Chloroplast Signaling Gates Thermotolerance in Arabidopsis

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TERF1 Regulates Nuclear Gene Expression Through Chloroplast Retrograde Signals

Russian Journal of Plant Physiology - Ethylene is an important phytohormone that regulates many important biological processes in plant. ERF (ethylene response factor) proteins are key...     

始于质体/叶绿体的ABA信号通路

该文全面评述了植物激素脱落酸（ABA）受体的研究进展概况,重点介绍细胞内ABA受体ABAR/镁螯合酶H亚基CHLH对ABA信号感知和向下游转导的研究进展,总结了ABAR介导的、起始于质体/叶绿体的ABA信号通路。ABAR是一个跨越叶绿体被膜的蛋白质,其N-端和C-端暴露在细胞质中;ABAR在细胞质一侧的C-端部分与一组WRKY转录因子（WRKY18、WRKY40、WRKY60）相互作用。WRKY18、WRKY40和WRKY60是一组转录抑制因子。它们互相协作,抑制下游重要的ABA信号调节子基因（如ABI4、ABI5、ABF4和MYB2等）的表达,从而负调节ABA信号通路。WRKY40是其中的核心调节子,WRKY18协助加强WRKY40对ABA信号的负调节。ABAR与ABA信号分子结合后,可以刺激WRKY40从细胞核转移至细胞质,促进ABAR与WRKY40的相互作用;进而激发一种未知因子（或信号系统）,阻遏WRKY40的表达,从而解除WRKY40对ABA响应基因转录的抑制,最终实现ABA的生理效应。这些发现描述了一个从信号原初识别到下游基因表达的新的ABA信号通路。论文最后对未来该领域的研究方向进行了讨论。     

Retrograde Coupling: Muscle’s Orphan Signaling Pathway?

In skeletal muscle excitation-contraction coupling, a voltage-gated calcium channel directly activates opening of the calcium release channel (RyR1) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum that supplies the calcium signal triggering contraction. In addition, a retrograde signal from the RyR1 facilitates gating of the voltage-gated calcium channel. Recent studies of RyR1 mutants, including the article by Bannister et al. in this issue of the Biophysical Journal, advance our understanding of the signaling mechanism, although the physiological significance of retrograde coupling remains elusive.     

Retrograde Signaling as a Mechanism of Yeast Adaptation to Unfavorable Factors

Mitochondria perform many essential functions in eukaryotic cells. Being the main producers of ATP and the site of many catabolic and anabolic reactions, they participate in intracellular signaling, proliferation, aging, and formation of reactive oxygen species. Mitochondrial dysfunction is the cause of many diseases and even cell death. The functioning of mitochondria in vivo is impossible without interaction with other cellular compartments. Mitochondrial retrograde signaling is a signaling pathway connecting mitochondria and the nucleus. The major signal transducers in the yeast retrograde response are Rtg1p, Rtg2p, and Rtg3p proteins, as well as four additional negative regulatory factors–Mks1p, Lst8p, and two 14-3-3 proteins (Bmh1/2p). In this review, we analyze current information on the retrograde signaling in yeast that is regarded as a stress or homeostatic response mechanism to changes in various metabolic and biosynthetic activities that occur upon mitochondrial dysfunction. We also discuss relations between retrograde signaling and other signaling pathways in the cell.     

叶绿体转化体系研究进展

叶绿体转化具有表达效率高,安全性高,遗传稳定,以及多基因可以同时转化等特点。真核或原核的外源基因都能在叶绿体中进行成功表达,至少有20种植物成功的进行了叶绿体转化。叶绿体作为生物反应器具有广阔的应用前景。     

Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Initiation of Plant Retrograde Signaling

The interaction between the nucleus and the different organelles is important in the physiology of the plant. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a by-product of the oxidation of organic molecules to obtain energy by the need to carry out the electron transfer between the different enzymatic complexes. However, they also have a role in the generation of what is known as retrograde signaling. This signal comes from the different organelles in which the oxidation of molecules or the electron transference is taking place such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. Furthermore, ROS can also induce the release of signals from the apoplast. It seems that these signals plays a role communicating to the nucleus the current status of the different parts of the plant cell to induce a changes in gene expression. In this review, the molecular mechanism of ROS retrograde signaling is described.

     

A BIN2-GLK1 Signaling Module Integrates Brassinosteroid and Light Signaling to Repress Chloroplast Development in the Dark

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