金缕梅科系统发育的古孢粉学证据

本文系统描述了现代金缕梅科中主要属的花粉形态特征,并在此基础上运用孢粉学的资料探讨 了金缕梅科的系统分类及其演化规律。 文中还详细记述了金缕梅科中化石花粉的形态、出现的地质时代及分布;并进一步探讨了金缕梅科的地质演进历史。文章认为．早白垩世时期为金缕梅科的发生期,晚白垩世为金缕梅科的发展期。在这一时期金缕梅科中的主要属——金缕梅属Hamamelis、蜡瓣花属Corylopsis,弗特吉属Fothergilla均已出现。被子植物第一次在植物界中占据优势。进入早第三纪时期金缕梅科得到了进一步的发展和完善,花粉形态由三沟型演进出散孔型。最后,本文通过对金缕梅科孢粉形态学的研究和生物地层学的研究,详细的论述了金缕梅科演化的古孢粉学证据。文章认为金缕梅目可能由棒纹粉(Clavatipollenites)直接演进而来,而后再演进金缕梅科中其他各属种。文中还根据孢粉形态学的分析和孢粉生物地层学的研究,提出金缕梅科中的枫香属Liquidambar是和金缕梅科中的主要类群(三沟型)完全不同的两个类群,从而同意枫香属应当从金缕梅科中独立出来,另建立一个阿丁枫科Altingiaceae。     

金缕梅科(广义)的叶结构及分类

金缕梅科(广义)Hamamelidaceae包括29属,约140种。 此科的化石出现得较早,是双子叶植物中的一个比较古老的科。 本文的目的是系统研究此科透明叶的各种性状特征,并检验它们是否具有分类学意义。 本文研究了金缕梅科29属、60余种的叶的各种性状在科内的分布及演化趋势,并根据这方面的证据对此科的分类提出一些修正意见,系统描述部分介绍了金缕梅科各属叶的形态特征。     

四药门花属及其近缘植物ITS区序列分析和系统学意义

测定和分析了四药门花等１３种金缕梅科（Ｈａｍａｍｅｌｉｄａｃｅａｅ）植物的核糖体ＤＮＡ转录间隔区（ＩＴＳ区）及５８Ｓ编码区的序列。应用最大简约法构建的分子系统树表明：被分析的金缕梅亚科（Ｈａｍａｍｅｌｉｄｏｉｄｅａｅ）植物形成一个单系类群,亚科内及其中的金缕梅族（Ｈａｍａｍｅｌｉｄｅａｅ）内部呈复系演化（ｐｏｌｙｐｈｙｌｅｔｉｃ）的特征;支持秀柱花族（Ｅｕｓｔｉｇｍａｔｅａｅ）（含秀柱花属Ｅｕｓｔｉｇｍａ、牛鼻栓属Ｆｏｒｔｕｎｅａｒｉａ和山白树属Ｓｉｎｏｗｉｌｓｏｎｉａ）成立以及将蚊母树族（Ｄｉｓｔｙｌｉｅａｅ）与弗特吉族（Ｆｏｔｈｅｒｇｉｌｅａｅ）合并的观点,此结果与Ｅｎｄｒｅｓ（１９８９）系统接近;金缕梅族中金缕梅属（Ｈａｍａｍｅｌｉｓ）与弗特吉族中的弗特吉属（Ｆｏｒｔｈｅｒｇｉｌａ）、银缕梅属（Ｓｈａｎｉｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎ）和水丝梨属（Ｓｙｃｏｐｓｉｓ）系统发育关系密切;四药门花属（Ｔｅｔｒａｔｈｙｒｉｕｍ）与木属（Ｌｏｒｏｐｅｔａｌｕｍ）属于同一个单系类群,它们与Ｈａｍａｍｅｌｉｓ的亲缘关系较远     

稀有濒危植物—半枫荷

稀有濒危植物—半枫荷黄仕训（广西植物研究所桂林５４１００６）半枫荷（Ｓｅｍｉｌｉｑｕｉｄａｍｂａｒｃａｔｈａｙｅｎｓｉｓ）金缕梅科半枫荷属植物,在《中国珍稀濒危保护植物名录》第一册中,被列为国家三级保护植物。一、形态特征半枫荷为常绿乔木,高达２０米;...     

金缕梅科一新组合

金缕梅科一新组合郝日明魏宏图（江苏省·中国科学院植物研究所南京２１００１４）ＡＮＥＷＣＯＭＢＩＮＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＨＡＭＡＭＥＬＩＤＡＣＥＡＥＨＡＯＲｉＭｉｎｇＷＥＩＨｏｎｇＴｕ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＢｏｔａｎｙ,ＪｉａｎｇｓｕＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅａｎ...     

L基因序列分析对连香树科和交让木科系统位置的重新评价——兼论低等金缕梅类的关系

测定了悬铃木科和金缕梅科5个亚科的6个代表种的rbcL基因序列, 对低等金缕梅类植物及新近提出的相关类群进行了分子系统发育分析, 获得4个最简约树。 简约树步长为893, 其CI值和RI值分别为0.558和0.591。 连香树科和交让木科与金缕梅科及虎耳草科关系较近。 尽管增加了金缕梅科的取样密度, 它们之间进一步的关系仍未得到分辨, 结合它们的形态特征, 连香树科和交让木科应置于金缕梅目内。 rbcL基因树上反映出传统的“低等”金缕梅类成员领春木科与毛茛类植物聚在一起; 悬铃木科与昆栏树科和水青树科关系较近, 而与金缕梅科关系较远; 杜仲科与低等金缕类的核心科——金缕梅科的关系似乎较除连香树科之外的其它低等金缕类成员近。 低等金缕类植物由一些古老、孤立的科组成, 且是多系的。     

rbcL基因序列分析对连香树科和交让木科系统位置的重新评价——兼论低等金缕梅类的关系

测定了悬铃木科和金缕梅科５个亚科的６个代表种的ｒｂｃＬ基因序列,对低等金缕梅类植物及新近提出的相关类群进行了分子系统发育分析,获得４个最简约树。简约树步长为８９３,其ＣＩ值和ＲＩ值分别为０．５５８和０．５９１。连香树科和交让木科与金缕梅科及虎耳草科关系较近。尽管增加了金缕梅科的取样密度,它们之间进一步的关系仍未得到分辨,结合它们的形态特征,连香树科和交让木科应置于金缕梅目内。ｒｂｃＬ基因树上反映出传统的“低等”金缕梅类成员领春木科与毛茛类植物聚在一起;悬铃木科与昆栏树科和水青树科关系较近,而与金缕梅科关系较远;杜仲科与低等金缕类的核心科———金缕梅科的关系似乎较除连香树科之外的其它低等金缕类成员近。低等金缕类植物由一些古老、孤立的科组成,且是多系的。     

杜仲科的解剖学和胚胎学及其系统关系

本文作者用光学显微镜对杜仲科Eucommiaceae的木材解剖和胚胎发育过程进行了观察,并与榆科Ulmaceae和金缕梅科Hamamelidaceae进行了对比分析。 根据木材和胚胎学的资料,并结合外部形态和化学方面的资料,讨论了杜仲科的分类系统位置。     

金缕梅科:地理分布、化石历史和起源

本文利用系统发育与地理分布相结合的方法,探讨金缕梅科各属植物的系统位置和分布式样,并结合化石、古地理及古气候等证据,讨论该科的分布中心,可能的起源时间和地点以及现代分布式样形成的原因。研究结果表明：全世界金缕梅科植物共30属144种,间断分布于亚洲西部、东部、东南部,非洲东部、南部,大洋洲的澳大利亚东北部以及中美洲和北美洲的东南部,欧洲和南美洲尚无现代类群分布的记载。它基本上是一个热带和亚热带山地分布的科。通过对该科30个属的系统位置及其分布式样的分析,将金缕梅科属的分布归纳为：A．热带分布类型(18属),包括(1)热带亚洲分布(11属),(2)热带中美洲分布(2属),(3)热带非洲分布(2属),(4)热带大洋洲分布(3属),B．温带分布类型(12属),包括(5)东亚分布(7属),(6)西亚分布(2属),(7)西亚-东亚-北美间断分布(1属),(8)东亚-北美间断分布(1属),(9)北美分布(1属)。东亚区南部到印度支那区北部(即中国长江以南至中南半岛北部地区)是它的现代分布区中心;根据化石证据、原始类型分布和外类群分布分析,提出该科植物起源于劳亚古陆,并曾经有一个很长的白垩纪历史,至少在早白垩纪金缕梅科植物的先驱就已经出现。最后,从地质和气候的变迁等方面探讨了金缕梅科现代分布区形成的原因。     

中国金缕梅科植物属的空间多样性定量研究

以行政县为单元,利用ArcGIS软件制作中国金缕梅科(Hamamelidaceae)植物的空间分布图,量测其经纬度并计算空间多样性格局指数,定量地获取中国金缕梅科植物属的空间多样性的格局及特点,为金缕梅科植物的保护、管理和利用提供依据.结果表明:(1)中国金缕梅科植物属的空间多样性南高北低,在纬度方向上呈三条垂直带状分...     

种间专性协同进化关系对榕属分类的影响

榕与榕小蜂的专性共生系统为人们提供了研究生物协同进化规律和进化历史的完美范例,已成为国际上研究植物与昆虫相互作用的一个热点。这也给仅根据外部形态等传统方法进行的榕属经典分类带来了极大的影响和冲击。为了进一步研究榕属的系统与进化,介绍了该属分类学研究的历史、主要分类系统和存在的问题,并对今后榕属分类的发展趋势进行展望。     

天南星科分类系统的沿革

天南星科 Araceae是一个世界性的大科 ,计1 0 5属约 3 5 0 0余种 [1]。单子叶植物 ,与浮萍科组成 1个目。在中国植物志排在第 1 3卷 ,第 2分册 [2 ]。其分布区跨越从赤道带到寒温带的各个生态地带 ,散布于新旧世界的各大陆块 ,仅在一些海岛地区和南美大陆有较多空白点 [3 ] 。中国有 2 6属 2 0 0余种[4 ] ,种属数量都不多 ,但不少属如 Pinellia、Arisaema、Remasatia和 Colocasia等都是以中国为分化中心的。中国最早有关天南星科植物的记载 ,始于本草书籍。西汉时期的“神农本草经”就记载了菖蒲(Acorus calamus) ,虎掌 (Pinellia pedati…     

奥杜威工业石制品分类综述

石制品是旧石器时代考古的主要研究对象,其分类是旧石器生产技术和文化研究的基础与前提,然而,中国旧石器时代考古有关石制品分类目前尚无一致标准,这对开展旧石器时代考古学术研究的国际交流产生了负面影响。鉴于似奥杜威(Oldowan-like)或模式I工业在我国古人类石器工业面貌占有非常特殊的地位,因此,本文对以非洲为代表的奥杜威(Oldowan)工业(模式I)石器技术研究中有关石制品的分类体系进行整合和梳理,同时借鉴Mary Leakey、Glynn Isaac和Nicholas Toth等为代表的不同分类系统,并对中国境内有关石制品分类的现状进行讨论。     

An elaboration of the evolutionary morphological basis for the systematics of the Plathelminthes

Compared with Hennig's phylogenetical systematics which has as its aim the retracing of genealogical relations between taxonomic groups, evolutionary morphological systematics is equally justified. Classifications of basic plans, morphological types, and morphofunctional systems of organisms serve as the foundation of evolutionary morphological systems. They are constructed on the basis of thorough understanding and further iteration of morphological transformation in phylogenetical branches based on the constructional pecularities of the morphofunctional systems. The evolutionary morphological approach in systematics is important especially for elaborating macrosystems dealing with vastly divergant groups where it is impossible to trace their real genealogy. The general principles of evolutionary morphological systematics are considered. A variant of the classification system of the Plathelminthes is suggested.     

Concordance of molecular and morphological data: The example of the Acoela

Morphological features of the Acoela appear to be quite plastic, including those of the copulatory organs, which provide the principle characteristics used for the systematics of this group. Consequently, classification schemes of the Acoela comprise numerous polyphyletic groupings. In this review, we detail recent revisions of acoel systematics using molecular sequence data and new and reevaluated morphological characteristics. Gene trees are discordant with traditional systematic schemes but strongly concordant with new morphological characteristics obtained through the use of transmission electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy, namely, characteristics of body-wall and copulatory organ musculature, sperm, sperm ducts, sagittocysts, and immunocytochemistry of the nervous system. This merger of molecular and morphological data has led to significant changes in acoel classification, including a major emendation of the largest family of the Acoela, the Convolutidae, whereby half of its members were transferred to a newly created family, the Isodiametridae.     

Primary classification and phylogeny of the Polemoniaceae, with comments on molecular cladistics

The system of classification of the Polemoniaceae currently in use was published by Grant in 1959. Much new evidence concerning relationships in the family has been obtained by numerous workers since 1959, and the old system is in need of revision. A revised system down to the genus level, based on conventional and unconventional characters, including molecular evidence, is presented here. Nineteen genera are grouped into eight tribes and two subfamilies. Three new tribes are described: Acanthogilieae, Loeselieae, and Leptodactyloneae. Several genera are transferred to new groups. The phylogeny of the family is discussed in the light of both the older and new evidence. The approach used in constructing both the 1959 and new systems is that of evolutionary systematics. Two recent (1996, 1997) family-wide surveys of cpDNA and rDNA use cladistic methods of analysis to arrive at sets of major groups. Some of this molecular evidence has been adopted for the present revised system. However, much incongruence still exists between the new sets of clades, on the one hand, and the present revised system or the still-viable parts of the 1959 system on the other hand. The incongruences call for an examination and comparison of the contrasting methods of evolutionary systematics and molecular cladistics. A fundamental flaw in the 1996 and 1997 treatments is the attempt to classify plants on the basis of single-gene gene trees.     

Present status ofArisaema systematics

For an understanding of the systematics ofArisaema (Araceae), the history of infrageneric classification systems and recent studies of taxonomic characters ofArisaema are reviewed. Based on morphological information, a cladistic analysis is attempted. The most parsimonious cladgrams, with 32 steps and a consitency index of 0.69, involve assumed parallelisms and reversals in several characters. Ongoing molecular systematic studies are testing the proposed systematics.     

Systematic revision of Myristicaceae (Magnoliales) in Madagascar, with four new species of Mauloutchia

The systematics of Malagasy Myristicaceae is revised to take into account new collections made since the work by Capuron in the 1970s, as well as improved knowledge from fieldwork and two scanning electron microscopy studies by the author. Four new species are described: Mauloutchia annickiae Sauquet, M. capuronii Sauquet, M. echinocarpa Capuron ex Sauquet, and M. sambiranensis (Capuron) Sauquet. In addition, basic information is given for each remaining Malagasy species of the family (synonymy, type specimen, updated distribution and main distinctive features). According to this treatment, Malagasy Myristicaceae now consist of four endemic genera and 15 species: Brochoneura Warb. (three species), Doyleanthus Sauquet (one species), Haematodendron Capuron (one species) and Mauloutchia (Baill.) Warb. (ten species). Two identification keys to these species are provided: one based primarily on fruit characters and one based primarily on male flower and inflorescence characters. Putative phylogenetic relationships among these species are also indicated, based on a previous combined morphological and molecular study by the author.  © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2004, 146 , 351–368.     

植物生命之树重建的现状、问题和对策建议

生命之树的概念源自1859年达尔文的《物种起源》, 但利用分子数据重建植物生命之树的研究则在20世纪90年代才开始兴起。近年来, 随着测序技术、分析方法和计算能力的快速发展, 植物生命之树重建研究取得了显著成果。本文首先概述了当前以及未来很长一段时间内植物生命之树重建工作的重点, 包括植物属级和种级水平的系统发育研究、植物系统发育基因组学研究、分子和形态数据联合分析、包括灭绝与现存植物类群的生命之树重建, 以及超大植物生命之树重建等5个方面; 然后简要概括国内植物生命之树重建研究的现状, 指出了我国在植物生命之树重建领域发展中所存在的问题, 并从“类群研究体系、学科评价体系、国家顶层设计, 以及拓展国际合作”等方面对学科未来的发展提出了一些对策建议。     

Crystal structure of a dual activity IMPase/FBPase (AF2372) from Archaeoglobus fulgidus. The story of a mobile loop

Several hyperthermophilic organisms contain an unusual phosphatase that has dual activity toward inositol monophosphates and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. The structure of the second member of this family, an FBPase/IMPase from Archaeoglobus fulgidus (AF2372), has been solved. This enzyme shares many kinetic and structural similarities with that of a previously solved enzyme from Methanococcus jannaschii (MJ0109). It also shows some kinetic differences in divalent metal ion binding as well as structural variations at the dimer interface that correlate with decreased thermal stability. The availability of different crystal forms allowed us to investigate the effect of the presence of ligands on the conformation of a mobile catalytic loop independently of the crystal packing. This conformational variability in AF2372 is compared with that observed in other members of this structural family that are sensitive or insensitive to submillimolar concentrations of Li(+). This analysis provides support for the previously proposed mechanism of catalysis involving three metal ions. A direct correlation of the loop conformation with strength of Li(+) inhibition provides a useful system of classification for this extended family of enzymes.