Muscarinic stimulation of calcium influx and norepinephrine release in PC12 cells

Muscarinic cholinergic receptor stimulation evokes catecholamine secretion from some cell types, but the mechanism has not been well characterized. Using pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, we show that the muscarinic agonist methacholine stimulates 45Ca2+ influx and [3H]norepinephrine release in a dose-dependent manner. Experiments performed in Na+-free medium or with inhibitors of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels suggest the involvement of a receptor-activated Ca2+ channel which differs significantly from the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel involved in nicotinic receptor-stimulated release. Furthermore, both influx and release were inhibited by pertussis toxin (0.5-2.0 ng/ml, 21 h) with a dose dependency which paralleled the dose dependency of pertussis toxin-dependent in vivo ADP-ribosylation of a 41-kDa protein. These experiments provide the first evidence that muscarinic stimulation evokes neurotransmitter secretion by opening a receptor-activated Ca2+ channel which is controlled by a pertussis toxin-sensitive protein.     

Inhibition by protein kinase C activation of melittin-induced arachidonic acid release in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells.

In rat PC12 pheochromocytoma cells, melittin, a phospholipase A2 activator, stimulated the release of arachidonic acid in a dose-dependent manner in the range between 0.1 and 1 microM. 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a protein kinase C-activating phorbol ester, inhibited the melittin-induced release of arachidonic acid dose-dependently in the range between 0.1 nM and 0.1 microM, whereas 4 alpha-phorbol 12, 13-didecanoate, which is inactive for protein kinase C, was ineffective in this capacity. Staurosporine, a protein kinase C inhibitor, recovered the inhibitory effect of TPA on the melittin-induced release of arachidonic acid. These results suggest that the activation of protein kinase C inhibits phospholipase A2 activity in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells.     

Receptor-mediated calcium influx in PC12 cells. ATP and bradykinin activate two independent pathways

In the neurosecretory cell line PC12 the cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration, [Ca2+]i, and membrane potential were affected by both external ATP and the nonapeptide bradykinin, BK. The latter caused a rapid and large release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores (Ca2+ redistribution) and, in the presence of external Ca2+, a long lasting, but moderate Ca2+ influx, which was insensitive to dihydropyridine blockers. On the contrary, ATP evoked a [Ca2+]i rise which rapidly inactivated. At least three different mechanisms accounted for the ATP-induced increase in [Ca2+]i: less than 20% of the total response was due to intracellular Ca2+ redistribution, consistent with a small increase in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate level; the rest (over 80%) was equally accounted for by ATP-activated cation channels and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. ATP and BK (the latter after K+ channel blockade) caused plasma membrane depolarization. With both agonists the inward current was carried by both Na+ and Ca2+, although the BK-activated current appeared to be more selective for Ca2+. Channels triggered by ATP and BK differed not only in their cation selectivity, but also in modulation by both [Ca2+]i and drugs such as the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and the new antagonist of ligand-activated Ca2+ influx, SK&F 96365.     

Fractionation of synaptophysin-containing vesicles from rat brain and cultured PC12 pheochromocytoma cells

Synaptophysin is a transmembrane glycoprotein of neuroendocrine vesicles. Its content and distribution in subcellular fractions from cultured PC12 cells, rat brain and bovine adrenal medulla were determined by a sensitive dot immunoassay. Synaptophysin-containing fractions appeared as monodispersed populations similar to synaptic vesicles in density and size distribution. Membranes from synaptic vesicles contained approximately 100-times more synaptophysin than chromaffin granules. In conclusion, synaptophysin is located almost exclusively in vesicles of brain and PC12 cells which are distinct from dense core granules.     

Intracellular signalling by nucleotide receptors in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells

The effect of extracellular ATP was studied in PC12 cells, a neurosecretory line that releases ATP. The addition of micromolar concentrations of ATP to PC12 cells evoked a transient increase in the cytosolic free Ca²⁺ concentration ([Ca²⁺]_i), as measured with the Ca²⁺-dye fura 2. AMP and adenosine were without effect, ruling out the involvement of P₁ receptors in mediating this response. The increase in [Ca²⁺]_i was reduced in calcium-free media and virtually eliminated by the addition of EGTA, suggesting that calcium influx was the primary response initiated by extracellular ATP. Nucleotide triphosphates such as UTP and, to a lesser degree, ITP also evoked an increase in [Ca²⁺]_i while GTP and CTP had little effect. In order to identify the receptor subtype mediating this response, the efficacy of ATP and ATP cogeners was assessed. The rank order potency was ATP > adenosine 5′-[γ-thio]triphosphate > ADP > 2-methylthioadenosine triphosphate (2-MeSATP) ～ adenosine 5′-[β-thio]diphosphate ? adenosine 5′-[αβ-methylene] triphosphate, adenosine 5′-[βγ-imido]triphosphate. This profile is not characteristic of either the P_2X or the conventional P_2Y receptors. The Ca²⁺ response exhibited desensitization to ATP that was dependent on the extracellular metabolism of ATP. UTP was equally effective in desensitizing the response. ATP, UTP, ITP, and to a much lesser extent 2MeSATP increased inositol phosphate production in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting receptor coupling to phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. These data are consistent with the view that PC12 cells express a class of non-P_2Y nucleotide receptors (P_2N) that mediate calcium influx and the accumulation of inositol phosphates. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Regulation of protein kinase activities in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells.

Stimulation of serine protein kinase activity (referred to as S6 kinase) occurs within minutes of addition of nerve growth factor (NGF) to PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells. This enzyme activity is not related to the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A) or the Ca2+- and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C), two other protein kinases potentially involved in signal transduction. Two peaks of NGF-stimulated S6 phosphotransferase activity are observed upon ion exchange chromatography; one that comigrates with the serine kinase previously described in chicken embryo fibroblasts and another with distinct elution properties. Several other factors are also found to regulate S6 phosphotransferase activity in PC12 cells including epidermal growth factor, insulin, and phorbol myristate acetate. Dibutyryl cAMP stimulates S6 phosphotransferase activity; however, this activity is strongly inhibited by the protein kinase A heat stable inhibitor. At least two mechanisms exist through which the NGF-stimulated S6 kinase activity can be regulated, one that apparently can use protein kinase C whereas the other(s) does not. The potential roles of these protein kinase activities in signal transduction and regulation of cell growth and differentiation is discussed.     

Effects of mebudipine and dibudipine, two new calcium channel blockers on voltage-activated calcium currents of PC12 cells

Mebudipine and dibudipine are two newly synthesized dihydropyridine (DHP) calcium channel blockers that have been shown to have considerable relaxant effects on vascular and atrial smooth muscle. The in vitro half-lives of mebudipine and dibudipine are reported to be significantly longer than that of nifedipine. In this study, we investigated the effects of mebudipine and dibudipine on voltage-activated Ca2+ channels on differentiated PC12 cells and compared their potencies to amlodipine. Our results point to absence of voltage-activated Ca2+ currents in undifferentiated PC12 cells. It is also concluded that mebudipine and dibudipine, like amlodipine are L-type calcium channel blockers. When tested in a range of 10-100 microM, mebudipine is at least as potent as amlodipine in inhibition of peak Ba2+ currents in differentiated PC12 cells while dibudipine is significantly less potent compared to amlodipine and mebudipine.     

Proteomic analysis of rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells

PC12 cell line is well documented and widely applied as many kinds of models in neurobiological and neurochemical studies. Yet a thorough proteomic analysis has not been performed so far. Here we report the construction of a large-scale 2-D protein database for PC12 cells. The proteins extracted from PC12 cells were separated by 2-DE and identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. A total of 1080 protein spots, excised from three different 2-D gels, were identified with high confidence. These proteins represent 474 different gene products, mainly binding proteins and enzymes. Three hundred and seven identified protein spots were located in the low-molecular weight region below 20 kDa. This database today represents one of the largest 2-D databases for higher eukaryotic cell proteomes and for low-molecular weight proteins. In addition, fragment ion spectra obtained by TOF/TOF confirmed that calcylin in PC12 cells was N-acetylated. The database of PC12 proteome is expected to be a powerful tool for neuroscientists.     

Antioxidation activity of tetrahydrobiopterin in pheochromocytoma PC 12 cells

Rat pheochromocytoma PC 12 cells are susceptible to the oxidative toxicity caused by H2O2, nitrofurantoin, dopamine, and xanthine/xanthine oxidase reaction. The cytotoxicities of these agents are greatly reduced by the simultaneous presence of 0.1 mM tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), 3 units/ml horseradish peroxidase, 0.2 mM NADH, and 0.1 units/ml sheep liver dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR). Individually, BH4, NADH and DHPR have no protection against H2O2 toxicity in PC 12 cells. Peroxidase alone offers 58% of protection if cells are incubated in the medium but only 3% in Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline. The efficiency of the BH4-mediated antioxidation system in PC 12 cells is equal to or better than ascorbic acid and catalase, depending on the source of the reactive O2 species (ROS). The reactions responsible for the BH4-antioxidation system may consist of the non-enzymatic and the peroxidase-catalyzed reduction of H2O2 to H2O by BH4 and the regeneration of BH4 by DHPR using NADH as the cofactor. The components of this defence mechanism against ROS are all normal cellular constituents and are ubiquitous in nature. This DHPR-catalyzed redox cycling of BH4 may constitute an as yet little-known antioxidation system in mammalian cells.     

Calcium channels in undifferentiated PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells

Undifferentiated rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells were voltage clamped using the whole cell technique. After blockade of outward currents, calcium currents were elicited from -40 and -100 mV. A subpopulation of cells displayed only one current component activated at -10 mV and slowly decaying. In other cells this current coexisted with a component activated around -40 mV and decaying with a faster time constant. We conclude that undifferentiated PC12 cells can express two types of calcium channels, L (long-lasting) and N (neuronal)-type channels.     

Inhibition of receptor-mediated calcium influx in T cells by unsaturated non-esterified fatty acids.

The effect of omega-3, omega-6 and omega-9 unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) on receptor-mediated Ca2+ entry was investigated in a T-cell line (JURKAT) by using anti-CD3 antibodies (OKT3) to induce intracellular Ca2+ [( Ca2+]i) increase and Ca2+ influx. All the UFAs, as well as Ni2+ ions and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate, decreased the OKT3-induced sustained [Ca2+]i increase to basal levels. Although non-esterified fatty acids activate protein kinase C (PKC) [McPhail, Clayton & Snyderman (1984) Science 224, 622-624; Murakami, Chan & Routtenberg (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 15424-15429], studies using H-7 and analysis of the PKC-dependent phosphorylation of 19 and 80 kDa marker substrates ruled out the involvement of PKC in UFA-induced inhibition of Ca2+ entry. Flow-cytometry analysis showed that UFAs do not interfere with antibody-receptor binding. BSA (0.2%, w/v) reversed the effect of UFAs after these fatty acids have decreased the OKT3-induced [Ca2+]i increase to basal levels. The relevance of these findings and possible mechanisms for inhibition by UFAs of receptor-mediated Ca2+ influx were discussed.     

Characterization of tumor-associated fucogangliosides from PC 12 pheochromocytoma cells

PC 12h pheochromocytoma cells were subcutaneously transplanted into rat. We found the transplanted tumors accumulated some fucogangliosides associated with PC 12 cells. These gangliosides were isolated and purified by DEAE-Sephadex A-25 and Iatrobeads column chromatographies. Their structures were determined by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, permethylation study, and sequential degradation using various exoglycosidases and mild acid hydrolysis. Two tumor-associated fucogangliosides were found to possess the blood group B determinant as follows: G6: IV2Fuc alpha, IV3Gal alpha, II3NeuAc, GgOse4Cer; G11: IV2Fuc alpha, IV3Gal alpha, II3 (NeuAc)2, GgOse4Cer. A ganglioside with the similar structure as ganglioside G6 was isolated from rat hepatoma cells (Holmes, E.H., and Hakomori, S-I. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 7698-7703). However, ganglioside G11 has not previously been reported in the literature. These fucogangliosides reacted with the monoclonal antibody prepared by immunizing mice with PC 12h cells. Other fucogangliosides were also found to accumulate in the transplanted tumor tissues. They were identified as fucosyl-GM1 and fucosyl-GDlb. These fucogangliosides did not react with the monoclonal antibody against PC 12h cells.     

Phosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoproteins of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells and brain

PC12 pheochromocytoma cells and cultures of early postnatal rat cerebellum were labeled with [3H]glucosamine, [3H]fucose, [3H]leucine, [3H]ethanolamine, or sodium [35S]sulfate and treated with a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. Enzyme treatment of [3H]glucosamine- or [3H]fucose-labeled PC12 cells led to a 15-fold increase in released glycoproteins. On sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, most of the released material migrated as a broad band with an apparent molecular size of 32,000 daltons (Da), which was specifically immunoprecipitated by a monoclonal antibody to the Thy-1 glycoprotein. A second glycoprotein, with an apparent molecular size of 158,000 Da, was also released. After treatment with endo-beta-galactosidase, 40-45% of the [3H]glucosamine or [3H]fucose radioactivity in the phospholipase-released glycoproteins was converted to products of disaccharide size, and the molecular size of the 158-kDa glycoprotein decreased to 145 kDa, demonstrating that it contains fucosylated poly-(N-acetyllactosaminyl) oligosaccharides. The phospholipase also released labeled Thy-1 and the 158-kDa glycoprotein from PC12 cells cultured in the presence of [3H]ethanolamine, which specifically labels this component of the phosphatidylinositol membrane-anchoring sequence, while in the lipid-free protein residue of cells not treated with phospholipase, Thy-1 and a doublet at 46/48 kDa were the only labeled proteins. At least eight early postnatal rat brain glycoproteins also appear to be anchored to the membrane by phosphatidylinositol. Sulfated glycoproteins of 155, 132/134, 61, and 21 kDa are the predominant species released by phospholipase, which does not affect a major 44-kDa protein seen in [3H]ethanolamine-labeled brain cultures. The 44-48- and 155/158-kDa proteins may be common to both PC12 cells and brain.     

Binding and degradation of nerve growth factor by PC12 pheochromocytoma cells

The specific binding of various concentrations of 125I-labeled nerve growth factor (NGF) to PC12 cells at 37 degrees C reached maxima after 90 min and then declined to 25% of maximal binding after 10 h. Decreased binding was accompanied by degradation of 125I-NGF and the appearance of acid-soluble biologically inactive 125I (mainly 125I-monoiodotyrosine) in the medium as well as a decrease in the number of surface NGF receptors. The time-dependent decrease in binding and the degradation of 125I-NGF were inhibited by low temperature and the lysosomotropic agent chloroquine while degradation was inhibited by metabolic energy inhibitors in the absence of glucose. Chloroquine also produced an increase in the accumulation of 125I-NGF which was not readily removed from the cells. These data suggest that 125I-NGF bound to PC12 cells is efficiently internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis and degraded by the lysosomes. It appears from other data that this process does not produce the intracellular signals regulating neurite outgrowth.     

A novel apoptotic cascade mediated by CDK4 in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells.

Apoptosis induced by serum withdrawal in pheochromocytoma PC12 cells is promoted by overexpression of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4). We compared CDK4-promoted apoptosis with that induced by serum withdrawal alone in PC12 cells. Protein synthesis inhibitors did not prevent apoptosis in parental cells, but prevented the promotion of apoptosis by CDK4 overexpression. Nerve growth factor, basic-fibroblast growth factor, and Bcl-2 proteins protected both parental and CDK4-overexpressing cells from apoptosis. However, insulin-like growth factor-I and Bcl-X(L) protein only partially inhibited apoptosis in the CDK4-overexpressing cells. Bcl-2 or Bcl-X(L) had no significant effect on CDK4 kinase activity in both cell lines. These results suggest a novel CDK4-mediated apoptotic cascade which is normally restrained, but which is activated by CDK4 overexpression. This apoptotic cascade should eventually converge with the cascade induced by serum withdrawal in normal PC12 cells. We discuss the interactions among these apoptotic cascades and the points where anti-apoptotic agents act.     

Effect of intracellular administration of L-tyrosine and L-phenylalanine upon voltage-dependent calcium current in PC 12 pheochromocytoma cells

Using the voltage clamp technique under conditions of intracellular perfusion, we investigated changes in high-threshold voltage-dependent calcium current (I_Ca) in the surface membrane of PC 12 cells caused by intracellular administration of the aromatic amino acids L-tyrosine and L-phenylalanine. Administration of L-tyrosine (20 mmole/1) prevented decrease in I_Ca caused by perfusion of the cell with an artificial saline solution and had a transient restorative effect upon the cell. Administration of L-phenylalanine (20 mM) quickened the decrease in amplitude of I_Ca observed in the control. These effect of aromatic amino acids are maintained when ATP (2 mM) in the intracellular solution is replaced by an equivalent quantity of ADP. The tyrosine hydroxylase blocker -methyl D,L-tyrosine (20 MM) had an effect upon I_Ca analogous to that of L-tyrosine.A. A. Bogomolets Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 105–111, January–February, 1991.     

The internalization of nerve growth factor by high-affinity receptors on pheochromocytoma PC12 cells.

The internalization and subsequent fate of the two populations of nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors on pheochromocytoma PC12 cells were explored either by identifying the relative amounts and sizes of the receptors, after incubation of cells with [125I]NGF, by cross-linking with a photoreactive heterobifunctional reagent or by following the topological distribution of the cross-linked receptors with time. The ratio of the slow, high-affinity to the fast, low-affinity NGF receptor decreased over a 5-h incubation with [125I]NGF in a process which did not involve proteolytic conversion of the slow to the fast receptor. During this period the cross-linked slow receptor moved from a trypsin-labile to a trypsin-stable site suggestive of internalization. In contrast, the cross-linked fast NGF receptor remained trypsin sensitive for at least 2 h of incubation, indicative of a constant cell surface localization. The internalized [125I]NGF in the cross-linked slow NGF receptor was not degraded, indicating that cross-linking, by preventing the acid pH-induced dissociation of the NGF-receptor complex in the endosomes, blocks normal sorting of [125I]NGF to the lysosomes. The cross-linked receptor was not recycled to the cell surface. If this reflects the properties of the unmodified receptor then another process, possibly receptor conversion, is required to replenish slow NGF receptors in the cell surface.     

Complex ganglioside expression and tetanus toxin binding by PC12 pheochromocytoma cells

Ganglioside expression and tetanus toxin binding were studied in the rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC12. Seven ganglioside species were readily detected in extracts of PC12 cells; two were identified as tri- and tetrasialogangliosides, which are common brain constituents but unusual components of neuronal cell lines. Carbohydrate composition, acid and enzyme hydrolyses, and mass spectral analysis revealed that the major species is GT 1b, a predominant mammalian brain ganglioside previously reported to support high affinity tetanus toxin binding (Rogers, T. B., and Snyder, S. H. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 2402-2407). Direct binding of 125I-tetanus toxin to PC12 gangliosides on TLC plates revealed selective binding to the tri- and tetrasialogangliosides. Radioiodinated toxin also bound with high affinity to intact PC12 cells or their isolated membranes. The binding affinity (Kd = 1.25 nM), density of receptors (Bmax = 238 pmol/mg of membrane protein), and dependence on pH, ionic strength, and temperature were similar to those previously reported for toxin binding to rat brain synaptic membranes. Differentiation of PC12 cells caused an increase in expression of the tri- and tetrasialogangliosides and a closely matched increase in tetanus toxin binding to cell membranes. These data provide evidence that complex gangliosides may act as tetanus toxin receptors, and demonstrate the utility of the PC12 cell line for studies of tetanus toxicity and complex ganglioside expression.     

Insulin-like growth factors decrease catecholamine content in PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells.

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) stimulate proliferation and differentiation of PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells and modulate catecholamine release in bovine adrenal medullary cells. Dexamethasone increases catecholamine synthesis in PC12 cells. We therefore studied the effects of IGFs and dexamethasone on catecholamine content in PC12 cells. Dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) content of PC12 cells were measured after incubation for 72 h with IGFs (100 ng/ml) and/or dexamethasone (500 nM). IGF-I (100 ng/ml) and IGF-II (100 ng/ml) decreased DA and NE content to approximately 35% and approximately 25% of control, respectively. [Leu27]IGF-II, which binds to the IGF-I receptor with markedly decreased affinity, did not reduce catecholamine levels, indicating that the effect is likely to be mediated by the IGF-I receptor. Dexamethasone (500 nM) increased levels of DA and NE to 173 +/- 20% and 331 +/- 48% of controls, respectively. Coincubation with IGFs did not significantly affect the stimulation of DA by dexamethasone, but abolished the rise in NE. Levels of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA, protein and activity were increased following incubation with dexamethasone, but were unchanged by IGFs. These results indicate that IGFs decrease catecholamine content in PC12 cells via the IGF-I receptor. Complex regulation involving multiple synthetic and/or degradative steps is implicated in this process.     

A denaturant-insoluble form of tyrosine hydroxylase in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells

A 6M urea-insoluble form of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH_i) was detected in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells by western blotting immunodetection methods, and the characteristics and mechanisms of formation of this insoluble species were investigated. TH_i accounts for about 4% of the immunodetectable tyrosine hydroxylase in exponentially dividing pheochromocytoma cells. It is unlikely that a subpopulation of dead or dying cells is the source of TH_i since essentially no changes in TH_i levels were detected when cell death was intentionally increased. To measure the kinetics of formation of cellular TH_i, exponentially dividing cells were metabolically labeled first with [³H]leucine and then with [¹⁴C]leucine, and though both³H and¹⁴C were incorporated into soluble tyrosine hydroxylase, the near absence of¹⁴C in TH_i demonstrated that a lag period of at least a day exists between biosynthesis of tyrosine hydroxylase and the accumulation of measurable TH_i. The cellular accumulation of TH_i can evidently be regulated by the cell, since upon nerve growth factor (NGF) treatment of cells the total content of tyrosine hydroxylase increased and the content of TH_i decreased to yield, overall, a fivefold lower proportion of TH_i after 4 days. A large increase in urea-insoluble enzyme was found upon sublethal exposure of cells to ferrous ion and hydrogen peroxide, indicating that oxidative damage via metal-ion-catalyzed formation of hydroxide free radical can yield an enzyme that is similar in its insolubility to TH_i.Abbreviations DOPA 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine - NGF nerve growth factor - TH_i denaturant-insoluble tyrosine hydroxylase - EDTA ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid - HEPES N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-ethanesulfonic acid - SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate - Tris Tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane - LLPM low-leucine pulse medium - WS water-solubilized protein - US 6 M urea-solubilized protein - UI 6 M urea-insoluble protein