甲酸脱氢酶在Klebsiella pneumoniae中的表达和功能分析

在甘油厌氧发酵生产1,3-丙二醇的过程中,需要消耗还原当量NADH,NADH的有效供给决定了1,3-丙二醇的产量和得率。采用PCR方法从Candidaboidinii基因组中克隆编码甲酸脱氢酶基因fdh,将fdh基因片段插入载体pMALTM-p2X中,构建表达载体pMALTM-p2X-fdh,并转入1,3-丙二醇生产菌Klebsiella pneumoniae YMU2,获得重组菌Klebsiella pneumoniae F-1。研究了重组质粒的稳定性和IPTG诱导fdh基因过量表达的条件。结果表明,重组质粒具有良好的稳定性;fdh基因表达的蛋白分子量为40.2kDa;IPTG诱导表达研究表明,在IPTG浓度为0.5mmol/L时,诱导4h后甲酸脱氢酶表达明显;发酵过程中甲酸脱氢酶比酶活达到5.47U/mg;与出发菌株K.pneumoniae YMU2相比,重组菌F-1合成1,3-丙二醇的浓度提高了12.5%。     

利用PDOR同工酶基因yqhD对产1,3-丙二醇克雷伯氏杆菌进行基因工程改造

由于Klebsiella pneumoniae 1,3-丙二醇合成途径中,加强甘油脱水酶基因表达,导致因NADH供应不足使3-羟基丙醛累积,并对菌体生长及1,3-丙二醇合成造成负面影响。为改善Klebsiella pneumoniae 1,3-丙二醇合成途径,本文利用PCR技术从大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中扩增出以NADPH 为辅酶的1,3-丙二醇氧化还原酶同工酶编码基因yqhD,从克雷伯氏杆菌中扩增出2.66kb的甘油脱水酶基因（dhaB）,构建了产1,3-丙二醇关键酶基因的串联载体pEtac-dhaB-tac-yqhD,并将其转入到野生克雷伯氏杆菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)中,重组载体得到了表达。通过初步发酵,重组后的克雷伯氏杆菌产量比原始菌高20%左右,副产物中乙酸和丁二醇分别下降30%左右。     

利用甘油发酵耦联生产3-羟基丙酸及1,3-丙二醇重组菌的构建及筛选

在肺炎克雷伯杆菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)代谢甘油生产1,3-丙二醇(1,3-PD)的过程中,为了减少有毒中间产物3-羟基丙醛(3-HPA)的积累,可将其转化为3-羟基丙酸(3-HP),从而实现1,3-丙二醇和3-羟基丙酸的联产。克隆来自于酿酒酵母的NAD+依赖型的乙醛脱氢酶(ALDH)的基因aldh4,构建了表达载体pKP-aldh,转化K.pneumoniae,得到了有效表达乙醛脱氢酶的重组肺炎克雷伯杆菌(K.pneumoniae A+)。在此基础上,使用紫外诱变联合菌种驯化的方法对K.pneumoniae A+进行筛选,获得了可耐受较高3-HP浓度(≥35 g/L)的重组肺炎克雷伯杆菌K.pneumoniae A+5-3。发酵实验结果表明,K.pneumoniae A+5-3可将3-HPA转化为3-HP,能够同时利用甘油耦联生产3-HP和1,3-PD,产量分别达到5.0 g/L和74.5 g/L。     

克雷伯氏菌产1,3-丙二醇ldhA基因缺失菌株的构建

克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumonia)甘油歧化发酵生产1,3-丙二醇(1,3-PD)的过程中,乳酸是氧化途径最主要的副产物,乳酸的产生和积累,不仅限制了菌体本身的生长,而且严重影响了1,3-丙二醇的转化率。利用λRed重组技术对Klebsiella pneumonia中的酶乳酸脱氢酶基因(ldhA)进行改造。在λRed重组系统作用下,将带有300 bp的线性同源片段ldhA1-Cm-ldh A2与基因组DNA的同源重组,经过抗性筛选和PCR鉴定最终获得了ldhA基因缺失菌株K.pneumonia2-1ΔldhA。经过24 h发酵可知,乳酸最大产出浓度由原来的10.16 g/L降为0.49 g/L,1,3-PD由原来的78.83 g/L增长为85.76 g/L,甘油转化率由60.64%增长到65.97%,提高了5.33%。     

一步法产1,3-丙二醇酿酒酵母基因工程菌的构建

1,3-丙二醇(1,3-PD)是一种重要的化工原料,发酵法生产1,3-PD是一条新颖且具有潜在竞争力的生产途径。本研究在前期工作的基础上,将分别来源于大肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌的基因片段yqhD和dhaB串联表达,构建重组表达载体pYX212-zeocin-pGAP-yqhD-pGAP-dhaB;并得到重组酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)W303-1A/pYX212-zeocin-pGAP-yqhD-pGAP-dhaB。该重组菌和对照S.cerevisiae分别以葡萄糖为底物摇瓶发酵72h后,重组酿酒酵母发酵液中1,3-PD含量约为1.5g/L;而对照菌株不产1,3-PD。以上结果表明本研究在国内首次成功构建了直接以葡萄糖为底物发酵生产1,3-PD的酿酒酵母基因工程菌。为进一步将dhaB、yqhD基因导入其他以葡萄糖为底物高产甘油的酵母宿主中表达,获得以葡萄糖为底物一步法发酵高产1,3-丙二醇工程菌打下了坚实的基础。     

异源表达木糖异构酶基因对克雷伯氏菌合成1,3-丙二醇的影响

【目的】提高克雷伯氏菌胞内还原力以强化1,3-丙二醇合成。【方法】将来源于大肠杆菌的木糖异构酶基因在克雷伯氏菌中异源表达,构建重组菌。研究重组菌添加不同浓度木糖为辅底物与甘油共发酵过程中代谢产物和NADH的变化规律。【结果】与对照菌相比,重组菌细胞内还原力NADH提高了0.1?0.3倍,1,3-丙二醇产量达到23.31 g/L,提高20%,1,3-丙二醇转化率从0.60 mol/mol提高到0.73 mol/mol。【结论】木糖异构酶基因的表达强化了木糖代谢途径,经磷酸戊糖途径积累大量还原力,促进了1,3-丙二醇的生成。     

产1,3-丙二醇基因工程菌发酵条件的研究

利用途径工程的方法,将来源于克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)的甘油脱水酶基因dhaB和1,3-丙二醇氧化还原酶基因dhaT构建成多顺反子重组质粒pSE-dhaB-dhaT并在大肠杆菌JM 109中进行表达,在大肠杆菌中构建一条新的产1,3-丙二醇代谢途径。研究表明,重组菌株JM 109/pSE-dhaB-dhaT在微好氧条件下,尝试用廉价的乳糖为诱导物、维生素B12为辅酶,可以将甘油转化为1,3-丙二醇,产量达15.34 g/L,甘油转化率为35.7%,对低成本生产1,3-丙二醇作了有益的探索。     

弗氏柠檬酸菌dhaT基因的克隆表达、序列分析、酶的纯化及特性研究

1,3-丙二醇（1,3-propanediol,1,3-PD）是一种重要的化工原料,越来越受到广泛的关注。以弗氏柠檬酸菌(Citrobacter freundii)基因组DNA为模板,通过PCR得到1,3-丙二醇氧化还原酶(1,3-propanediol dehydrogenase,PDOR) 的基因dhaT,序列显示与来源于C.freundii DSM 30040 (Genbank U09771)相应基因的相似性为78%。将此基因构建于表达载体pSE380,得到重组质粒pSE-dhaT。重组质粒转化到宿主菌E.coli JM109中进行了表达,重组酶通过镍柱及Sephacral S-300进行纯化,重组酶SDS-PAGE结果显示有非常明显的单一的42kDa特异性蛋白条带出现。以丙醛为底物测定重组酶还原反应的最适温度为37℃、最适pH为8.0,对丙醛的Km值为10.05mmol/L,最大反应速度Vmax为37.27umol/ min /mg;以1,3-PD为底物测定重组酶氧化反应的最适温度为25℃、最适pH为10.5,对1,3-PD的Km值为1.28mmol/L,最大反应速度Vmax为25.55umol/min/mg。重组酶的还原反应比活为49.50U/mg,氧化反应比活为79.72U/mg。该酶同样具有假定的结合Fe2+的G-X-X-H-X-X-A-H-X-X-G-X-X-X-X-X-P-H-G模体保守结构。此研究为工程菌高效生产1,3-PD奠定了基础。     

Effects of different pH regulators on 1,3-propanediol production by Klebsiella pneumoniae in fed-batch culture

对肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)发酵生产1,3-丙二醇(1,3-Propanediol,1,3-PD)的补碱策略进行了研究.分别利用NaOH、氨水、KOH三种溶液作为pH调节剂,优化三种pH调节剂并得到按一定比例混合的混合碱.当采用混合碱调控发酵pH值为7.0时,1,3-丙二醇的产量达到了55 g/L,比无pH调控(对照)发酵过程发酵水平提高了10.6倍.     

1, 3-丙二醇发酵过程中盐浓度的胁迫作用

通过对克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)甘油发酵生产1, 3-丙二醇(1, 3-PD)过程的研究发现, 盐浓度对 1, 3-PD发酵有胁迫作用。盐浓度较低时, 菌体生长和产物生成均维持较高速率; 盐浓度较高时会导致菌体生长减慢, 1, 3-PD最终浓度, 甘油到1, 3-丙二醇的转化率降低, 同时1, 3-丙二醇氧化还原酶受到抑制。在5 m3罐中控制合适的盐浓度可以提高1, 3-PD的发酵水平, 使1, 3-PD的最终浓度达到64 g/L, 转化率61%, 生产强度2.1 g/(L·h)。     

Expression of NAD<Superscript>+</Superscript>-dependent formate dehydrogenase in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Enterobacter aerogenes</Emphasis> and its involvement in anaerobic metabolism and H<Subscript>2</Subscript> production

An expression system for NAD⁺-dependent formate dehydrogenase gene (fdh1), from Candida boidinii, was constructed and cloned into Enterobacter aerogenes IAM1183. With the fdh1 expression, the total H₂ yield was attributed to a decrease in activity of the lactate pathway and an increase of the formate pathway flux due to the NADH regeneration. Analysis of the redox state balance and ethanol-to-acetate ratio in the fdhl-expressed strain showed that increased reducing power arose from the reconstruction of NADH regeneration pathway from formate thereby contributing to the improved H₂ production.     

Alteration of hydrogen metabolism of ldh-deleted Enterobacter aerogenes by overexpression of NAD(+)-dependent formate dehydrogenase

The NAD⁺-dependent formate dehydrogenase FDH1 gene (fdh1), cloned from Candida boidinii, was expressed in the ldh-deleted mutant of Enterobacter aerogenes IAM1183 strain. The plasmid of pCom10 driven by the PalkB promoter was used to construct the fdh1 expression system and thus introduce a new dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) regeneration pathway from formate in the ldh-deleted mutant. The knockout of NADH-consuming lactate pathway affected the whole cellular metabolism, and the hydrogen yield increased by 11.4% compared with the wild strain. Expression of fdh1 in the ldh-deleted mutant caused lower final cell concentration and final pH after 16 h cultivation, and finally resulted in 86.8% of increase in hydrogen yield per mole consumed glucose. The analysis of cellular metabolites and estimated redox state balance in the fdhl-expressed strain showed that more excess of reducing power was formed by the rewired NADH regeneration pathway, changing the metabolic distribution and promoting the hydrogen production.     

Cloning and Sequence Analysis of the dhaT Gene of the 1,3-Propanediol Regulon from Klebsiella Pneumoniae

1,3-Propanediol oxidoreductase encoded by dhaT gene, a gene of 1,3-propanediol regulon, is important in converting glycerol to 1,3-propanediol in Klebsiella pneumoniae. DhaT gene was amplified from the genome of K. pneumoniae, sequenced and its amino acid sequence deduced. A predicted secondary structure and 3D-structural model was constructed by homology modelling. Based on these results, we infer that 1,3-propanediol oxidoreductase belongs to NAD(P)-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase group III of iron-activated dehydrogenases.     

Improved 1,3-propanediol production by engineering the 2,3-butanediol and formic acid pathways in integrative recombinant Klebsiella pneumoniae

In the biotechnological process, insufficient cofactor NADH and multiple by-products restrain the final titer of 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD). In this study, 1,3-PD production was improved by engineering the 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) and formic acid pathways in integrative recombinant Klebsiella pneumoniae. The formation of 2,3-BD is catalysed by acetoin reductase (AR). An inactivation mutation of the AR in K. pneumoniae CF was generated by insertion of a formate dehydrogenase gene. Inactivation of AR and expression of formate dehydrogenase reduced 2,3-BD formation and improved 1,3-PD production. Fermentation results revealed that intracellular metabolic flux was redistributed pronouncedly. The yield of 1,3-PD reached 0.74 mol/mol glycerol in flask fermentation, which is higher than the theoretical yield. In 5 L fed-batch fermentation, the final titer and 1,3-PD yield of the K. pneumoniae CF strain reached 72.2 g/L and 0.569 mol/mol, respectively, which were 15.9% and 21.7% higher than those of the wild-type strain. The titers of 2,3-BD and formic acid decreased by 52.2% and 73.4%, respectively. By decreasing the concentration of all nonvolatile by-products and by increasing the availability of NADH, this study demonstrates an important strategy in the metabolic engineering of 1,3-PD production by integrative recombinant hosts.     

CglI基因在大肠杆菌中的功能活性分析

通过PCR技术从谷氨酸棒杆菌基因组中扩增CglI基因,克隆到载体pMD18-T Simple后测序。将CglI基因亚克隆到表达载体pJL23,构建重组质粒pJL23-CglI,转化大肠杆菌HB101菌株,通过PCR反应筛选鉴定阳性克隆。通过噬菌体感染实验,初步分析了CglI基因在大肠杆菌中的功能活性。     

Regulation of the formate dehydrogenase gene, FDH1, in the methylotrophic yeast Candida boidinii and growth characteristics of an FDH1-disrupted strain on methanol, methylamine, and choline.

The structural gene (FDH1) coding for NAD(+)-dependent formate dehydrogenase (FDH) was cloned from a genomic library of Candida boidinii, and the FDH1 gene was disrupted in the C. boidinii genome (fdh1 delta) by one-step gene disruption. In a batch culture experiment, although the fdh1 delta strain was still able to grow on methanol, its growth was greatly inhibited and a toxic level of formate was detected in the medium. In a methanol-limited chemostat culture at a low dilution rate (0.03 to 0.05 h[-1]), formate was not detected in the culture medium of the fdh1 delta strain; however, the fdh1 delta strain showed only one-fourth of the growth yield of the wild-type strain. Expression of FDH1 was found to be induced by choline or methylamine (used as a nitrogen source), as well as by methanol (used as a carbon source). Induction of FDH1 was not repressed in the presence of glucose when cells were grown on methylamine, choline, or formate, and expression of FDH1 was shown to be regulated at the mRNA level. Growth on methylamine or choline as a nitrogen source in a batch culture was compared between the wild type and the fdh1 delta mutant. Although the growth of the fdh1 delta mutant was impaired and the level of formate was higher in the fdh1 delta mutant than in the wild-type strain, the growth defect caused by FDH1 gene disruption was small and less severe than that caused by growth on methanol. As judged from these results, the main physiological role of FDH with all of the FDH1-inducing growth substrates seems to be detoxification of formate, and during growth on methanol, FDH seems to contribute significantly to the energy yield.     

NADH formation by Na+-coupled reversed electron transfer in Klebsiella pneumoniae

Citrate is fermented by Klebsiella pneumoniae to 2 acetate, 0.5 formate and 1.2 CO2. The formation of less than 1 formate and greater than 1 CO2 per citrate can be accounted for by the oxidation of formate to CO2 in order to provide reducing equivalents for the assimilation of citrate into cell carbon. A membrane-bound electron transport chain is apparently involved in NADH synthesis by these cells. The electrons from formate oxidation to CO2 are used to reduce ubiquinone to ubiquinol by membrane-bound formate dehydrogenase and ubiquinol further delivers its electrons to NAD+, if this endergonic reaction is powered by delta mu Na+. The endogenous NADH level of K. pneumoniae cells thus increased in the presence of formate in response to a delta pNa+ greater than -100 mV. NADH formation was completely abolished in the presence of oxygen or after addition of hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide, a specific inhibitor of the Na(+)-translocating NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase. The increase of endogenous NADH was dependent on the delta pNa+ applied to the cells. Inverted membrane vesicles of K. pneumoniae catalysed the reduction of NAD+ to NADH with formate as electron donor after application of delta mu Na+ of about 120 mV consisting of delta pNa+ of 60 mV and delta psi of the same magnitude. Neither the delta pNa+ nor the delta psi of this size alone was sufficient to drive the endergonic reaction. Strictly anaerobic conditions were required for NADH formation and hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide completely inactivated the reaction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)