单核苷酸多态性检测方法的研究进展

单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)作为第三代遗传标记已经广泛应用于基因作图、疾病相关性分析、群体遗传学及药物研究等领域.因此建立高度自动化和高通量的SNP检测分析技术十分重要.简要介绍了国内外几种主要SNP检测技术的原理和检测分析手段,并对SNP高通量检测技术的发展进行了展望.     

单核苷酸多态性检测方法的研究进展

单核苷酸多态性（single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP）的研究已成为人类后基因组时代的主要内容之一。因此建立高度自动化和高通量的SNP检测分析技术十分重要。文章系统地介绍了最新发展的几种SNP检测技术的原理和检测平台,详细阐述了等位基因特异性杂交、内切酶酶切技术、引物延伸法、寡核苷酸连接反应等SNP检测原理,以及平板读数仪、基因芯片、微球阵列技术和质谱仪等检测平台,并对SNP高通量检测技术的发展进行了展望。     

单核苷酸多态性检测技术研究进展

单核苷酸多态性(SNP)是个体中最普遍的遗传变异,主要是指在基因组水平上由单个核苷酸的变异所引起的DNA序列多态性。SNP作为第三代遗传标记,具有遗传稳定性强、数量多、分布广等特点,被广泛应用于群体遗传学、疾病相关基因定位研究中,并在疾病的早期诊断、预防、治疗,研究遗传因素对药物代谢的影响,指导药物临床使用等方面发挥重要的作用。鉴于此,建立适合各级平台应用的准确、高效、稳定的SNP分型技术十分必要。目前SNP检测与分析技术众多,在原理上差别很大,适用范围也不尽相同。本文综述了目前临床应用较广的SNP分型方法,简要介绍了各种技术的检测原理和优缺点,并对SNP分型技术前景进行了展望。     

大豆需磷关键时期磷高效利用遗传位点挖掘

土壤有效磷缺乏已成为影响大豆产量和品质的重要因素,深入挖掘大豆需磷关键时期磷高效利用遗传位点成为实现其分子遗传改良的重要前提。鉴于此,本研究利用SoySNP6K(5403个SNP标记)通过全基因组关联分析挖掘大豆需磷关键时期磷高效利用10个相关性状遗传位点,结果发现,T1关键时期(四叶期)适磷条件检测到78个关联SNP,以根系干重与植株总干重SNP较多;低磷条件检测到134个关联SNP,以植株总干重检测SNP最多,并在8号、13号、20号染色体分别检测到同时控制地上部干重和总干重、地上部鲜重和干重与总干重SNP簇;T2关键时期(六叶期)适磷条件检测到83个SNP,以株高和地上部干重检测SNP较多,低磷条件检测到53个SNP,以株高和根冠比SNP较多,并在18号染色体检测到同时控制根干重和总干重SNP簇,在11号、16号、18号染色体分别检测到3个一因多效SNP;上述关联SNP中有9个SNP同时在T1与T2时期被检测到,分别与地上部鲜重、干重、根冠比、株高等关联,为大豆磷素高效利用分子标记辅助育种以及候选基因克隆等提供了依据。     

基于全基因组芯片开发水稻HRM特异分子标记

植物中广泛分布着单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点。在此基础上发展而来的SNP标记因其具有高分辨率和共显性等优点,已成为当前作物遗传研究重要的分子工具。本研究拟建立基于高分辨率熔解曲线(HRM)技术的SNP分子标记,从而实现对栽培稻和野生稻的高效基因分型,为今后水稻的基因挖掘、品种鉴定以及分子育种等提供可靠、快捷的技术工具。利用水稻全基因组9 K SNP芯片对栽培稻品种黄华占和野生稻Y605进行扫描,寻找两者之间的SNP位点,并将其开发成基于HRM技术的特异分子标记。然后,利用这些分子标记对亲本黄华占、野生稻Y605以及两者的BC3回交群体进行分子检测,以验证其有效性。水稻9 K基因芯片在黄华占与野生稻Y605之间总共找到了4198个SNP位点,它们在12条染色体上较均匀分布。在水稻第1号染色体上随机挑选出5个SNP位点开发成基于HRM技术的特异分子标记。利用这些标记对黄华占与野生稻Y605的BC3F1和BC3F2群体进行检测分析,发现它们都能准确区分亲本的纯合与杂合基因型。并且,在回交后代的第1号染色体ZY1-1~ZY1-4标记区间检测到野生稻片段插入。水稻全基因组9 K SNP芯片可以很好地应用于水稻SNP标记的开发。开发的SNP特异标记能准确、高效地对栽培稻和野生稻进行基因分型。进一步完成基于HRM技术的水稻全基因组SNP标记的开发,可为今后野生稻的分子遗传研究、有利基因挖掘和育种应用提供高效的分子检测手段。     

等位基因特异PCR技术的研究与应用

生物的单核苷酸多态性(Single-nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)具有数量多、分布广、易于分型、稳定性强等优点,很适合于用做分子标记.等位基因特异PCR(Allele-specific PCR,AS-PCR)是根据SNP位点设计3'末端与SNP位点碱基互补或错配的特异PCR引物,通过凝胶电泳等方法检测PCR扩增产物的有或无,从而检测基因型中SNP的一种技术.经过不断地改进与完善,基于SNP的等位基因特异PCR标记已逐渐成为一种快速、简便、低成本、可靠、高通量的检测基因型SNP的方法.本文应用等位基因特异PCR技术,根据小麦TaDREB1基因在旱选10和鲁麦14的120(C→A)SNP成功地开发了一个SNP分子标记,证明了该方法的有效性和可行性.     

高分辨率熔解曲线HRM在SNP检测中的应用

自然界生物具有丰富多样性,其本质在于DNA序列的多样性,单核苷酸多态性(SNP)是DNA序列多样性的基本单位,亦为生物进化和选择的动力源。越来越多的研究表明,SNP与人类的疾病、动植物的生长性状显著相关,对SNP的检测亦逐渐成为疾病检测和生物分子育种的重要手段。与传统的SNP检测技术相比较,高分辨率熔解曲线(HRM)具有高通量、高灵敏度、高特异性、快速、操作简单和重复性好的特点,能够快捷、有效筛查生物群体中的SNP位点,将逐渐成为SNP检测的主流技术。本文对HRM原理、方法、特点和应用进行综述,以飨读者。     

一种新的基于单碱基延伸的SNP芯片技术

单核苷酸多态性(Single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)是人类基因组中最常见的一种变异, 与疾病易感性、药物代谢等有着密切的关系。已经建立了多种SNP检测技术并得到了应用。单碱基延伸(Single base extension, SBE)是常用的SNP分型技术之一。文章建立了SBE结合Zip-code芯片技术对SNP进行分型, 为个体化用药及临床诊断芯片的研究与开发提供技术和方法。     

SNP功能活性研究方法进展

SNP位点是目前基因多态性研究的主要内容,包括检测分型和功能活性研究两个层次,已经建立了高度自动化和高通量的SNP检测分型技术.本文系统介绍了在性状功能、蛋白质表达、mRNA转录、基因组结构功能等不同层次上进行SNP功能活性研究的方法,并对相关研究结果进行分析,通过对各种研究方法及结果的比较,对SNP位点功能活性研究的前景进行了展望.     

海洋生物单核苷酸多态性基因分型技术的研究进展

单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)是一类广泛分布于基因组中由单个碱基差异引起的DNA序列变异,SNP标记是第三代分子标记的代表。随着大规模测序技术的快速发展,大量的候选SNP位点被发现,候选SNP位点的发掘需要合适的分型技术。从等位基因分型机制、反应方式和检测等位基因方法等方面介绍当前海洋生物SNP分型技术的研究进展,以期为不同试验目的的研究选择合适的SNP分型技术提供参考。     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor