白刺叶不同水分状况下光合速率及其叶绿素荧光特性的研究

采用L I-COR 6400便携式光合测定系统测定并研究了乌兰布和沙漠白刺叶不同水分状况下光合速率及其叶绿素荧光参数的变化特征.结果表明,随着白刺水势降低其净光合速率和气孔导度快速下降,当水势降低到一定值时,净光合速率、气孔导度几乎不变;而叶绿素荧光指标与叶水势关系在高水势时随着叶水势下降叶绿素荧光指标值近似不变,当水势下降到一定值时近似呈直线下降.白刺水饱和状况下的光补偿点为(43.1±4.8)μm o l.m-2.-s 1,光饱和点为(676±150)μm o l.m-2.-s 1;叶生长初期和叶成熟期净光合速率水势补偿点(净光合速率为0时的水势)分别为-3.65 M Pa和-5.76 M Pa,NPQ初始水分胁迫水势分别为-2.20 M Pa和-6.63 M Pa.研究指出运用净光合速率水势补偿点和非光化学猝灭初始水分胁迫水势可评价白刺对干旱环境的适应性.     

土壤干旱对辽东栎、大叶细裂槭幼苗生长及水分利用的影响

在盆栽条件下研究了不同土壤干旱条件对辽东栎和大叶细裂槭幼苗生长及水分利用率的影响。结果表明,随干旱胁迫程度加剧,两树种叶水势均下降,随胁迫时间延长水势又有一回升趋势,显示出树种自身的调节能力,大叶细裂槭调节水势的能力强于辽东栎。叶水势与叶片含水量关系密切,水势的高低决定叶片水分状况,水分含量又决定了幼苗的生长状况。大叶细裂槭新梢在5、6月增长增粗迅速,而辽东栎在4月、5月生长迅速及叶面积扩展快,适宜水分下增粗可持续至9月份。不同土壤水分处理下两树种水分利用效率差异明显。在中度干旱下整体WUE有所上升,尤其是辽东栎提高约10％;大叶细裂槭的根冠比在重度干旱下可达2以上,说明它对干旱的适应性很强,在严重干旱胁迫下也能长期维持生命,成活率高于辽东栎,接近100％,可见其适应性强于辽东栎。     

土壤干旱对黄土高原乡土树种水分代谢与渗透调节物质的影响

以黄土高原4个乡土树种的幼苗为试验材料,采用盆栽方式模拟土壤干旱环境,研究土壤干旱对不同树种水分代谢与渗透调节物质的影响。结果表明,大叶细裂槭、虎榛子叶水势、叶片含水量下降迅速,叶片离体保水能力降幅明显;白刺花、辽东栎则表现为叶水势、叶片含水量缓慢下降,组织相对含水量在中度胁迫下略有上升。白刺花在不同水分处理条件下离体叶片保水力明显高于其它树种。1个树种可溶性糖含量随土壤干旱程度加剧明显增加,可溶性蛋白质含量在树种之间变化较为复杂,无明显规律性。K^ 离子含量和游离脯氨酸含量在中度水分胁迫下均有不同程度升高。白刺花在土壤干旱进程中,可溶性蛋白质含量、K^ 离子含量和游离脯氨酸含量均明显高于其它树种。综合水分代谢和渗透调节物质来看,水分胁迫条件下,白刺花以保持高水势、减少组织水分散失和增加渗透调节物质来提高细胞原生质浓度,增强其抗旱性。     

干旱和复水对大豆光合生理生态特性的影响

选用大豆作为实验材料,研究干旱和复水对大豆光合生理的影响,以期为大豆抗旱栽培和高效利用水分提供理论依据.通过研究发现,在土壤相对含水量高于47%时,处理组大豆凌晨叶片水势和对照组相比基本没有下降,但当土壤相对含水量低于47%时,处理组叶片水势急剧下降,表现为一定的阈值反应,存在明显的凌晨叶水势临界值.大豆开花前期叶片的凌晨叶水势阈值约为-1.02MPa,低于此临界值,叶片水势急剧下降,叶片净光合速率也明显降低.研究发现,在实验的第3天,处理组土壤相对含水量为47%,叶片水势与对照组相比下降了7%,蒸腾速率为对照组的67%,净光合速率为对照组的90%,水分利用效率比对照组高35%,这说明大豆的蒸腾比光合对干旱更敏感.因此,可利用这一结果采取适度干旱等措施达到节水增产的目的.复水后大豆叶片水分状况得到改善,大豆叶片的净光合速率和蒸腾速率都表现为接近于直线的上升,气孔导度的恢复也很快,这表明大豆存在着胁迫解除后快速生长的特征.但是,干旱对大豆的生长等生理过程是否存在滞后效应,滞后效应的大小等问题还需要进一步的研究.     

大豆光合速率和气孔导度对水分胁迫的响应

土壤水分胁迫使两个供试大豆品种(系)光合速率和气孔导度降低,“鲁豆四号”降低的幅度大于小粒大豆品系“7605”。在相同的叶水势下,“7605”的光合速率和气孔导度均高于“鲁豆四号”,但“7605”气孔随水势下降而关闭的速率大于“鲁豆四号”。水分胁迫使叶片温度升高,“7605”比“鲁豆四号”升温较快,但在同一水分处理中,“鲁豆四号”的叶温高于“7605”。水分胁迫降低了大豆的水分利用效率,且“鲁豆四号”降低的速率大于“7605”。结果表明,“7605”对水分胁迫具有较好的适应能力。     

油松人工林SPAC水势梯度时空变化规律及其对边材液流传输的影响

 利用热扩散式边材液流茎流探针（TDP）和微型自动气象站组成的测定系统于2001年4月在北京林业大学妙峰山教学实验林场（39°54′N,116°28′E）对低山油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）人工林土壤-植物-大气体（SPAC）界面水势梯度及油松木质部边材液流传输速率的时空变化规律及其相关因子进行了连续测定。土壤水势随深度下降逐渐升高,日周期波动幅度减小,灌水后上层土壤水势迅速提高,但随着水分扩散和林地持续蒸散,土壤湿度迅速下降并逐渐与对照趋同;叶片水势连日逐渐降低,灌水后水势较对照有一定程度提高;林冠不同层次叶片水势在日周期内不同时间差异显著,但同一层次之间差异不明显;油松人工林土壤、叶片、大气水势梯度比约为1∶5∶30,灌水后SPAC相临界面水势差增大,水势梯度提高至1∶15∶90。大气水分饱和亏缺与土壤水势和叶片水势、以及土壤水势与叶片水势之间均有极显著相关性。干旱春季灌溉对油松木质部边材液流时空波动产生很大影响,灌水后连日树干上位边材液流峰值出现时间推迟1 h,连日平均液流速率提高48.59%,连日平均最大液流速率提高25.12%。木质部边材液流速率日变化和连日变化与SPAC水势和气象因子如空气相对湿度、空气温度、太阳辐射强度密切相关。与对照相比,灌水后边材液流速率与SPAC各介质水势和界面水势差的相关性下降。     

短期干旱对水稻叶水势、光合作用及干物质分配的影响

采用盆栽水分试验,研究了不同生育期短期干旱处理对水稻叶水势、光合作用和干物质分配的影响．结果表明,干旱胁迫后,水稻叶水势低于对照,午后叶水势回升缓慢。凌晨叶水势随土壤含水量的降低而降低,表现为阈值反应。叶片净光合速率与凌晨叶水势密切相关,低于凌晨叶水势临界值,水稻叶片净光合速率急剧下降在水稻抽穗期和灌浆期叶片净光合速率显著下降的凌晨叶水势临界值为-1.04和-1．13MPa,对应的土壤含水量阈值分别为饱和含水量的61.0％和50．9％,土壤水势分别为-0．133和-0．240MPa干旱胁迫下单叶净光合速率的日变化规律表现为：胁迫较轻时,单叶净光合速率在正午附近出现低谷;胁迫严重时,净光合速率全天低于对照,且不及对照的一半。短期干旱后,水稻叶、根、穗的分配指数均降低,茎鞘的分配指数升高。本研究可为水稻节水灌溉管理和水分限制下水稻的生长模拟提供生理基础和理论依据。     

水分胁迫对苹果树生长和叶中矿质元素含量的影响（简报）

水分胁迫时,盆栽的苹果新梢生长受抑,枝条节间长度缩短,叶水势下降,叶面积减小。植株萎蔫后翌日供水,大部分功能叶脱落,第3d供水,植株则不能成活。水分胁迫及干旱后恢复供水时,叶中矿质元素的含量、变化不一样。     

水分胁迫和胁迫后复水对玉米叶片生长速率的影响

玉米叶片延伸速率(LER)对水分状况的变化很敏感。快速干旱处理,水分消耗迅速,LER从最大到零需5h,叶水势改变0.5～0.6 MPa,缓慢干旱处理,水分消耗较慢,LER从最大到零需20h,叶水势改变1 MPa。缓慢干旱植株叶片成熟部位的渗透势,在任何LER下,均比快速干旱叶片更负。LER为零时,快速干旱叶渗透势为-1.3 MPa,缓慢干旱为一1.6MPa左右。短时间水分胁迫后复水,LER迅速增加,有部分补偿前期胁迫减少的生长量能力;长时间水分胁迫后复水,LER在6 h内不可能恢复到正常水平。     

海岸沙生植物老鼠艻(Spinifex littoreus)叶水势对风蚀、沙埋和风沙流磨蚀的响应

台风是海岸地区常见的自然灾害之一,其通过风蚀、沙埋和风沙流磨蚀,严重威胁到该地区的沙生植物生长。本文以福建省平潭岛海岸典型沙生植物老鼠艻(Spinifex littoreus)为研究对象,对台风后受到风蚀、沙埋和风沙流磨蚀危害的植株叶片水势及其土壤水势和气象要素进行同步观测。结果表明:(1)老鼠艻在遭受风蚀后其受到的水分胁迫较未风蚀植株提前且强度更大,叶水势较未风蚀植株显著降低(P0.05),且与大气水势无显著相关性(P0.05)。而未风蚀时其与大气水势和相对湿度呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与气温则呈极显著负相关(P0.01);(2)沙埋后老鼠艻叶水势在10:00—16:00均高于未沙埋植株,变化幅度较小,且对气象因子响应存在滞后现象。土壤水分不足时,老鼠艻叶水势主要受土壤水势的影响,土壤水分充足时,则主要受气象因子的影响。未沙埋的老鼠艻叶水势与大气水势、相对湿度呈显著正相关(P0.05),与气温呈显著负相关(P0.05)。随着沙埋深度的增加,老鼠艻叶水势先升高后降低,适度沙埋有利于其保持较高水势以适应胁迫环境;(3)老鼠艻叶片被擦伤后,其叶水势大部分时间均低于未擦伤处理,与大气水势有一定相关性,但不显著(P0.05),而未擦伤植株叶水势则与大气水势和相对湿度呈显著正相关(P0.05),与气温呈显著负相关(P0.05)。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.