民勤荒漠植被对气候变化的响应

运用民勤荒漠区1974-2009年物候观测资料和2002-2010年植被样方观测资料以及同期气象资料,分析了荒漠植被对气候变化的响应.结果表明:1961-2010年,民勤荒漠区气温升高,空气湿度增大,年均气温升高速率大于全球水平和中国近百年平均水平;植物对气温变化的响应主要表现在春季物候提前、秋季物候推迟、生长季延长;植被对降水量变化的响应主要表现为植被盖度和纯盖度随降水量减少而降低,植株密度、植物多度随降水量变化而波动;植被盖度和纯盖度与年降水量的相关性较高,然后依次为6-7月和4-5月的降水量;植株密度和植物多度与9月降水量呈正相关;植物春季物候提前的次序是芽初膨大期＞芽开放期＞开花始期＞展叶始期和展叶盛期＞花蕾序出现＞开花盛期＞开花末期＞果实成熟期;秋季物候推迟的次序是叶全变色期＞落叶始期＞叶初变色期＞落叶末期.春季气温升高对民勤荒漠区植物物候的影响大于秋季气温升高对物候的影响.     

四川唐家河自然保护区扭角羚冬春季日活动模式研究

根据相机陷阱调查获得照片的时间,研究了2008年12月～2009年5月唐家河自然保护区内野生扭角羚Budorcastaxicolor的日活动模式。通过对24个1km×1km样方的调查,共完成686个相机工作日的取样量,获得有效的扭角羚捕捉次数709次(冬季322次,春季387次),并分别计算出扭角羚冬季和春季在各时间段的相对活动强度指数RAI。结果显示,扭角羚在冬季和春季的日活动模式没有显著差异(χ2检验,P>0.1),每天都有3个活跃时期(凌晨、早上和下午)和3个紧随的不活跃时期。其中,冬季日活动的最高峰出现在下午17:00～18:00(RAI=12.42),最低谷出现在日出前3:00～6:00(RAI=0.00);春季最高峰出现在早上6:00～7:00(RAI=20.16),最低谷出现在日出前2:00～5:00(RAI=0.26)。在春季,扭角羚在上午活跃期的活动强度明显高于下午活跃期,而在冬季则相反。春季与冬季相比,扭角羚上午和下午的两个活跃时间段都有提前,可能是由于不同季节气温和光照差异的影响。研究表明,相机陷阱调查技术是研究野生动物在野外活动模式和活动节律的有效工具,可为今后深入开展扭角羚行为生态学...     

Temperature and water relations in desert bees

1. 1. Desert bees do not show significant differences in most thermal parameters; mean endothermic warm-up rates are similar to those of temperate species, with no special cooling mechanisms, and normal upper critical temperatures (unlike desert ants and beetles). Thermoregulatory abilities may however be improved.

2. 2. They show the whole range of possible water balance problems; small species are acutely water-stressed when foraging, but large bees suffer from excessive generation of metabolic water in flight.

3. 3. Activity patterns are therefore either matinal, crepuscular or bimodal; essentially desert bees avoid heat and adapt to cold desert dawns and dusks. Desert plants must be coevolved to offer appropriate rewards and match the physiological constraints on their pollinators.

4. 4. Endothermy in bees may have evolved primarily in arid zones, and served as a pre-adaptation for subsequent invasion of cool temperate biomes.

     

小尺度下柠条林破碎化生境对地表甲虫多样性的影响

一般认为,景观斑块面积和破碎化对物种丰富度和分布格局有重要的影响。在宁夏中部荒漠地区,天然柠条林和人工柠条林地交错排列,形成点、片、带状等大小不等的斑块性分布,表现为典型的破碎化斑块格局生境特征。本文采用巴氏罐诱法调查了在小尺度下荒漠景观人工柠条林破碎化生境不同斑块内地表甲虫的物种多样性。结果共获得10科20属29种地表甲虫,其中拟步甲科昆虫占绝对优势,阿小鳖甲Microdera kraatzi alashanica Skopin、克小鳖甲Microdera kraatzi kraatzi(Reitter)为优势种。Rarefaction曲线显示较大面积的斑块有较多的物种多样性,但群落多样性指数各斑间块差异不显著。利用斑块面积对物种数-个体数进行回归分析表明,地表甲虫的物种多样性受斑块面积的影响,生境破碎化会导致地表甲虫多样性下降。     

荒漠景观拟步甲科昆虫多样性及其对生境的指示作用

本研究在宁夏灵武白芨滩国家级自然保护区北部荒漠景观下的磁窑堡地区,选取典型荒漠草原区(DS)、人工柠条林种植区(CCL1,CCL2)及流沙人工封育区(SDE1,SDE2,SDE3)3类生境共6块样地,于2010年4月至8月以巴氏罐诱法采集该地区拟步甲科昆虫,研究该地区拟步甲科昆虫多样性及其对生境的指示作用。结果共获得标本3406头,计12属22种,其中东鳖甲属Anatolica和小鳖甲属Microdera为优势属,波氏东鳖甲Anatolica potanini Reitter、阿小鳖甲Microdera kraatz alashanica Skopin、小丽东鳖甲Anatolica amoenula Reitter和尖尾东鳖甲Anatolic amucronata Reitter为优势种。在流沙人工封育区的SDE1样地物种丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数最高,SDE3样地个体数量和优势度指数最高;人工柠条林种植区的CCL1样地个体数量最低。聚类分析结果表明流沙人工封育区与荒漠草原区、人工柠条种植区在物种组成及生境相似性方面差异较大。利用指示值法确定不同生境的特征指示种类,结果显示波氏东鳖甲、谢氏宽漠王Mantichorula semenowiReitter、尖尾东鳖甲可作为流沙封育区特征指示种;突角漠甲Trigonocnera pseudopimelia(Reitter)、中华砚甲Cyphogenia chinensis(Faldermann)和纳氏东鳖甲AnatolicanuretiSchusteretReymond可作为荒漠草原特征指示种;蒙古漠王Platyope mongolica Faldermann、多毛宽漠甲Sternoplax setosa setosa(Bates)、克小鳖甲Microdera kraatzi(Reitter)是生境恢复的监测种;小丽东鳖甲Anatolica amoenula Reitter等种类可作为生境退化的监测种。     

内蒙古荒漠草原牧户对气候变化的感知和适应

荒漠草原是气候变化影响的脆弱和敏感地区.荒漠草原的牧户主要依赖天然草原维持生计,正面临着严峻的气候变化挑战.本文采用问卷调查的实证分析方法,在获取内蒙古苏尼特右旗荒漠草原牧户对气候变化和极端气候事件感知和适应的第一手资料基础上,分析了荒漠草原牧户对气候变化趋势和极端气候事件感知和适应的现状与行为特征.结果表明:在降水稀少、气象灾害频繁发生的荒漠草原,干旱是影响范围最广、影响程度最深、发生频率最高的极端气候事件;牧户不仅对干旱的敏感度远高于其他极端气候事件,而且对大风、沙尘暴和大雪等极端气候事件的深刻感知伴随着对干旱的感知而产生;相对于长期气候变化的感知,牧户对短期气候变化趋势的感知更深刻、准确,并主要依据近10年气候变化的感知结果来判断较长期气候变化的总体趋势;牧户认为,气候变化在很大程度上影响了牲畜健康和草场产量,但牧户应对气候变化的行为相对单一,且多为自发性被动适应,缺乏行之有效的主动适应.     

Tenebrionid beetles in the shortgrass prairie: daily and seasonal patterns of activity and temperature

ABSTRACT. 1. Patterns of daily and seasonal activity for seven species of tenebrionid beetles, genus Eleodes , were investigated in the shortgrass prairie of northeastern Colorado. The relationship between time of activity, body temperatures, and rates of water loss of the beetles was examined in the field and in laboratory experiments.
2. Common species were active from April until the end of October; however, asynchronous peaks of abundance occurred.
3. Beetles were diurnally active with peaks of daily activity occurring 2–4 h after sunrise and before sunset. Less than a 2 h shift in mean time of activity occurred between seasons.
4. Within species, body temperatures measured in the field closely corresponded to temperatures selected in an experimental thermal gradient; hence, species seemed to prefer particular body temperatures and were most active during times when those temperatures could be achieved. Body temperatures measured in the field approximated ambient temperatures measured in the vicinity of the beetle.
5. Significant differences among several species were found for times of daily activity and corresponding body temperatures.
6. Ability to resist water loss by evaporation was not correlated with daily or seasonal activity patterns.     

荒漠景观下柠条豆象的空间分布及其对景观斑块格局的反应

柠条豆象Kytorhinus immixtus Motschulsky是危害柠条种子的主要种实害虫之一。本文应用了多个聚集度指标和回归分析方法,研究探讨了柠条豆象卵、幼虫在宁夏盐池、灵武、银川等荒漠景观中11个生境斑块中的空间分布型及种群对景观斑块格局的反应情况。结果表明:在11个景观样地中,柠条豆象卵和幼虫在各种生境斑块中均呈聚集型的负二项分布;卵和幼虫空间分布的Iwao回归方程分别为m*=2.23695+1.64742m(r=0.8273)和m*=2.24418+1.42084m(r=0.8889)、Taylor幂模型分别为logS2=0.51292+1.41118logm(r=0.9344)和logS2=0.59645+1.14736logm(r=0.9786),种群分布的基本成分为个体群,个体间相互吸引,有密度依赖性,聚集主要由环境因素和种间竞争引起的,聚集强度随种群密度的升高而增加。在荒漠景观下,柠条豆象的种群发生与寄主植物的种类、在斑块内的分布格局有着密切的关系,与斑块面积相关性较低(R2=0.1995)。主成分分析显示柠条林生长的土壤类型、生长方式是影响柠条豆象寄生的主要因素。     

血雉繁殖初期和育雏期的日活动模式及集群行为研究

2013年4—7月,利用红外相机在四川王朗自然保护区研究了血雉（Ithaginis cruentus）在繁殖初期和育雏期的日活动模式和集群行为。结果表明,血雉具有明显的昼行性活动规律,繁殖初期的活动高峰为6：00—14：00（n=42,P=84.00%）,育雏期的活动高峰为6：00—12：00（n=111,P=60.33%）,次高峰为12：00—18：00（n=63,P=34.24%）。繁殖初期记录了50群76只血雉,雌雄性比为1∶2.41,集群大小为（1.52±0.68）只/群,以孤雄（n=23,P=46.00%）和混合群（n=29,P=30.00%）为主。育雏期记录了184群321只血雉,雌雄性比为1∶1.81,集群大小为（1.74±1.21）只/群,以孤雄（n=75,P=40.76%）和家庭群（n=51,P=27.72%）为主。在繁殖初期和育雏期,不同集群类型出现的频率差异均极显著（繁殖初期：χ2=17.680,df=3,P〈0.01;育雏期：χ2=79.478,df=4,P〈0.01）。血雉的集群性较强,即使在以家庭生活为主的育雏期也常集群活动。     

贡嘎山国家级自然保护区兔狲的活动节律与适宜栖息地预测

2016年6月-2017年5月,采用红外相机陷阱法研究了四川贡嘎山国家级自然保护区兔狲Otocolobus manul的活动节律,以样线法和红外相机调查得到的兔狲分布点为数据源,采用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型预测了兔狲的适宜栖息地分布。结果显示:(1)兔狲分布在海拔3 780~4 956 m的灌丛、草甸和流石滩生境,其中87.2%的分布点位于海拔4 500 m以上;(2)日活动差异指数为0.071 2,昼行性指数为0.34,兔狲的活动高峰为05∶00-07∶00和20∶00-22∶00;(3)增强型植被指数2年最大值均值、海拔、平均日较差和气温年较差是影响兔狲栖息地选择的主要环境因子,兔狲偏好在海拔4 000 m以上、温差较大的高山流石滩生境活动,保护区兔狲的适宜栖息地面积为187 km^2,占保护区总面积的4.56%。本研究充实了兔狲的生物学、生态学资料,也为该物种的保护管理提供了参考资料。     

基于红外相机监测的藏酋猴日活动节律及其季节性变化

日活动节律是动物在一天中不同时间段的活动强度及其周期性变化规律,与身体控制代谢和能量收支成本密切相关。2015年8月至2017年8月,在贵州赤水桫椤国家级自然保护区,借助红外相机监测,对藏酋猴(Macaca thibetana)日活动节律及不同季节的日活动节律的变化进行了研究。调查期间红外相机累计6370个工作日,共收获687张藏酋猴照片,其中独立有效照片105张。日活动节律分析显示,藏酋猴属于典型性的昼行性动物,日活动呈现"M"型,活动高峰出现在12:00—16:00。不同季节的日活动节律比较结果显示,藏酋猴在雨季和旱季的行为节律差异不显著(P>0.05)。与雨季相比,旱季的行为差异表现为活动时间缩短、日出时段活动减少以及主要活动时间从中午推移到下午。另外,随着年气温的变化,藏酋猴日活动温度范围在-2～34℃,其中,15～25℃时活动频次较高(占比59%)。本研究从红外相机的视角揭示了藏酋猴的日活动节律及其变化,为藏酋猴行为生态学研究的深入提供了科学依据。     

内蒙古荒漠草原亚洲小车蝗的种群动态

2010—2011年于内蒙古乌兰察布市四子王旗格根塔拉草原对亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus(B.-Bienko)种群动态进行了研究。结果表明,亚洲小车蝗种群空间格局为随机分布;亚洲小车蝗于6月中旬开始孵化出土,1～3龄蝗蝻高峰期在6月中下旬至7月初,终见期在7月下旬;4～5龄蝗蝻于6月下旬始见,高峰期在7月上中旬,终见期在7月末;成虫于7月上旬始见,高峰期在7月中旬至8月下旬,终见期在9月上旬。应用最优分割法将亚洲小车蝗种群动态划分为3个阶段:(1)6月中旬,为蝗蝻开始出土期,数量稀少,空间格局为聚集分布或随机分布;(2)6月下旬至7月上中旬,为蝗蝻发生盛期,密度低时为随机分布,密度高时为聚集分布;(3)7月中下旬至9月上旬,为成虫发生期,空间格局为随机分布。     

Daily stem growth patterns in irrigated Eucalyptus globulus and E. nitens in relation to climate

Daily increments in stem radius were determined from hourly dendrometer measurements in each of three irrigated Eucalyptus nitens and E. globulus trees. Multiple regressions determined from daily weather variables accounted for 40–50% of the variance in increment. The use of weather variables lagged by 1–2 days increased the variance explained. The diurnal variation in stem radius was resolved into three mathematically defined phases: shrinkage, recovery and increment. The positive daily net increment in stem radius, by definition, occurred in the increment phase. Average weather conditions during this phase (predominantly night-time) did not explain any more variance in increment than the average daily conditions, determined over a 24 h period. Daily increment was resolved into a rate of stem radius increase during the increment phase and the duration (hours) of that phase. Significant species by month interactions were evident with growth in summer characterised by faster rates of stem expansion over shorter time periods within each diurnal cycle. E. nitens tended to have longer increment phases in spring and autumn, and faster phase rates in autumn than E. globulus. Interactions between weather variables and cambial growth were complicated and varied over the year. The correlation between temperature and stem growth varied from positive in spring to zero or negative during summer. The data indicate a need to understand weather-by- climate interactions at the level of whole tree physiology in order to fully understand the effect of weather on cambial activity and therefore stem increment and wood properties. Received: 12 April 1999 / Accepted: 6 July 1999     

入侵昆虫对全球气候变化的响应

生物入侵已成为一个影响深远的全球性问题,其对我国的生态系统、环境和社会经济的负面影响日益明显。全球气候变化对入侵昆虫有着深刻的影响,它正改变着一些昆虫本地种与入侵昆虫的组成、分布、种群动态和种间关系。本文分析了气候变化与生物入侵之间的互作关系,综述了全球气候变化因子(如温度、湿度及其它气候因子)对入侵昆虫生物学及生态学的影响,探讨了气候变化导致入侵昆虫定殖和传播的原因,并提出了气候变化下入侵昆虫的防治对策。     

Preferred temperatures of desert honey ants (hymenoptera: formicidae)

1. 1.Preferred temperature ranges were determined for workers of 5 species of Myrmecocystus in a temperature gradient on wet sand.

2. 2.Workers of the diurnally foraging species, M. mendax Wheeler, M romainei Cole, M. depilis Forel, and M. mimicus Wheeler, were distributed between 7 and 45°C, and workers of one nocturnal species, M. mexicanus Wesmael, were distributed between 5 and 35°C.

3. 3.Mean preferred temperatures of the 5 species increased as follows: mexicanus < mendax < romainei < depilis < mimicus.

4. 4.Preferred temperatures of M. romainei and M. mexicanus were higher in the summer than in the fall.

5. 5.After 2 h in the gradient on dry sand, workers of M. romainei were distributed similarly to those on wet sand, but after 8 h on dry sand, most workers were below 12°C where the air was saturated.

若尔盖湿地高原林蛙和岷山蟾蜍的日活动节律

2005年调查若尔盖湿地的高原林蛙（Rana kukunoris）和岷山蟾蜍（Bufo minshanicus）的日活动节律,发现阳光充足时两栖类的活动性明显高于多云天气;高原林蛙成体、亚成体、岷山蟾蜍亚成体活动的最低气温为0℃、2℃、8℃;高原林蛙亚成体日活动高峰为中午12：30左右,岷山蟾蜍亚成体日活动高峰为下午15：30左右;高原林蛙亚成体在草地、林地、河边均有一定数量个体活动,岷山蟾蜍亚成体主要集中在河边活动。在若尔盖地区,两栖类可能主要是采用晒太阳（basking）的行为来适应高海拔环境;高原林蛙成体对温度的耐受性比亚成体高,亚成体比岷山蟾蜍亚成体高;高原林蛙与岷山蟾蜍的亚成体在活动时间与活动生境上存在差异,可能是减少种间竞争的途径之一。     

Diel patterns of activity of Thymelicus lineola adults (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) in relation to weather *

ABSTRACT. 1. Daily patterns of activity, thoracic temperature (T_th) and thermoregulatory behaviour in relation to environmental conditions were studied in the European skipper Thymelicus lineola (Ochsenheimer) adults. 2. Daily activity was limited mainly by T_th, which in turn was dependent on air temperature (T_a) and sunlight. However, when light intensity fell to < 100 W m^?2, skippers also became inactive. 3. T_th was sometimes as much as 12°C above T_a, and this was most pronounced under cool conditions when basking activity predominated. 4. Black globe temperature (T_bg) which, in the absence of wind, is influenced by both T^a, and radiant heat load in a manner similar to a basking butterfly, was used to approximate the maximum T_th attained by T.lineola through basking. 5. Both males and females basked at T_bg >20°C, and if this temperature was not attained, skippers remained inactive. As T_bg increased, basking activity declined more rapidly in males than in females. Basking bouts were also shorter in males. 6. Males also flew, fed and courted females at T_bg >20°C, while females only fed and flew at T_bg >22°C. The percentage of both sexes feeding and flying, and courting in the case of males, were positively correlated with T_bg. 7. In warm weather, males divided their time equally between flying and feeding, while females spent the majority of their time feeding. Feeding bouts were shorter and flying bouts were longer in males than in females. Flight duration in males was positively correlated with T_bg. 8. Skippers avoided, and, consequently laid fewer eggs in, shady areas. 9. Sexual differences in activity patterns in relation to weather reflect differences in the reproductive requirements of the two sexes.     

Daily torpor in the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus): interactions with food intake,activity, and social behaviour

Summary In Djungarian hamsters,Phodopus sungorus, daily torpor occurs spontaneously in winter in the presence of abundant food, but individuals show different tendencies to enter torpor. The results show that in hamsters fed rodent chow ad libitum individual torpor frequencies were negatively correlated with both food consumption and the amount of nocturnal locomotor activity. Provision of cafeteria diet at ambient temperatures below thermoneutrality significantly lowered torpor frequencies and induced body weight gains. However, in hamsters fed seeds with a high fat or carbohydrate content (i.e., sunflower seeds or wheat, respectively) neither a decrease of torpor frequencies nor an increase of body weights was observed. The results suggest that in Djungarian hamsters, daily torpor is an intrinsic component of energy balance control and is functionally linked to individual physiological adjustments of food consumption and foraging activity. In addition, the employment of daily torpor can be affected by social interactions, since the long-term pattern of alternations between torpor and normothermia was found to be synchronized in breeding pairs caged together.Abbreviations T _a ambient temperature - DIT diet-induced thermogenesis     

荒漠地区柠条种实害虫对寄主斑块质量与格局的反应

以宁夏中东部荒漠区为景观背景,选择人工固沙次生林地、流动风积沙地和沙壤土质丘陵地3种生境类型共18块天然或人工种植的柠条林斑块,研究了柠条豆象、豆荚螟和柠条种子小蜂3种柠条种实害虫对寄主植物斑块质量、斑块面积和空间格局的反应.结果显示:3种柠条种实害虫对寄主植物的为害率与斑块质量、斑块格局和昆虫自身迁移能力有关.对斑块质量的反应受到斑块尺度大小的影响,在不同的生境类型间,种实害虫的为害率差异显著(P<0.05),以人工固沙次生林地的为害率最高,其次为沙壤土质丘陵地,流动风积沙地相对较低.在小斑块格局中,柠条种实害虫数量的发生与寄主植物斑块的面积、破碎化程度存在一定的相关性,斑块面积减少、生境破碎化程度增加能够降低移动能力较强的豆荚螟(r=0.365)的为害率,而对移动能力较弱的柠条豆象(r=0.160)、柠条种子小蜂(r=0.193)则没有明显影响.斑块边缘效应强度和景观斑块周边资源互补对种群密度具有正相关的影响.