高产水稻品种及种植方式对稻田甲烷排放的影响

采用大田试验研究了不同水稻品种（早稻：超级稻“陆两优996”和常规稻“创丰1号”;晚稻：T优259）及不同种植方式（直播和移栽）对稻田甲烷排放通量的影响.结果表明：早稻晒田前甲烷排放量占排放总量的52%～73%,排水晒田减少了甲烷排放通量;晚稻生育前期甲烷排放量占生长期间甲烷排放总量的70%.早稻直播方式的甲烷排放通量均值低于移栽种植方式,但甲烷排放总量大于移栽种植方式;晚稻直播方式的甲烷排放通量均值与排放总量都大于移栽种植方式.早、晚稻直播方式的单位稻谷甲烷排放量与移栽种植方式间均存在显著差异,早稻中超级稻和常规稻直播方式的单位稻谷甲烷排放量分别比移栽方式高4.84和3.48 g·kg^-1稻谷,常规稻的甲烷排放量高于超级稻;晚稻直播方式的单位稻谷甲烷排放量比移栽方式高6.67 g·kg^-1稻谷.相同面积、相同时间不同种植方式的稻田甲烷排放量、单位经济产量甲烷排放量表现为：早稻：常规稻直播＞常规稻移栽＞超级稻直播＞超级稻移栽;晚稻：直播＞移栽.     

湿地稻-鸭复合系统的CH_4排放规律

采用小区试验。大田试验研究湿地稻—鸭复合生态系统甲烷排放规律。稻鸭复合生态系统中甲烷排放随季节变化。在早稻—晚稻耕作制度条件下,6月上旬和7月底分别有2个高峰。早稻与晚稻的排放规律也各异。早稻甲烷排放峰值出现在水稻幼穗分化期。最高值为13．693mg／(m^2．h)．晚稻峰值出现在分蘖盛期。可达23．145—105．595mg／(m^2．h)。养鸭处理与常规栽培甲烷排放差异达极显著水平。稻田养鸭的早稻生育期间甲烷排放总量为5．517g／m^2。传统栽培为9．89g/m^2。稻田养鸭的晚稻生育期间排放总量为10．113g／m^2。传统栽培为17．054g／m^2。稻田养鸭与传统栽培比较．土壤氧化还原电位增加15．3mV．还原物质总量、活性还原物质总量、活性有机还原物质总量分别降低0．365cmo1／kg、0．242cmo1／kg和0．180cmo1／kg。土壤氧化还原特性影响甲烷排放通量．土壤还原物质总量、活性还原物质及活性有机还原物质数量与甲烷排放通量的相关系数分别为0．805、0．791、0．769。湿地稻鸭复合生态系统土壤氧化还原状况改善是甲烷排放减少原因之一。     

养鸭数量对CH4排放的影响

探讨不同养鸭数量对稻田甲烷(CH4)排放的影响,为确定稻鸭共育模式中最佳养鸭数量提供环境学支撑.运用静止箱原位采样技术测定了不同养鸭数量的稻田甲烷排放通量、稻田土壤化学性质、产甲烷细菌种群数量以及水层溶解氧含量.结果表明,不同养鸭数量稻田水层溶解氧含量间差异显著(p＜0.01),养鸭数量越多,溶解氧含量越高.20只鸭/667m2 稻田的水层溶解氧含量最大,与对照比,早稻增加了2.2%～68.7%,晚稻增加了11.07%～110.77%;养鸭稻田土壤还原物质含量减少,产甲烷细菌数量下降.不同养鸭数量的稻田甲烷排放量之间差异显著,养鸭数量越多,甲烷排放量越少,与对照比,早稻减少了18.22%～28.13%,晚稻减少了17.73%～34.44%.相关分析表明,甲烷排放通量与水层溶解氧含量呈极显著负相关(p＜0.001),与土壤还原物质含量及产甲烷细菌数量呈显著正相关(p＜0.01).因此,稻鸭共育减排甲烷的主要原因是养鸭提高了水体和土壤中溶解氧含量,增加养鸭数量促进甲烷减排.     

基于主成分分析水稻植株CH4排放估算模型

估算稻田甲烷（CH4）排放量是开展稻田甲烷排放研究的重要内容之一．通过观测南方红黄壤稻田不同水稻品种甲烷排放通量,测定了16个早稻、20个晚稻品种的植株节间组织的数量特征．选取株高、茎秆长度、茎秆维管束面积／茎壁横切面积、茎壁横切面积／节间横切面积、叶鞘横切面积／节间横切面积、气腔面积／茎壁横切面积、维管束总面积／茎壁横切面积等相关因子进行了主成分分析,建立基于水稻植株的CHa排放估算模型,早、晚稻估算模型相关系数分别为0．827、0．853．同时构造了综合评价函数,得出了水稻品种CH4排放综合分值,与实测结果相比较,吻合度较高．利用估算模型进行模拟,比较模拟值与实测值,相对误差较小,证明模型具有有效性和可行性,为估算水稻CH4排放提供参考依据,为评价水稻品种CH4排放高低提供经验参考．     

基于模型和GIS技术的中国稻田甲烷排放估计

将一个比较成熟的稻田甲烷排放模型CH4MOD和GIS空间化数据库结合,模拟估计了中国大陆2000年水稻生长季稻田甲烷的排放。模型的空间输入参数包括:逐日气温、耕层土壤砂粒含量、外源有机质施用量、稻田水分管理模式、水稻移栽期与收获期、水稻种植面积与单产,空间分辨率为10km×10km。模拟结果表明:2000年稻田甲烷排放量为6.02Tg,其中:早稻生长季排放1.63Tg、晚稻1.46Tg、单季稻2.93Tg。提高区域稻田甲烷排放估计精度的进一步目标应放在减小输入参数误差和提高空间数据精度上,在现有数据库基础和模型———GIS技术下探讨我国稻田甲烷排放估计的不确定性范围是必要的。     

稻田土壤氧化态有机碳组分变化及其与甲烷排放的关联性

稻田土壤有机碳是甲烷排放的关键底物之一,不同研究者由于采取的有机碳研究方法不同而得出稻田甲烷排放与土壤有机碳关系的结论不一.为明确影响稻田甲烷排放的土壤有机碳组分,设计了稻田施用不同外源有机碳(稻草还田、鸡粪和猪粪)的田间试验,对稻田甲烷排放和土壤有机碳组分的动态变化及其关联性进行监测和分析.结果表明,猪粪处理的甲烷排放与化肥处理无显著差异,而鸡粪和稻草2个处理的甲烷排放分别比化肥增加1.67倍(P＜0.05),2.69倍(P＜0.05);甲烷排放量与土壤易氧化有机碳含量显示相同顺序:稻草＞鸡粪＞猪粪＞化肥;通径分析表明,土壤易氧化有机碳组分1(被33 mmol/L KMnO4氧化的有机碳)与甲烷排放直接相关,其他有机碳组分仅通过组分1间接作用于水稻生育后期甲烷排放,且排放量较低.由此推断,易氧化有机碳组分1是甲烷排放的主要底物,通过有效措施降低肥源中易氧化态有机碳组分1是减排甲烷的关键技术之一.     

微生物生物量C、土壤呼吸的季节性变化与黑土稻田甲烷排放

对黑土水稻田一个生长季中土壤微生物生物量C、土壤呼吸和甲烷排放通量进行了监测。结果表明,在水稻生长初期,长效尿素能显著抑制微生物生物量C和土壤呼吸(P<0．05),间歇灌溉措施对二者几乎没有影响,间歇灌溉能减少稻田甲烷的排放,平均排放量比对照减少了32．5％,长效尿素的施用稻田使甲烷的排放略有增加,施用长效尿素的处理,微生物生物量C与甲烷排放量之间呈显著正相关关系。     

轮作制度对水稻生长季节稻田氧化亚氮排放的影响

通过盆栽试验(3次重复),研究了3种主要轮作制度对稻田水稻生长季节N₂O排放的影响。结果表明,在水稻-小麦轮作中,水稻生长季节稻田N₂O-N的排放量为4．2kg·hm^-2,显著大于双季稻-小麦轮作中早稻的排放量2．2kg·hm^-2;但两者的季节平均排放通量无明显差异,分别为117和118μg·m^-2·h^-1。同时,两者都显著大于双季稻-小麦中的晚稻和持续淹水体系中的水稻生长季节稻田N20的平均排放通量,分别为67．0和42．1μg·m^-2·h^-1,在前作为旱作小麦的2种水稻生长季节中,大于91％的稻田N2O排放量都集中在水稻生长前半期;在前作为水稻的晚稻生长季节中,稻田N₂O排放量的91％集中在中期烤田及收获前水分落干阶段,轮作制度和前作水分状况极大地影响稻田N2O的排放。     

南方双季稻田稻草还田的碳汇效应

利用长期稻草还田定位试验和短期不同稻草还田模式试验,研究稻草还田对南方双季稻田土壤固碳、甲烷排放和综合碳汇的影响.结果表明： 稻草还田能增加土壤有机碳,长期还田的耕层土壤碳汇年增长率为0.07 t C·hm^-2·a^-1,土壤有机碳的表观转化率随着稻草还田量的增加而减少.稻草还田导致稻田甲烷排放量显著增加,其中,NPK添加稻草（NPK+RS）处理早、晚稻期间甲烷排放通量比仅施NPK分别增加了75.0%和251.5%（P<0.01）.稻田甲烷排放随着稻草还田量的增加而增加,在水稻产量和耕作方式相近的条件下,稻草（茬）的甲烷表观转化率接近.综合土壤固碳和甲烷排放的稻田净碳汇,NPK+RS处理负碳汇效应显著,基本与其水稻生物固碳接近,比稻草不还田处理（NPK）增加158.3%;不同还田模式中,稻草覆盖免耕处理能显著减少甲烷排放,其净碳汇（负值）比高桩翻耕处理减少50.9%,有利于水稻高产稳产.     

控释氮肥对抗除草剂转基因水稻田土壤甲烷排放的影响

采用温室盆栽和静态箱-气相色谱法,研究了控释氮肥对抗除草剂转基因水稻和亲本常规水稻稻田土壤甲烷(CH4)排放的影响。供试土壤为潴育型水稻土,氮肥种类为尿素和控释氮肥。结果表明,与对照(尿素)相比,控释氮肥提高了水稻分蘖数、株高、生物量及产量。水稻品种对CH4季节性排放规律没有明显影响,CH4排放通量基本表现为,自水稻移栽后逐渐升高,移栽后62—92 d出现峰值,而后逐渐降低至水稻收获。与对照相比,控释氮肥可显著降低CH4排放通量和全生育期累积排放量。抗除草剂转基因水稻稻田土壤CH4排放通量和累积排放量均显著低于亲本常规水稻。研究认为,一次性基施控释氮肥和种植抗除草剂转基因水稻对有效减缓稻田甲烷排放具有重要意义。     

不同有机废弃物改良新复垦耕地的综合效果评价

由废弃地整理复垦形成的耕地存在土壤有机质和有效养分低、土壤板结、微生物活性弱和土壤耕作性状不良等问题,快速、有效地提高土壤肥力质量是全面提升该类耕地质量和生产性能的重要组成部分.本文通过田间小区试验研究了城郊有机废弃物对新复垦耕地土壤培肥的综合效果,并比较了不同类型城郊有机废弃物在培育耕地质量方面的差异.试验设置了施用等量猪粪、鸡粪、水稻秸秆、蔬菜收获残留物、城市污泥、沼渣、猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥、生活垃圾堆肥和对照（不施有机肥）9个处理（年用量30 t·hm^-2）,连续进行3年的定点试验.结果表明： 施用任何有机物对改善土壤肥力均有明显的作用.其中,提升土壤碳库管理指数以施用猪粪、鸡粪、猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥、水稻秸秆和沼渣的效果最为显著;增加土壤水稳定性团聚体和降低土壤容重以施用猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥和沼渣的效果最佳;施用污泥、猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥和生活垃圾堆肥可增强土壤保蓄能力;施用猪粪、鸡粪和猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥对增加土壤有效态养分的效果最为明显;各类有机物均显著提高了土壤微生物数量和酶活性.长期施用污泥、生活垃圾堆肥及畜禽粪存在着土壤重金属污染的风险,但短期施用对土壤环境质量影响不明显.总体上,对土壤肥力的改善效果由大至小依次为：猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥>鸡粪>猪粪>沼渣>生活垃圾堆肥>水稻秸秆>城市污泥>蔬菜收获残留物;对土壤的相对污染程度由大至小为：城市污泥>生活垃圾堆肥>猪粪>鸡粪>沼渣>猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥>蔬菜收获残留物>水稻秸秆.     

西双版纳地区稻田CO2排放通量

采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对云南西双版纳地区单季稻田CO2排放及氮肥、水热因子对CO2排放的影响进行田间原位观测研究.试验设3个氮肥水平处理:N0(0 kg N hm-2)、N150(150 kg N hm-2)和N300(300 kg N hm-2).结果表明,受一天温度变化的影响,西双版纳地区稻田生态系统呼吸日变化为单峰型,其最大值出现在11:00～13:00之间,最小值出现在凌晨.稻田土壤呼吸呈明显的季节变化趋势,土壤呼吸平均速率为水稻收获后休闲季节>种植前休闲季节>水稻生长季节,差异达到1%显著水平.不同季节影响土壤呼吸的环境因子不同.土壤水分含量低于34%时,土壤呼吸速率与土壤含水量呈正相关,达5%显著水平;地面淹水时,土壤呼吸速率与淹水深度呈1%极显著负相关;水分含量高于38%时,土壤呼吸速率与温度呈极显著指数相关.长期考虑(整个生长季节),氮肥的施用对稻田土壤呼吸和生态系统呼吸无影响;N300处理抑制植株呼吸作用,单位生物量呼吸速率下降.氮肥的施用对土壤呼吸有短期影响,氮肥用量增加,土壤呼吸速率增加.计算得出N0、N150和N300处理年土壤呼吸量分别为6.27、6.31 t C hm-2 a-1和5.89 t C hm-2 a-1;年净固定大气中CO2-C分别为1.41、2.22 t C hm-2 a-1和1 11 t C hm-2 a-1,表明西双版纳稻田生态系统是碳汇.     

Enhanced Methane Production from Anaerobic Digestion of Disintegrated and Deproteinized Excess Sludge

To improve biogas yield and methane content in anaerobic digestion of excess sludge from the wastewater treatment plant, the sludge was disintegrated by using various methods (sonication, alkaline and thermal treatments). Since disintegrated sludge contains a high concentration of soluble proteins, the resulting metabolite, ammonia, may inhibit methane generation. Therefore, the effects of protein removal from disintegrated sludge on methane production were also studied. As a result, an obvious enhancement of biogas generation was observed by digesting disintegrated sludge (biogas yield increased from 15 to 36 ml/g COD_added·day for the raw excess sludge and the sonicated sludge, respectively). The quality of biogas was also improved by removing proteins from the disintegrated sludge. About 50% (w/w) of soluble proteins were removed from the suspension of disintegrated sludge by salting out using 35 g MgCl₂·6H₂O/l and also by isoelectric point precipitation at pH 3.3. For deproteinized sludge, methane production increased by 19%, and its yield increased from 145 ml/g COD_removed to 325 ml/g COD_removed. Therefore, the yield and quality of biogas produced from digestion of excess sludge can be enhanced by disintegrating the sludge and subsequent protein removal. Revisions requested 14 November 2005; Revisions received 13 January 2006     

长期施用猪粪红壤稻田土壤Cu、Zn累积规律

为揭示长期施用猪粪红壤稻田土壤Cu、Zn累积规律,以设立于1981年的红壤稻田有机肥定位试验为载体,选取PM1(早稻施猪粪和紫云英)、PM2(早稻施紫云英+晚稻施猪粪)、GMS(早稻施紫云英+晚稻秸秆还田)和NPK(早稻施化肥)等处理为对象,分析了不同试验年限土壤全量和有效态Cu、Zn含量。结果表明:长期施用猪粪显著提高了土壤Cu、Zn含量;连续施用猪粪30 a后,土壤全量Cu、Zn含量分别增加了7.69—9.52 mg/kg和22.42—35.46 mg/kg;生物有效性显著增加,有效态Cu、Zn含量占全量Cu、Zn的比例分别由15%和5%增加到51%和27%。猪粪年度内的施用时间对土壤Cu的累积没有显著影响,早稻施用猪粪加剧了土壤Zn的累积。土壤铜、锌累积分为两个差异显著的阶段,1981—2002年为缓慢增长期,2002—2010年为快速增长期,这可能与2002年后施用的猪粪中Cu、Zn含量增高有关。以研究的结果推算,红壤稻田鲜猪粪施用量在9.5 t hm-2a-1以下,50 a内不会造成土壤Cu、Zn含量超标。     

Effect of gas pressure in the root and stem base zone on methane transport through rice bodies

Ebullition of gas bubbles from the soil surface is, in some cases (e.g., in early growth stage of rice), one of the major pathways for methane transport from rice paddies to the atmosphere. However, the role of the gas phase (entrapped gas) in the paddy soil in plant-mediated methane transport, which is the major pathway for methane emission, has not been clarified. To clarify the effect of the gas phase below ground on the methane emission rate through rice plants, we partly exposed the root and stem base of hydroponically grown rice to a high concentration of methane gas at various gas pressures, and immersed the rest of the roots in a solution with a high methane concentration. The methane emission rate was measured from the top of the rice plant using a flow-through chamber method. The methane emission rate drastically increased with a small increase in gas pressure in the gas phase at the root and stem base zone, with about a 3 times larger emission rate being observed with 10 × 10^-3 atm of extra pressure (corresponding to 10 cm of standing water in rice paddy) compared to no extra pressure. However, when alginate was applied to the stem near the base to prevent contact with the gas phase, the methane emission rate did not increase with increasing gas pressure. On the other hand, from observations in the rice paddy, it was found that the gas is entrapped near the surface (e.g., at a depth of 1 cm) and the gas entrapped in the soil would come into direct contact with a part of the stem near the base of the rice plant. Thus, the gas entrapped in the soil could enter into the rice body directly from the part of the stem near the base which is beneath the soil surface due to gas pressure in the gas phase resulting from the pressure exerted by the standing water. Hence, this mechanism involving the entrapped gas could play an important role in methane emission from rice paddy by affecting the plant-mediated methane transport as well as ebullition of gas bubbles.     

The dependence of methane transport in rice plants on the root zone temperature

Large diurnal and seasonal variations in methane flux from rice paddies have been found in many studies. Although these variations are considered to result from changes in methane formation rates in the soil and the transport capacity (e.g. biomass, physiological activities, and so on) of rice plants, the real reasons for such variations are as yet unclear. This study was conducted to clarify the effects of temperature on the rate of methane transport from the root zone to the atmosphere using hydroponically grown rice plants. Methane emission rates from the top of the rice plants whose roots were soaked in a solution with a high methane concentration were measured using a flow-through chamber method with the top or root of the rice plants being kept at various temperatures. The methane emission rates and methane concentrations in solution were analyzed using a diffusion model which assumes that the methane emission from a rice paddy is driven by molecular diffusion through rice plants by a concentration gradient. In the experiment where the temperature around the root was changed, the conductance for methane diffusion was typically 2.0-2.2 times larger when the solution temperature was changed from 15 to 30 °C. When the air temperature surrounding the top of the rice plant was changed, the change in conductance was much less. In addition, from measurements of methane flux and methane concentration in soil water in a lysimeter rice paddy during the 2 growing seasons of rice, it was found that the conductance for methane transport was correlated with the soil temperature at 5 cm depth. These results suggest that the temperature around the root greatly affects the methane transport process in rice plants, and that the process of passing through the root is important in determining the rate of methane transport through rice plants.