桦木科植物的花粉形态研究

对桦木科植物(包括6属36种)的花粉进行了光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察;系统地描 述了各属的花粉形态,划分了三种花粉类型,即桦木型、榛型、鹅耳枥型,并澄清了前人在带状加厚、孔盖和颗粒层等概念上的模糊认识。根据花粉的形态,作者不支持Hutchinson(1973)和Dahlgren(1983)把桦木科分成两个科,即榛科(包括榛属、虎榛子属、鹅耳枥属和铁木属)和桦科(包括桤木属和桦木属);而同意Abbe(1974)将桦木科作为三个族来处理,并且认为虎榛子属应该从榛族分出,置于鹅耳枥族;尽管作者不支持Kuprianova(1963)将桦木科划分为三个科,但本文所提出的三个族与Kuprianova的三个科只是分类等级上的差异。     

美丽的桦木科植物（上）

在众多的阔叶树木中,桦木科树木尤有特色。忆白桦白桦(Betula platyphylle)为桦木科植物中最著名的种。我记得50—60年代多次去百花山和小五台山采集,爬上1300米以上的山坡时,那郁郁葱葱的阔叶林多半是白桦林。随着山风,摇摆不定,幽雅别致。树干洁白光滑,用钢笔可以写出精美的文字。林下有忍冬、六道木、接骨木、绣线菊,还     

桦木科植物的系统发育和地理分布

本文对桦木科植物的研究历史作了详细的总结。在钻研文献的基础上,补充了部分系统学资料,使得花序、花、芬粉、叶表皮等各类性状能够在属间进行比较。根据外类群比较、和谐性分析等原则确定了性的演化极性,利用最大同步法和最小平行演化法对桦木科植物进行了分支分析。对各属的现代分布和地史分布作了描述,在此基础上,讨论了桦木科植物的分布中心、起源地、起源的时间和散布途径。作者试图回到遥远的晚白垩纪和早第三纪,从描绘     

桦木科植物叶表皮的研究

本文利用光学显微镜及扫描电镜观察了桦木科6属、38种植物的叶表皮。发现该科植物成熟叶片的气孔器有四种类型：即无规型、轮列型、不典型辐射型和短平列型,叶表皮性状及性状状态对于桦木科植物属的确定和族的划分具有重要的分类学价值。在确定叶表皮性状的演化趋势时,综合了其他方面的研究成果(如Abbe,1935,1974;Brunner和Fairbrothers,1979;Hall,1952;Kikuzava,1982;Kuprianova,1963),并且发现叶表皮形态对于揭示桦木科植物的属间演化有较大的参考价值。作者认为：叶表皮特征支持将桦木科分成两个族;气孔器无规则型、气孔器外拱盖单层、气孔器在保卫细胞极区无”T”型加厚以及下表皮细胞垂周壁平直为原始的叶表面性状;下表皮细胞垂周壁具波纹和气孔器为不典型辐射型等特征仅发现于榛属、虎榛子属,铁木属和鹅耳枥属,从而将榛族与桦木族分开;桦木族包括桦木属和桤木属,由于具有较多的原始性状而比榛族原始,在榛族中,鹅耳枥属最为特化(见图1)。     

桦木科植物的系统发育和地理分布(续)

地 理 分 布 以上,我们对桦木科植物进行了分支分析,关于该科六属之间的关系有了比较清晰的认识,这是地理分布分析的基础之一。 经典分类和古植物方面的研究是地理分布分析的另外两类基础性资料。早在1904     

美丽的桦木科植物（下）

美丽的垂枝桦垂枝桦(Betula pendula)美丽的风景树,足以与白桦媲美,形态上极像白桦,树皮黄白色或灰色,成层剥裂.主干高20多米.叶片呈三角状卵形或菱状卵形,顶端尾尖.只看叶子,几乎与白桦混淆,侧脉不多,只有6～8对.但是垂枝桦的枝条下垂,果实的膜质翅比白     

桦木科植物花柱适应风媒传粉的特征

植物体为适应自己的传粉系统, 表现出高度的适应特征。风媒花植物为适应风传播花粉, 要形成特殊的结构, 以扩大接受花粉粒的面积。利用扫描电镜观察了桦木科(Betulaceae)6属18种植物花柱的形态及花粉粒在花柱上的萌发过程, 探讨了桦木科植物花柱适应风媒传粉的特征。结果表明, 桦木科植物的二心皮(铁木、云南鹅耳枥稀为三心皮)雌蕊具柱状花柱, 柱头不发达, 花柱表皮细胞长条状, 纵向排列紧密。传粉时, 花柱表皮细胞能执行柱头的功能, 接受花粉粒, 为花粉粒萌发提供场所和萌发条件。桦木科植物花柱有2种类型: 一种是花柱表皮细胞能形成乳突, 花粉管经乳突细胞进入花柱; 另一种是花柱表皮细胞不形成乳突, 花粉管经过花柱表皮细胞或胞间隙进入花柱。无论花柱表皮细胞是否形成乳突, 乳突的形态、大小以及花粉管和乳突的结合方式等在族间、属间、属内种间存在差异。与基部被子植物相比, 桦木科植物的花柱呈现适应风媒传粉的进化特征。桦木科植物花柱表皮细胞形成的乳突与基部被子植物柱头乳突功能相同, 是桦木科植物风媒传粉的适应策略。     

黑龙江槭树属植物导管分子解剖学研究

利用扫描电子显微镜,通过管道铸型技术,对黑龙江槭树科（Aceraceae）槭树属（Acer Linn.）中8种植物导管分子的微形态结构进行了比较研究。结果表明：该属植物导管分子长度,除白牛槭 （Acer mandshurica Maxim.）较长外,其余植物种类导管分子长度在133.00～187.50 μm;导管管腔宽度,在17.06～28.00 μm之间;纹孔排列方式以对列式、互列式单独存在,或以两者形式并存;管间纹孔成群分布且大部分呈现一定形状;讨论了导管分子管腔的主要特征及其与生境的关系。     

桦木科两种濒危植物的染色体数目

首次对桦木科濒危物种普陀鹅耳枥和天目铁木进行了细胞学研究。普陀鹅耳枥和天目铁木的间期核和有丝分裂前期染色体均分别为复杂染色中心型和中间型;普陀鹅耳枥的染色体数目为2n=14x=112,染色体大小介于0．230pm至0．920μm之间。天目铁木的染色体数目为2n=2x=16,染色体大小为0．468μm至1．150μm。以上研究结果为濒危物种普陀鹅耳枥和天目铁木的物种生物学及其濒危机制的研究提供了细胞学资料。     

桦木科植物的系统发育和地理分布(待续)

本文对桦木种植物的研究历史作了详细的总结。在钻研文献的基础上,补充了部分系统学资料,使得花序、花,花粉、叶表皮等各类性状能够在属间进行比较。根据外类群比较、和谐性分析等原则确定了性状的演化极性,利用最大同步法和最小平行演化法对桦木科植物进行了分支分析。对各属的现代分布和地史分布作了描述,在此基础上,讨论了桦木科植物的分布中心、起源地、起源的时间和散布的途径。作者试图回到遥远的晚白垩纪和早第三纪,从描绘桦木科植物起源和早期分化的古地理和古气候背景人手,分析了在这种背景下桦木科植物所发生的空间辐射以及植物体本身所产生的形态进化,以求得对桦木科植物起源、散布和分化作出比较合理的解释。最后对桦木科组以上的等级作了分类处理。     

Morphological and anatomical studies on fruits of Veronica from south-west Spain

Following examination by scanning electron and light microscope of the fruit features of 12 species of Veronica from south-west Spain, morphological and anatomical studies revealed that these taxa can be differentiated on the basis of these features. Phenetic analysis with 28 characters additionally revealed several groups of species in Veronica to be closely related on the basis of their seed morphology. A key distinguishing the different taxa is provided. Finally, dehiscence mechanisms are briefly discussed.     

A new species of Carpinus (Betulaceae) from the Pliocene of Yunnan Province, China

Macrofossils of Carpinus have been widely reported from the Cenozoic of the Northern Hemisphere. However, the leaf cuticules of the genus have rarely been described. A new species, named Carpinus tengchongensis Dai et B.N. Sun, sp. nov., is identified based on 13 leaf fossils, collected from the late Pliocene Mangbang Formation, Tengchong County of Yunnan Province, China. The important characters of the fossil are its oblong-ovate leaf shape, obliquely cordate base, doubly serrulate margin, straight and moderately thick primary vein, pinnate secondary veins, percurrent tertiary veins, orthogonally reticulate areoles, absence of veinlets, anomocytic stomata with double-layered stomatal rim, well-formed T-pieces and trichome bases, which indicates an affinity within the genus Carpinus section Carpinus subsection Monbeigianae, especially with C. tsaiana. Carpinus fossils were present from the Eocene to Pliocene with disjunctive distribution in the North Temperate Zone, which broadly reflected the present distribution pattern and probably demonstrates the tolerance of Carpinus to environmental change.     

国产胡桃科次生木质部导管分子的比较解剖及其系统位置的讨论

通过对国产胡桃科6属13种植物所做的次生木质部导管分子的长度,弦径,端壁斜度,穿孔板类型,管孔形状及其排列,导管密度及其在分类中作用的解剖学研究,证实了从导管分子来看黄杞属和青钱柳属是相当原始的属,而化香树属,山核桃属是最进化的属,并根据导管分子的解剖学特征探讨了胡桃科各属间的进化顺序。     

江西材小蠹族Xyleborini(Coleoptera:Scolytinae)分类研究

为明确江西材小蠹族种类,通过系统调查,对江西材小蠹族昆虫进行了分类学研究。研究发现江西材小蠹族共16属21种,其中江西新记录种13种,中国新记录种3种:Ancipitis depressus(Eggers)、Debus fallax(Eichhoff)、Leptoxyleborus sordicauda(Motschulsky)。文中给出了标本信息及其在中国的分布、寄主和部分具有重要经济意义的种类的生物学特性以及新记录种的主要形态特征和成虫特征图。     

The effect of SEM preparation on pit membrane remnants in vessel element end-walls of primitive angiosperms

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is necessary to demonstrate presence or absence of pit membranes in possible perforations or the type of pit membrane remnants in perforations in vessel element end-walls of angiosperms, but it was unconfirmed and questionable whether pit membrane absence in pits was affected by the processing and handling before SEM observations. To solve this question, the secondary xylem of four woody species from primitive angiosperms, Illicium henryi Diels. (Illiciaceae), Schisandra rubriflora (Franch.) Rehd. et Wils. (Schisandraceae), Tetracentron sinensis Oliv. and Trochodendron aralioides Sieb. & Zucc. (Trochodendraceae) was chosen and the following techniques were used: (1) fresh materials were examined in low-vacuum with ESEM. (2) Air-dried materials were examined both in low- and high-vacuum with ESEM. (3) Fresh materials fixed in several different fixatives were observed in low-vacuum, respectively. (4) Smooth surface of the material by paraffin section methods was examined in high-vacuum. (5) Materials treated by Jeffrey's Fluid were observed in high-vacuum.Pit membranes and remnants in perforations of fresh material were little different from that of treated materials. Absence of the pit membrane in perforations (pits) in the end-wall was not attributed to the processing and handling. Information of pit membranes and remnants in perforations in end-wall based on the SEM observation might be validly claimed.     

The effect of vessel element structure on element conductivity

Summary A number of structural variables influence the conductivity of simple and scalariform perforation plates, and of vessel lumina. Using a previously developed computer model, the effects on conductivity of over 8,000 permutations of different lumen radii, perforation plate angles, perforation plate rim widths, scalariform slit pore heights, and scalariform bar thicknesses are considered. By taking advantage of basic patterns of similarity in the data, and by using scaling techniques, it has proved possible to calculate a series of factors which may be used to predict the conductivity of a vessel element or perforation plate of known dimensions. A number of previous workers have sought relationships between element structure and evolutionary or adaptive trends. Some important variables have been ignored in these studies in the past.     

黑龙江扎龙自然保护区白枕鹤巢址选择特征

为了探讨白枕鹤Grusvipio的巢址选择特征,2007～2009年的4～5月,在黑龙江省扎龙自然保护区采用定点观察法、样方调查法、因子调查法和因子分析及显著性检验等,对白枕鹤的营巢生境类型和营巢生境特征进行了调查。结果表明,白枕鹤对营巢生境类型的要求比较单一,仅选择芦苇沼泽;巢址生境特征具有明显的偏好,即(1)距干扰区的距离多在1.5km以上(86.36%),(2)巢周的水深多小于16cm(95.45%),(3)巢周明水面面积多小于200m2(90.90%),(4)巢距火烧地的距离以1.0～2.5km居多(63.64%),(5)剩余苇丛面积多小于200m2(86.37%)、距剩余苇丛距离多大于30m(81.82%)、剩余苇丛密度多小于500株/m2(77.27%)、剩余苇丛高度以大于1.5m的居多(72.73%)。进一步分析表明,白枕鹤对营巢生境特征的要求具有普遍性和特殊性,表现出一定的适应能力,火烧地、剩余苇丛、干扰区和水是其营巢的主要环境特征。     

A new species of Betula section Betulaster (Betulaceae) from China

A new species of Betulaceae, Betula fujianensis , is described and illustrated from Luoboyan Reserve, Fujian Province, south-eastern China. Betula fujianensis is distributed in subtropical evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest at elevations above 500 m, mostly as scattered individuals and occasionally as populations alone or with B. luminifera . Betula fujianensis belongs to section Betulaster and differs from other species in general morphology and phenology. A key to all species currently recognized in this section is presented, and the relationships between the new species and its closely related taxa are discussed.  © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2008, 156 , 523–528.