Effects of drought stress and selenium supply on growth and physiological characteristics of wheat seedlings

The paper studied the effects of drought stress, selenium (Se) supply and their combination on growth and physiological characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Shijiazhuang NO. 8) seedlings. The experimental design included two water treatments (well-watered, 75% of maximum field capacity; drought stress, 30% of maximum field capacity) and two Se levels (0; 0.5 mg/kg) to determine whether Se can modify the negative impacts of drought stress on seedling growth and physiological traits. Drought stress caused a marked decline in growth parameters and soluble protein content, whereas it induced an increase in root activity, proline content and the activities of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) of leaf tissue. On the other hand, Se supply induced an increase in biomass accumulation only under well-watered condition. Under drought stress, Se supply increased free proline content, root activity and the activities of POD and CAT in leaf tissue, but did not significantly affect on growth parameters. These results implied that drought stress brought harmful effects on wheat seedlings, and that Se supply was favorable for biomass accumulation of wheat seedlings under well-watered condition. However, it did not significantly affect on biomass accumulation under drought stress, although it increased root activity and activities of some antioxidant index in experimental periods.     

有限灌溉对半干旱区春小麦根系发育的影响

 对半干旱区旱地春小麦(Triticum aestivum)的有限灌溉试验表明,苗期灌溉显著减少春小麦三叶期—抽穗期总根量和根密度,并促使开花期根系的良好更新和下扎,明显提高春小麦水分利用效率和籽粒产量。苗期水分胁迫则导致春小麦生长前期根系过大,影响地上部分的生长并加重土壤水分的亏缺,籽粒产量严重下降。     

开放式空气CO2增高对水稻物质生产与分配的影响

在大田栽培条件下,研究开放式空气CO2增加(FACE)200μmol·mol^-1的处理对水稻物质生产与分配的影响．结果表明,FACE处理使移栽至抽穗后20d的干物质积累量显著增加,使抽穗后20d至成熟期的干物质生产量显著减少,生物产量显著提高．移栽至抽穗期的干物质积累量增加是由于叶面积系数和净同化率共同提高所致;抽穗期至抽穗后20d的干物质积累量增加主要是由于叶面积系数的增加所致;抽穗后20d至成熟期的干物质生产量减少主要是由于净同化率的下降所造成．提高茎鞘占全株干物重的比例,降低叶片占全株干物重的比例,对穗占全株干物重的比例无显著影响,能显著提高水稻抽穗期茎鞘中可溶性糖、淀粉的含有率和含量,提高FACE处理的生物产量能极显著提高水稻产量(r＝0．7825)．     

Plant availability of soil selenate additions and selenium distribution within wheat and ryegrass

Selenate fertilization is an effective way to secure selenium (Se) nutrition in Se-poor areas but the cycling of the added selenate in the soil-plant system requires further clarification. We examined the Se uptake efficiency of wheat and ryegrass and Se distribution within these plants in two pot experiments. The behaviour of added selenate in a sand soil under wheat was monitored by sequential extractions during a ten-week growing period. In addition, the relationship between Se uptake of ryegrass and the salt extractable and ligand exchangeable Se in a sand and silty clay soil were studied. The added selenate remained mainly salt soluble in the soil throughout the monitoring. Se uptake by wheat comprised 12% of the soluble Se pool in soil and extended over the whole period of growth. In wheat, over 50% of Se accumulated in grains. The Se uptake of ryegrass comprised, on average, 40% of the soil salt soluble Se. In ryegrass, over 80% of the Se accumulated in roots. The distribution pattern of Se in plants can clearly have a major influence on both the Se cycle in soil and the nutritional efficiency of Se fertilization. The simple salt extraction showed fertilization-induced changes in the soluble soil Se pool, whereas the ligand exchangeable Se fraction reflected the difference in the nonlabile Se status between the two soils.     

Foliar application of selenium increases fertility and grain yield in bread wheat under contrasting water availability regimes

The study was conducted to assess whether selenium (Se) application modulates fertility to alter grain yield in bread wheat grown under different moisture regimes. Seeds of wheat cultivar Millat-2011 were sown in the plots using a randomized complete block design with three replicates per treatment. After germination, the plants were exposed to six moisture regimes, viz. no irrigation after germination, irrigation at boot stage, irrigations at boot and grain-filling stages, irrigations at crown root, boot and grain-filling stages, irrigations at crown root, boot, heading and grain-filling stages and irrigations at crown root, stem elongation, boot, heading and grain-filling stages. At the heading stage, foliar spray of sodium selenate (0, 2 and 4 mg Se L^?1) was done. Withholding water at early growth stages significantly increased oxidative stress and decreased growth and grain yield. Irrespective of moisture regimes, foliar application of Se (2 mg L^?1) decreased oxidative stress, modulated photosynthetic pigments and fertility and increased grain yield in wheat. The Se-mediated increase in grain yield was attributed to the increase in chlorophyll and ascorbic acid contents and fertility coupled with decrease of oxidative stress under different moisture regimes. The results could be helpful to manage wheat production in the semi-arid environments.     

半干旱雨养农业区马铃薯干物质和钾素积累与分配特性

2010年在甘肃省定西市通过大田试验,研究了半干旱雨养农业区马铃薯的干物质(DM)和钾素(K)积累与分配规律.结果表明： 马铃薯根、茎、叶的DM积累量在全生育期内呈单峰曲线,大小顺序为叶＞茎＞根;全株和块茎DM积累量在全生育期内持续增加,均呈“S”型增长曲线.全株的DM积累最大速率大于块茎,且出现时间比块茎早17 d. DM在各器官中的分配以块茎形成末期和块茎增大末期为转折点;在块茎形成末期之前,DM分配比例以叶片最大,其后以块茎最大;干质量平衡期出现在块茎增大末期(出苗后90 d左右),此期之前块茎的DM积累量小于根茎叶,二者的积累量呈正相关,其后块茎大于根茎叶,二者呈负相关.全株干物质积累主要来源于块茎.植株干物质积累量在苗期、块茎形成期、块茎增长期、淀粉积累期和成熟期的分配比例分别为5%、30%、60%、4%和1%,块茎干物质积累量的分配比例分别为0、18%、62%、18%和2%.全生育期内,马铃薯50%以上的干物质在块茎增长期形成. 马铃薯品种“新大坪”各器官中钾浓度以茎最高,块茎最低,在干质量平衡期之前根中的钾浓度高于叶,之后低于叶;各器官中钾的积累量在干质量平衡期之前集中分配在根茎叶中,表现为茎＞叶＞根,之后主要向块茎中分配和积累,至成熟期,60%以上的钾贮藏在块茎中.     

Interactions of selenium hyperaccumulators and nonaccumulators during cocultivation on seleniferous or nonseleniferous soil--the importance of having good neighbors

? This study investigated how selenium (Se) affects relationships between Se hyperaccumulator and nonaccumulator species, particularly how plants influence their neighbors' Se accumulation and growth. ? Hyperaccumulators Astragalus bisulcatus and Stanleya pinnata and nonaccumulators Astragalus?drummondii and Stanleya?elata were cocultivated on seleniferous or nonseleniferous soil, or on gravel supplied with different selenate concentrations. The plants were analyzed for growth, Se accumulation and Se speciation. Also, root exudates were analyzed for Se concentration. ? The hyperaccumulators showed 2.5-fold better growth on seleniferous than on nonseleniferous soil, and up to fourfold better growth with increasing Se supply; the nonaccumulators showed the opposite results. Both hyperaccumulators and nonaccumulators could affect growth (up to threefold) and Se accumulation (up to sixfold) of neighboring plants. Nonaccumulators S.?elata and A.?drummondii accumulated predominantly (88-95%) organic C-Se-C; the remainder was selenate. S.?elata accumulated relatively more C-Se-C and less selenate when growing adjacent to S.?pinnata. Both hyperaccumulators released selenocompounds from their roots. A.?bisulcatus exudate contained predominantly C-Se-C compounds; no speciation data could be obtained for S.?pinnata. ? Thus, plants can affect Se accumulation in neighbors, and soil Se affects competition and facilitation between plants. This helps to explain why hyperaccumulators are found predominantly on seleniferous soils.     

不同降雨年型磷肥对旱地小麦根系特征、磷素吸收利用和产量的影响

为了明确旱地小麦生育特性、养分运转对磷肥的响应机制,探索不同降雨年型旱地小麦磷肥施用技术,于2012-2016年在山西农业大学旱地小麦试验示范基地开展大田试验,研究不同降雨年型中4个施磷量(0、75、150和225 kg· hm-2)对旱地小麦根系生长、产量形成和磷肥利用的影响.结果 表明:与不施磷相比,施磷可以显著增...     

灌溉对干旱区冬小麦干物质积累、分配和产量的影响

为探明灌溉对干旱区冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)产量、水分利用效率(WUE)、干物质积累及分配等的影响, 以甘肃河西走廊冬小麦适宜种植品种‘临抗2号’为材料进行了研究。在冬季灌水180 mm的条件下, 生育期以灌水量和灌水次数等共设置5个处理, 分别为: 拔节期灌水量165 mm (W1)、拔节期灌水量120 mm +抽穗期灌水量105 mm (W2)、拔节期灌水量105 mm +抽穗期灌水量105 mm +灌浆期灌水量105 mm (W3)、拔节期灌水量75 mm +抽穗期灌水量75 mm +灌浆期灌水量75 mm (W4)、拔节期灌水量105 mm +抽穗期灌水量75 mm +灌浆期灌水量45 mm (W5)。结果表明: 随着生育期的推进, 土壤有效含水量(AWC)受灌水次数及灌水量影响更加明显; W3、W4处理的土壤各层AWC在灌浆期均较高; 叶面积指数(LAI)下降慢, 延缓了生育后期的衰老; 生育后期干物质积累增加, 提高了穗粒数、千粒重和籽粒产量。籽粒产量以W3处理最高, 但W4具有最高的WUE, 且籽粒产量与W3无显著差异, 但W4较灌溉总量相同的W2和W5以及灌水量最少的W1具有明显的指标优势。W1、W2、W5处理灌浆期各层土壤AWC均较低, 花后LAI下降快, 干物质积累减少, 灌浆持续期缩短, 穗粒数和千粒重减少, 最终表现为籽粒产量和WUE下降。灌浆期水分胁迫可促进花前储存碳库向籽粒的再转运, 并随着干旱胁迫的加重而提高, 对籽粒产量起补偿作用; 水分胁迫提高了灌浆速率, 但缩短了灌浆持续期。相关性分析表明, 灌浆持续期、有效灌浆持续期、有效灌浆期粒重增加值和最大籽粒灌浆速率出现时间与千粒重和籽粒产量均呈正相关。综合考虑, 拔节、抽穗及灌浆期各灌溉75 mm是高产高WUE的最佳灌水方案。     

光温因子对大田冬小麦累积生物量的影响

为了探索光、温因子对冬小麦各生育阶段生物量的影响及冬小麦各组织器官生物量的变化规律,利用甘肃省西峰农业气象试验站1981-2008年冬小麦生产年度物候期、产量分析要素等观测资料、1995-2008年冬小麦生产年度三叶期、越冬期、拔节期、抽穗期、乳熟期及成熟期生物量测定资料及相应时段的温度、日照资料,分析了冬小麦生物量变化过程及光温因子综合作用辐热积对各生育阶段生物量的影响.结果表明：冬小麦全生育期生物量的累积过程呈“S”型曲线,抽穗期、乳熟期生物量达到最大.自1981年以来,抽穗期、乳熟期的辐热积以3.314 MJ·m^-2·a^-1的速度上升,其他各生育阶段辐热积随年份呈抛物线变化;返青期、拔节期及乳熟期、成熟期辐热积在20世纪90年代较大,20世纪80年代及21世纪初较小;拔节期、抽穗期辐热积在20世纪90年代较小,20世纪80年代及21世纪初较大.各生育阶段辐热积与产量相关显著.各生育阶段的叶面积指数与该阶段的辐热积利用率呈显著相关,拔节期及抽穗期叶面积指数增加1,其辐热积利用率分别增加0.049和0.259 g·MJ^-1.