The survival of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sicyopterus stimpsoni</Emphasis>, an endemic amphidromous Hawaiian gobiid fish,relies on the hydrological cycles of streams: evidence from changes in algal composition of diet through growth stages fish

Gut contents of larval, juvenile, and adult specimens of the Hawaiian gobiid fish Sicyopterus stimpsoni were examined to catalog the algal flora ingested by this species. The developmental stages of S. stimpsoni examined represented hallmark points in the fish’s life cycle corresponding with major migratory and metamorphic transitions. The algal flora was dominated by diatom species and shifted from taxa representative of a marine, planktonic community in larval fish to a freshwater, benthic community in juvenile and adult fish. This change in diet corresponds with the migration of larval fish to freshwater streams just prior to juvenile development in which rapid modification in mouth anatomy makes ingestion of planktonic algal species difficult. Benthic diatoms from juvenile and adult fish assemblages represented multiple genera that live in a narrow set of environmental conditions. These algae grow during a specific period in the development of the benthic algal community in Hawaiian streams. This suggests a highly specialized dietary behavior that depends heavily on continually restarting the benthic algal successional pattern, which appears to be regulated by the hydrological cycles of streams on the island.     

Characterization of the gut microbiota in early life stages of pikeperch Sander lucioperca

This study characterized the gastrointestinal microbiome of nine juvenile farmed pikeperch Sander lucioperca using a metagenomics approach based on bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Potential changes in the gut microbiota during 2 months of S. lucioperca juvenile life were investigated. Results revealed that gut microbiota was dominated by Proteobacteria (95–92%), while other phyla Firmicutes (1–1·5%) and Actinobacteria (0·9–1·5%) were less abundant. At the family level, fish‐gut microbiota were dominated by Enterobacteriaceae, which constituted c. 83% of all DNA sequence reads. Such a situation was present in all of the examined fish except one, which showed a different proportion of particular microbial taxa than the other fish. In this fish, a higher relative abundance (%) of Fusobacteria (21·0%), Bacteroidetes (9·5%) and Firmicutes (7·5%) was observed. There were no significant differences in the gut microbiome structure at different stages of development in the examined fish. This may indicate that Proteobacteria inhabiting the gut microbiota at an early stage of life are a necessary component of the pikeperch microbiome that may support proper nutrition of the fish. The information obtained on the gut microbiome could be useful in determining juvenile S. lucioperca health and improving rearing conditions by welfare monitoring in aquaculture.     

Quantifying the effects of temperature and flow regime on the abundance of 0+ cyprinids in the upper River Rhone using Bayesian hierarchical modelling

1. Assuming that recruitment variation is one of the main sources of fish population and assemblage changes, it is necessary to understand how natural variations in the environment influence 0+ fish abundance. Temperature regimes play an important role in enhancing both spawning activity and survival during early larval fish development. Flow regime variation, which is a powerful source of stream disturbance, is another factor to be taken into account. 2. Responses to these variables need to be assessed using long‐term datasets, since standard statistical approaches fail to provide a causal structure or to quantify the different effects. We therefore used a 26‐year dataset to evaluate the respective effects of seven derived independent variables describing the effects of temperature and flow regimes on the 0+ juvenile abundance of eight fish species in the River Rhone. 3. A clustering procedure using the Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient was implemented and identified three groups of fish according to their synchronic variations in juvenile abundance; i.e. varying with decreasing juvenile abundance, slightly increasing juvenile abundance and increasing juvenile abundance. These clusters provided the basis for building hierarchical log‐Poisson generalized linear models. The Bayesian paradigm gives a reliable framework for model selection, and the best model was determined using the Bayes Factor. 4. The posterior distribution of the regression parameters was coherent with what was expected based on knowledge of the biology of the different species. It indicates that temperature regime drives 0+ juvenile abundance but that flow regime also plays an important regulating role. The models thus detected evidence of the consequences of specific flow events such as larval drift and an increase in available habitat during higher flow discharges. 5. Our study illustrates the advantages of using a hierarchical modelling approach to quantify ecological effects by improving discrimination between the different sources of uncertainty, leading to better precision when estimating regression parameters.     

School Formation and Concurrent Developmental Changes in Carangid Fish with Reference to Dietary Conditions

The ontogeny of schooling behaviour was studied in comparison to the development of sensory and swimming organs and taxis in carangid fish. Striped jack, Pseudocaranx dentex, larvae showed strong phototaxis at 3 days after hatching (3.5 mm in TL) when they developed pigmentation in the retina. Rheotaxis and optokinetic responses were apparent at 4.0-6.0 mm TL as larvae completed development of the basic structure of their eyes. A major inflection of allometric growth occurred at 9 mm, and fin ray formation was completed at these stages. Schooling behaviour, represented by one TL of inter-individual distance and parallel orientation, only appeared at 16 mm TL, and just prior to this behaviour, fish showed mutual attraction through vision at 12 mm TL. Canalization of buccal lateral lines was complete at 18 mm TL, whereas that of trunk lateral lines started at 23 mm TL and was complete at 30 mm TL. With these results, we assumed that critical factors of the ontogeny of schooling behaviour in carangid fish include not only the development of sensory or swimming organs, but also other factors such as development of the central nervous system. To show this, we reared another carangid species, the yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata, with dietary depletion of DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), which is indispensable for the development of the central nervous system. Although DHA-free fish showed optokinetic response, they did not show schooling behaviour when they attained their schooling size. Tracer experiments using radioisotope labelled DHA showed that DHA is incorporated into the brain, spinal cord, and retina of juvenile fish. Under natural conditions, carangid fish larvae should intake enough DHA through diet to develop schooling behaviour, the fluctuation of dietary quality in zooplankton might therefore influence the development of indispensable antipredatory behaviour. Morphological changes of striped jack occurred in two steps; first at 9-12 mm (fin formation and inflection of allometric growth) and then second at 20-30 mm (scale and lateral line formation), and these changes corresponded with the development of schooling and recruitment to coastal waters, respectively. Since the onset of schooling is the first step of active antipredatory behaviour, we considered that 12 mm TL is the size at which they attain the juvenile period.     

An Approach to Assessing Hydrological Influences on Feeding Opportunities of Juvenile Atlantic Salmon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Salmo salar</Emphasis>): A Case Study of Two Contrasting years in a Small,Nursery Stream

This case study sought to examine how temporal variability in hydrological and hydraulic conditions might affect the feeding opportunities of juvenile Atlantic salmon in two hydrologically contrasting years of 2002 and 2003, which were characterised by high and low flows respectively. Firstly, measures of hydraulic influence were calculated to define what might be ecologically meaningful disturbance periods during high flows. Secondly, for identifying such periods, the parameter Critical Displacement Velocity (CDV) was derived from a river discharge time series as a first approximation of the amount of time in two hydrologically extreme years when fish foraging strategies for specific age classes of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) might be disrupted by flows. The CDV estimates the threshold velocity above which juvenile salmon are unable to hold station and it is dependent upon fish size and stream temperature. In the wet year 2002, the CDV was exceeded on 18% and 21% of days for 0+ and 1+ fish respectively. In 2003 these respective numbers fell to 6% and 15%. The data suggest that hydrological conditions during certain times of the year have the potential to affect foraging behaviour. This in turn might have implications for recruitment and growth rates for juvenile salmon in upland streams.     

Microhabitat use of juvenile coral reef fish in Palau

While relationships between adult fish density and structural habitat features are well established, relatively little is known about the habitat associations of juvenile reef fish. In a reserve system in Palau, we quantified microhabitat association with juvenile reef fish community structure, and determined the influence of foraging space, predator size and confamilial attraction on juvenile and adult pomacentrid abundance. Habitat structure and juvenile reef fish communities differed significantly among microhabitats with one exception: no difference was found between foliose and consolidated rubble microhabitats. Overall, pomacentrids characterised the juvenile community structure of each microhabitat. The abundance of early juvenile pomacentrids is simultaneously determined by microhabitat structure and predator size, with little evidence for settlement selection near adults. The results also suggest that the influence of habitat structure become weaker with ontogeny which in part, drives large predators to negatively influence the abundance of adult pomacentrids. The results have important implications on management, specifically in prioritizing areas for protection, and in modeling the impacts of habitat loss on reef fish communities.     

The biological role of pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) in growth and feeding behavior in juvenile fish

To date, many technologies have been developed to increase efficiency in aquaculture, but very few successful biotechnology molecules have arrived on the market. In this context, marine biotechnology has an opportunity to develop products to improve the output of fish in aquaculture. Published in vivo studies on the action of the pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) in fish are scarce. Recently, our group, for the first time, demonstrated the biological role of this neuropeptide administrated by immersion baths in the growth and development of larval fish. In this work, we have evaluated the effects of recombinant Clarias gariepinus PACAP administration by intraperitoneal injection on growth performance and feeding behavior in juvenile fish. Our results showed the physiological role of this peptide for growth control in fish, including the juvenile stage, and confirm that its biological functions are well conserved in fish, since C. gariepinus PACAP stimulated growth in juvenile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. In addition, we have observed that the growth‐promoting effect of PACAP in juvenile tilapia was correlated with higher GH concentration in serum. With regard to the neuroendocrine regulation of growth control by PACAP, it was demonstrated that PACAP stimulates food intake in juvenile tilapia. In general, PACAP appears to act in the regulation of the growth control in juvenile fish. These findings propose that PACAP is a prominent target with the potential to stimulate fish growth in aquaculture. Copyright © 2010 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Asset protection in juvenile salmon: how adding biological realism changes a dynamic foraging model

The "asset-protection principle" created by Clark is based ona dynamic programming model and states that individuals should(1) become more averse to predation risk as they accumulatefitness assets but (2) generally be more willing to acceptpredation risk later in the foraging season. To test whetherthese predictions hold under biologically meaningful foraging parameters, I constructed a dynamic model of the optimal trade-offbetween foraging and predator avoidance in juvenile salmon.The model incorporates temperature and body-size dependentbio-energetic constraints typical for juvenile fish, whichgrow by orders of magnitude over a season. In its simplestform using seasonally constant growth potential and a linear over-winter survival function, my results equal those of Clark'smodel. Adding a fitness function and environmental data fromfield studies accentuates the asset-protection effect and fundamentallychanges the seasonal pattern of optimal effort. Simulationof typical poor feeding conditions in mid-summer yields theprediction of increased foraging in the spring in anticipationof worsening conditions. Increasing overall predation riskresults in smaller fish at the end of the season with a trade-offbetween summer and winter survival. The model generates testablepredictions for juvenile salmon and provides insights for otherorganisms (particularly poikilotherms) that are subject tosize-dependent or seasonally changing foraging dynamics.     

Intracellular localization of hsp90 is influenced by developmental stage and environmental estrogens in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

In this study, we investigated the intracellular localization of heat shock proteins hsp90 and hsp70 in adult and juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and in juvenile trout exposed to estrogen or one of its mimics, 4-nonylphenol (4-NP). Livers were harvested from each group and analyzed directly or separated into nuclear and nonnuclear fractions. We found that hsp70 was predominantly nonnuclear in mature and juvenile fish regardless of treatment. Mature fish had significantly greater levels of hsp90 outside the nucleus, while juvenile fish had similar levels of hsp90 inside and outside the nucleus. Treatment with estradiol or 4-NP resulted in a translocation of hsp90 out of the nucleus in juvenile fish. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate a development- and/or estrogen-dependent shift in intracellular localization of hsp90 in fish. This change in subcellular distribution points to important roles for this hsp in fish estrogen signaling and development.     

传统测序与高通量测序在稚鱼食性分析中的比较

对鱼类早期生长阶段的摄食研究有助于了解其饵料来源及其在食物网中的功能地位,而全面准确地获取其食物种类信息是关键,高通量测序技术的发展给动物食性研究带来了前所未有的机遇和挑战.本研究以大亚湾人工码头海域金钱鱼稚鱼为对象,以18S rDNA为靶标,分别使用传统Sanger测序和Illumina Solexa高通量测序对其食物组成进行分析,比较两种方法在稚鱼摄食研究中的适用性.结果表明: 金钱鱼稚鱼为杂食性,食物多样性高,纤毛虫和苔藓动物是最优势的食物类群.使用传统测序方法共获得67条有效食物序列,分属于8个类群,涵盖23个生物种类;使用高通量测序方法共获得17000多条有效食物序列,分属于9个类群,涵盖35个生物种类.两种方法检测到的食物类群基本相同,但高通量测序方法在反映食物多样性和覆盖范围上更具优势,且灵敏度更高,检测出传统测序方法未发现的甲藻和褐藻种类,说明高通量测序技术可以较全面而准确地覆盖稚鱼的食物谱.高通量测序获取的大量数据,可在一定程度上提供半定量信息,克服传统测序在定量研究方面的不足.高通量测序技术在稚鱼摄食研究上优势更明显,食谱覆盖更广,检测灵敏度更高,显著提升了数据与结果的可信度,可为海洋生物摄食生态学研究提供强有力的支撑.     

The present situation and problems of mariculture in Japan

Summary Recently, rearing techniques for various kinds of fish have advanced markedly, and the number of fish species in commercial production increases every year. The establishment of methods for stable, reproducible mass culture of live foods that are highly nutritious is still necessary to improve the survival and growth rates of larval fish. Since, however, the mass propagation of live foods requires costly equipment and depends upon weather conditions, the development of artificial larval diets to replace live foods will be essential. In mariculture local trash fish are commonly used as a feed for juvenile fish because of their low cost and high acceptability to the cultured fish. However, this frequently results in deterioration of water environments, leading to the appearance of fish diseases and pollution. The development of artificial diets such as moist pellets will also improve these conditions.Mass-cultured fish seed are mainly used for the culture of commercial-sized fish, even though they are generally poorer in taste than wild fish. They are also used for release into coastal waters to promote inshore fishery, but it is difficult to evaluate the effect of stocking on the total catch. Another type of mariculture depends upon raising wild juveniles, though there are clearly too few caught to supply enough fish seed to satisfy the ever-growing demands of fish breeders. Thus, the cultivation of broodstock to produce high-quality eggs is important.     

Differential response to a competitor by Atlantic salmon adopting alternative life-history strategies

The life cycle of the Atlantic salmon is extremely variable. In good growing conditions, juvenile salmon either metamorphose into the migratory phase by their second spring, or delay this for at least another year. The strategy appears to be decided in their first summer. This study compared competitive responses of fish adopting the two strategies. Laboratory experiments showed that the two types of fish had similar foraging efficiencies in isolation. However, although a simulated competitor had little effect on the feeding behaviour of fast-developing fish, it caused an 18-fold increase in the incidence of failed feeding attempts by fish delaying development. The probability of an attack failing was dependent on how close the competitor came.     

Ontogenetical aspects of nutritional requirements in fish

Changes in morphology i.e. "metamorphosis", mode of respiration, allometric growth of organs, mode of swimming and efficiency of biochemical pathways are briefly reviewed. It is suggested that these processes form the basis for progressive changes in nutrient requirements involving formation and development of several organs, systems and function. Digestive tract morphology changes during ontogenesis and aspects of fish metabolism, protein synthesis rate and body growth rate are interconnected and an attempt is made to explain these processes so as to understand the specificity of larval and juvenile fish nutrient requirements as compared to subadults. Protein and amino acid requirements given the body mass perspective and the generalization of the protein maintenance requirement in protein requirements for maximum growth was estimated to amount to 5-20%. Several cases of amino acid deficiency symptoms showed strong dependence on fish weight (age), but even most numerous studies on salmonids are lacking complete research throughout the life history of one species in defined nutritional and environmental conditions. Larval and juvenile fish have reduced capacity of catabolic adaptability and this fact links them to strictly carnivorous mammals. An attempt is made, for the first time, to relate amino acid needs of fish to young and/or carnivorous mammals. Vitamin requirements of fish are reviewed, taking into account the relationship between body size and time of the first appearance of deficiency symptoms. These are virtually no studies on vitamin requirements in larval warm-water fishes and very few on first feeding salmonids. The same applies to the vitamin need in reproductory fish. Fatty acid deficiencies manifest themselves faster in juvenile fish, but larval fish might require separate classes of lipids, phosphatidylcholine, in the diet to develop and grow at all. It seems that the studies on nutrient requirements have so far not used an ontogenetical perspective, but evidence given throughout this work argues that it would be worthwhile.     

Size-selective mortality of Sea of Okhotsk pink salmon in the ocean in the winter and spring

The mortality of Sea of Okhotsk pink salmon in the winter and spring varies significantly from year to year, which complicates forecasts of its arrival in the following year based on data on the downstream migration of fry and surveys in the fall. The size-selective mortality of pink salmon was studied and the possibility of using the size and weight parameters of juveniles for predicting their return was evaluated through measurements of scale increments in juvenile pink salmon that were caught in the southern Sea of Okhotsk in the fall of 2007 and 2008 and in fish of these year classes that came back to spawn. In the 2007 year class, which had a low overwinter survival level in the ocean, the average scale increments for the first year of life were considerably smaller than those in adult fish that returned to the spawning grounds. In the pink salmon of 2008, which had a very high level of overwinter survival, the values of scale increments in juveniles and adults were similar. This confirms the hypothesis of a critical size and a critical period, according to which slowly growing juveniles that do not accumulate enough energy reserves for summer are eliminated in the winter to a greater extent as compared to fast-growing fish. Correlation analysis revealed a significant negative relationship between the size and weight of juvenile pink salmon and their mortality in the ocean. After conducting further and more extensive studies this will allow using the size parameters of juvenile pink salmon as one of predictors of its return for the year following the fall surveys. These results emphasize how important it is to take the size and growth rate of juvenile salmon into account when forecasting their return.     

Impact of heron (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ardea cinerea</Emphasis> L. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">A. alba</Emphasis> L.) habitat on coastal juvenile fish assemblages in Rybinsk Reservoir

It has been determined that the stocking density of juvenile fish in an open reservoir shallow-water site in the heronry area in the nesting period is higher than that in the reference site. The juvenile roach Rutilus rutilus L., which is one of the dominant species, in the bird impact zone significantly differs in higher values for both the size–weight characteristics and the body weight-growth rates. The habitat-dependent phenotypic differences in various biotopic assemblages of the juvenile fish are revealed. It has been proven that the environmental impact of the heron-colony life activities on the fish populations in the reservoir shallow-water site is temporary, which is limited by the bird-nesting season.     

Winter energy allocation and deficit of juvenile walleye pollock <Emphasis Type="Italic">Theragra chalcogramma</Emphasis> in the Doto area,northern Japan

Seasonal energy allocation and deficits of marine juvenile fishes have considerable effects on their survival. To explore the winter survival mechanism of marine fishes with low lipid reserves in their early life, juvenile walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma were collected along the continental shelf of northern Japan over a 2-year period, and energy allocation and deficit patterns were compared between wild and laboratory-starved fish. Contrary to expectations, wild fish generally continued to accumulate protein mass and concurrently tended to reduce lipid mass from late autumn through winter. The most plausible explanation for the continuous structural growth is that juvenile pollock give priority to reducing mortality risk from size-selective predators under quasi-prey-limited conditions. Exceptionally, inshore small fish reduced both constituents during a winter. The inshore fish consumed 2.5 times more lipid energy than protein energy in November–December, but protein was more important than lipids as a source of energy in December–January and in February–March. However, dependence upon protein reserves was lower for the wild fish than for the laboratory-starved fish, suggesting milder nutritional stress of the wild fish than that observed in the starvation experiment. Moreover, the lipid contents of mortalities in the starvation experiment were mostly <1%, whereas few wild fish had such lipid contents in the field. These results suggest that juvenile pollock are able to avoid both starvation and predation by accumulating protein reserves.     

Functional morphogenesis from embryos to adults: Late development shapes trophic niche in coral reef damselfishes

The damselfishes are one of the dominant coral reef fish lineages. Their ecological diversification has involved repeated transitions between pelagic feeding using fast bites and benthic feeding using forceful bites. A highly‐integrative approach that combined gene expression assays, shape analyses, and high‐speed video analyses was used to examine the development of trophic morphology in embryonic, larval, juvenile, and adult damselfishes. The anatomical characters that distinguish pelagic‐feeding and benthic‐feeding species do not appear until after larval development. Neither patterns of embryonic jaw morphogenesis, larval skull shapes nor larval bite mechanics significantly distinguished damselfishes from different adult trophic guilds. Analyses of skull shape and feeding performance identified two important transitions in the trophic development of a single species (the orange clownfish; Amphiprion percula): (a) a pronounced transformation in feeding mechanics during metamorphosis; and (b) more protracted cranial remodeling over the course of juvenile development. The results of this study indicate that changes in postlarval morphogenesis have played an important role in damselfish evolution. This is likely to be true for other fish lineages, particularly if they consist of marine species, the majority of which have planktonic larvae with different functional requirements for feeding in comparison to their adult forms.     

Features of Transition from Larva to Juvenile in Fishes with Different Types of Early Ontogeny

The transition from the larva state to the juvenile state (i.e. morphological condition characterised by mainly adult characters) was examined in three marine fish species: herring Clupea pallasi marisalbi, wolffish Anarhichas lupus, and eelpout Zoarces viviparus, based on external morphology and skeletal development. In spite of the different reproductive styles (oviparity, facultative viviparity, and obligate viviparity, respectively) and different types of early ontogeny (indirect, transitory, and direct, respectively), the beginning of the juvenile state occurred at similar total lengths (TL), which were approximated as 35 mm TL in herring and eelpout, and 32 mm TL in wolffish. Features of ontogeny were compared, assuming that the beginning of the juvenile state represented an uniform characteristic of morphological development for these species. It was proposed that the beginning of the larva or juvenile periods (sensu Balon) could not coincide with the beginning of the larva and juvenile states in the ontogeny of some species.     

Comparison of microridges in juvenile and adult sunfish,Lepomis gibbosus

Microridges are F-actin-based surface protrusions of the superficial layer cells of fish epidermis. Microridge patterns progress in complexity during fish embryogenesis, often transitioning from abundant surface microvilli to the classical fingerprint arrangement. This progression suggests pattern changes may also occur during later stages of fish development. Fluorescent labelling of F-actin and morphometric analysis were therefore used to assess changes in epidermal microridge patterns in juvenile and adult sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus). The microridge patterns found in adult pumpkinseed were similar to that described for many fishes, consisting of whorls or complex multi-branched ridges. The microridge patterns of the scales from three different-sized groups of juvenile pumpkinseed were distinctly different from that of adult, however, and were present mainly as unbranched concentric or nearly concentric rings in the two larger juvenile groups. In the smallest juveniles, microridges were often apparent as fragmented ridges with abundant actin puncta. Larger juveniles sometimes displayed mixed patterns, with some microridges similar to that of both adult and juvenile patterns. The results show a transition from simple microridge patterns in juvenile pumpkinseeds to distinctly different, diverse and more complex patterns in adults. The different pattern types may reflect particular microridge functions relevant to fish size and age.