The aims of these investigations were to estimate the seasonal changes in the infestation rates of the bee louse (Braula sp.) and to develop an easy and rapid method of estimating the infestation rate on workers with bee Braula. Two major honey bee subspecies are reared in Jordan; Apis mellifera carnica and Apis mellifera syriaca were used in this study. The results showed that the infestation rate began to increase rapidly in May, reaching the season's maximum rate of 16.2%, 15.8% and 17.4% forA. m. carnica and 22.6%, 23.9% and 22.9% forA. m. syriaca in December of 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively. The maximum adult numbers of bees were found in April and June, whereas the minimum for the year was in January in both honey bee subspecies colonies during the study period. The actual population of the bee louse could be estimated by counting the daily dropped lice and multiplying by a factor of 158. This factor is valid for the experimental colonies of both subspecies kept for 3 years under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions. 相似文献
19.
Experimental work was conducted at two apiaries located in Irbid district and in Shuna North, Jordan, during the years 2004–2006. The aims of these investigations were to estimate the seasonal changes in the infestation rates of the bee louse ( Braula sp.) and to develop an easy and rapid method of estimating the infestation rate on workers with bee Braula. Two major honey bee subspecies are reared in Jordan; Apis mellifera carnica and Apis mellifera syriaca were used in this study. The results showed that the infestation rate began to increase rapidly in May, reaching the season's maximum rate of 16.2%, 15.8% and 17.4% for A. m. carnica and 22.6%, 23.9% and 22.9% for A. m. syriaca in December of 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively. The maximum adult numbers of bees were found in April and June, whereas the minimum for the year was in January in both honey bee subspecies colonies during the study period. The actual population of the bee louse could be estimated by counting the daily dropped lice and multiplying by a factor of 158. This factor is valid for the experimental colonies of both subspecies kept for 3 years under semi‐arid Mediterranean conditions. 相似文献
20.
Honey bee venom toxins trigger immunological, physiological, and neurological responses within victims. The high occurrence of bee attacks involving potentially fatal toxic and allergic reactions in humans and the prospect of developing novel pharmaceuticals make honey bee venom an attractive target for proteomic studies. Using label‐free quantification, we compared the proteome and phosphoproteome of the venom of Africanized honeybees with that of two European subspecies, namely Apis mellifera ligustica and A. m. carnica. From the total of 51 proteins, 42 were common to all three subspecies. Remarkably, the toxins melittin and icarapin were phosphorylated. In all venoms, icarapin was phosphorylated at the 205Ser residue, which is located in close proximity to its known antigenic site. Melittin, the major toxin of honeybee venoms, was phosphorylated in all venoms at the 10Thr and 18Ser residues. 18Ser phosphorylated melittin—the major of its two phosphorylated forms—was less toxic compared to the native peptide. 相似文献
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