Development of an Oligidic Diet forin VitroRearing ofTrichogramma galloiZucchi andTrichogramma pretiosumRiley

The goal of this research was to develop an artificial diet for rearingTrichogramma galloiandTrichogramma pretiosum,which are important egg parasitoids of several pests in Brazil. The diet was based on different proportions of hemolymph ofHelicoverpa zealarvae, chicken egg yolk, powdered milk solutions, bovine fetal serum, and an extract fromHeliothis virescenseggs. The ideal volume of diet for rearingT. galloiwas also evaluated. The parasitoids showed different nutritional requirements for their development. The best proportion of diet components forT. galloiwas 70% hemolymph, 20% egg yolk, 10% fetal serum, and 0.2% streptomycin, and forT. pretiosumit was 70% hemolymph, 20% egg yolk, 5% fetal serum, 5% egg extract, and 0.2% streptomycin. Egg yolk was found to be essential for the development of both parasitoids, and the powdered milk solution was not an important component in the diet. Development was not obtained in diets with hemolymph concentrations lower than 40%. A 3- to 4-μl amount of diet was the ideal volume on which to rearT. galloiwith the techniques reported.     

In VitroRearing ofTrichogramma minutumRiley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) for Ten Generations, with Quality Assessment Comparisons ofin Vitroandin VivoReared Adults

Trichogramma minutumRiley were reared for 10 generations on an artificial diet containing a yeast extract, FreeAmine III, nonfat dry milk, chicken egg yolk, chicken embryo extract, andManduca sexta(L.) egg liquid. Quality control parameters, including adult longevity, sex ratio, pupation rate, percentage of pupae to emerge as adults, adult female body length, number ofHelicoverpa zea(Boddie) eggs parasitized by a female, and percentage of deformed females were assessed and compared to insects rearedin vivoon irradiatedH. zeaeggs. The development time was longer forin vitroreared insects, but there were more deformed females in thein vitroculture. The sex ratio, however, was generally not significantly different between thein vitroandin vivocultures. Thein vitroreared females generally were larger, lived longer, and parasitized moreH. zeaeggs. Emergence of adults was in excess of 75% in all but the firstin vitrogeneration and was generally not significantly different from adult emergence in thein vivoculture. These findings will be of value in the development of a practical system forin vitromass rearing ofTrichogrammafor use in biological control.     

In vitro culture of Trichogramma pretiosum on an artificial medium

The composition of an artificial medium and environmental conditions are described for the in vitro rearing of the egg parasite Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). The medium was composed of defined amounts of protein, carbohydrates, lipid, salts, and vitamins, but also contained up to 40% insect hemolymph. The hemolymph was necessary to induce pupation. T. pretiosum eggs were obtained by dissection of Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs. In vitro reared T. pretiosum were similar in size to H. virescens reared T. pretiosum, and females were fecund.

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Résumé Les oeufs de Trichogramma pretiosum ont été obtenus par dissection d'oeufs d'Heliothis virescens. T. pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptère, Trichogrammatidae) a été élevé avec succès sur un substrat synthétique. Outre des quantités définies de protéines, glucides, lipides, éléments minéraux et vitamines, la ration contenait aussi jusqu'à 40% d'hémolymphe de Manduca sexta. L'hémolymphe était nécessaire pour induire la nymphose. En plus de la nourriture, les conditions d'environnement sont apparues extrêmement importantes pour élever T. pretiosum dans des conditions satisfaisantes. Le contrôle de l'humidité relative, en particulier, était le facteur le plus important. Les adultes produits au cours de cette étude étaient d'apparence normale; ils se sont accouplés sans problèmes, les femelles étaient fécondes et leur taille ne différait pas de celle d'individus élevés sur H. virescens.

     

Isoenzyme patterns and biology ofTrichogramma minutum as influenced by rearing temperature and host

Females ofTrichogramma minutum Riley reared at temperatures below 17°C had lower percent emergence, lower fecundity on the first day of emergence, and a reduced rate of population increase (r_i) than those reared at temperatures above 17°C. Parasitoids were more fecund and lived longer when raised onChoristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) compared toEphestia kuehniella (Zeller). The parasitoids performed better when parasitizing the same species of host on which they had been reared. Isoenzyme patterns were not affected whenT. minutum was reared at 13 or 27°C but additional bands appeared when parasitoids were reared onSitotroga cerealella (Olivier) compared toC. fumiferana. No correlation could be made between biological and biochemical changes inT. minutum. Isoenzymes have the potential to assess the quality of parasitoids during mass production.

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Einfluss von Zuchttemperatur und Wirt auf Isoenzymmuster und Biologie vonTrichogramma minutum Riley

Zusammenfassung Weibchen vonTrichogramma minutum, welche bei 17°C gezüchtet wurden, hatten eine geringere Schlüpfrate, eine geringere Fruchtbarkeit am ersten Tag nach dem Schlüpfen sowie ein reduziertes Populationswachstum (r_i) im Vergleich zu Tieren welche sich bei Temperaturen über 17°C entwickelt hatten. Wurden die Parasitoiden aufChoristoneura fumiferana gezogen, so war ihre Fruchtbarkeitsrate wie auch Lebensdauer grösser als wennEphestia kuehniella als Wirt diente. Die parasitische Fähigkeit vonT. minutum war immer auf derjenigen Wirtsart am grössten auf der die Schlupfwespen vorher gezogen wurden. Aufzuchttemperaturen von 13°C oder 27°C hatten keinen Einfluss auf den Isoenzymbändern wenn die Tiere statt aufC. fumiferana aufSitotroga cerealella gezogen wurden. Es konnte aber kein Zusammenhang zwischen den biologischen und biochemischen Veränderungen gefunden werden. Hingegen besteht die Möglichkeit während der Massenproduktion die Qualität der Parasitoiden anhand von Isoenzymprofilen zu überwachen.

     

Refinement of a cell line based artificial diet for rearing the parasitoid wasp, Trichogramma pretiosum

An artificial diet incorporating insect cells originally developed for Trichogramma australicum Girault (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was successfully used to rear Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). To refine the diet, individual components were removed. Chicken egg yolk and the insect cells were identified as the most important components for T. pretiosum development. Their removal resulted in few pupae and no adults. Removal of Grace’s insect medium, a common component of artificial diets, was found to markedly improve the development of T. pretiosum, producing 60% larva to pupa transition and 19% pupa to adult transition. There was no significant difference in T. pretiosum development on diets in which milk powder, malt powder or infant formula were interchanged, despite differences in nutrient composition. The use of yeast extract resulted in significantly higher survival to the adult stage when compared with yeast hydrolysate enzymatic and a combination of yeast extract and yeast hydrolysate enzymatic. Comparison of four antimicrobial agents showed the antibacterial agent Gentamycin and the antifungal agent Nystatin had the least detrimental effect on T. pretiosum development. The use of insect cell line diets has the potential to simplify artificial diet production and significantly reduce T. pretiosum production costs in Australia compared to diets using insect hemolymph or the use of natural or factitious hosts.     

Oviposition and reproductive performance of a generalist parasitoid (Trichogramma pretiosum) exposed to host species that differ in their physical characteristics

The response of generalist egg parasitoids to alternative natural hosts that are present simultaneously is not well known. We investigated the behavior of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in relation to two field hosts Helicoverpa armigera Hübner and Spodoptera litura Fabricius, in choice and no choice tests. We quantified the effects of natal host species and post-emergence adult age on the oviposition preference of the parasitoids. H. armigera eggs were consistently preferred over S. litura eggs, regardless of the natal host and adult age. When only S. litura eggs were available as hosts, they were parasitized at statistically similar rates to H. armigera eggs (average of 17 ± 2.7 vs. 13 ± 3.0, H. armigera to S. litura). The adult lifespan and lifetime fecundity of T. pretiosum were variable but were affected by natal host species and/or host species to which they were exposed. Mean lifespan and fecundity of parasitoids that had developed in H. armigera eggs and were exposed to H. armigera eggs for oviposition were 13.9 ± 1.8 days and 98.7 ± 11.0 adult offspring. By contrast, those that developed in S. litura eggs and were exposed to S. litura eggs for oviposition lived for 7 ± 0.9 days and produced 53.8 ± 8.0 adult offspring. The ovigeny index (OI) was significantly lower in the parasitoids exposed to H. armigera eggs than in those exposed to S. litura eggs, regardless of the natal host, indicating that H. armigera eggs sustain the adult parasitoids better than S. litura eggs. These results are used to predict parasitoid behavior in the field when both hosts are available.     

体外遗传学方法及应用

体外遗传学是利用核酸分子本身一定的表型（如结合、催化等）在试管中分离筛选特定核酸分子序列进行研究的方法．由于体外遗传学方法改变了自然界缓慢的进化过程,使人为的进化得以简单地实现,同时也使许多核酸功能区的识别和确定由被动变为主动,为进一步探索基因的调控规律及主动地调节生化反应过程提供了有效的手段,近年来体外遗传学方法及在分子生物学方面的应用得到了很大的发展．     

Comparative Development and Performance of Artificially Reared versus Host-RearedDiapetimorpha introita(Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Wasps

Diapetimorpha introita(Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a native ectoparasitoid ofSpodopteraspp. pupae, was reared in the laboratory on an artificial diet devoid of any insect host components. Diet-reared wasps demonstrated a propensity to search for and parasitize natural hosts in a field cage trial. Longevity of the diet-reared wasps was comparable with the longevity of wasps reared on host pupae. Survival rate ofD. introitawas 61.3% when reared on diet and 76.3% when reared on host pupae. Wasps reared on the artificial diet had longer developmental times, reduced fecundity, and reduced adult weights compared to wasps reared on host pupae. These studies suggest that future research efforts should focus on increasing fecundity and weight of diet-reared wasps and decreasing the mortality and developmental time of wasps reared on the artificial diet. The ability to rearD. introitaon an inexpensive, artificial diet significantly enhances the potential of mass rearing this parasitoid for inundative releases againstSpodopteraspp.     

Anin vitro rearing system for the propagation of the ectoparasitoidCatolaccus grandis

An experimental ‘closed’ rearing system, where egg and larval manipulations were eliminated, was developed for the in vitro rearing of Catolaccus grandis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) Burks, an important ectoparasitoid of the cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman. In this rearing model, n-hexane (a synthetic ovipositional stimulant for this parasitoid), was smeared on the Parafilm® cover of a modified rearing chamber (a Multiwell®) tissue culture plate) to induce the deposition of uncontaminated eggs, on the inner side of this waxy membrane, and on or around an agar retained diet that had been dispensed into the individual chamber wells. When the efficiency of the in vitro rearing system was compared to the current in vivo rearing method for this species, the duration of the life cycle was significantly shorter in parasitoids reared in vivo, but this difference was less than one day (17.8 vs 17.1 days, respectively). On the other hand, the number of eggs laid in the in vitro rearing chamber during a 4 h period was c. 2.5 times greater than in the conventional in vivo rearing apparatus, and adult yields were c. 25% greater when using the in vitro closed rearing method. Male to female ratios were c. 1:9 when reared in vitro as compared to 1.0:1.5 for those reared in vivo. There were no apparent adverse effects of this in vitro rearing system on the parasitoid's general behavior and reproduction after two consecutive generations.     

Changes in host acceptance and host suitability as an effect of rearing Trichogramma maidis on a factitious host

Host acceptance and suitability of Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. for Trichogramma maidis Pint. et Voeg. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) were studied, after rearing the parasitoids on O. nubilalis or Ephestia kuehniella Oliv. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) for various numbers of generations. In cages, containing two maize plants with in total 30 egg masses of the natural host (O. nubilalis), wasps continuously reared on either E. kuehniella or O. nubilalis found egg masses in equal proportions. The former however, did not parasitize the eggs successfully, due to either low degree of host acceptance or insufficient host suitability or both. Subsequently, host acceptance behaviour of individual females from different strains was studied by means of direct observations after releasing them into a small arena containing eggs of O. nubilalis or E. kuehniella. Wasps continuously reared on O. nubilalis or 1–3 generations on E. kuehniella accepted egg masses of the natural host better than wasps continuously reared on E. kuehniella. Acceptance of O. nubilalis by the wasps gradually decreased with increasing numbers of generations reared on E. kuehniella. By rearing T. maidis, previously cultured on E. kuehniella, for five generations on O. nubilalis, acceptance of egg masses of this host species did not change. Host suitability of O. nubilalis appears to correspond with host acceptance of the strains. Contrary to the observations on O. nubilalis, acceptance and suitability of E. kuehniella were not influenced by the host on which T. maidis was reared. Results of this study show that host acceptance and suitability of the natural host are important quality factors for T. maidis when mass produced on a factitious host.

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Zusammenfassung Wirtsakzeptanz und Wirtseignung von Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. für den Eiparasitoiden, Trichogramma maidis Pint. et. Voeg., wurden untersucht nach der Zucht auf dem natürlichen Wirt, O. nubilalis, oder auf dem Ersatzwirt, der Mehlmotte, Ephestia kühniella Zell.. Versuche mit Käfigen, in denen je zwei Maispflanzen mit insgesamt 30 Eigelegen von O. nubilalis und 40 Weibchen von T. maidis eingesperrt waren, zeigten, dass Weibchen, die seit über 150 Generationen auf O. nubilalis bzw. E. kühniella gezüchtet worden waren, die Eigelege gleich gut fanden. Während die auf O. nubilalis gezüchteten Parasitoide die Eigelege zu 80% parasitierten, war die Parasitierungsrate der auf E. kühniella gezüchteten Parasitoide gleich Null. Die Ursachen dieses Phänomens wurden in weiteren Versuchen durch direkte Beobachtungen über Wirtsakzeptanz und Wirtseignung untersucht. Einzelne Weibchen von Stämmen, die nur auf O. nubilalis oder während einer zunehmenden Generationenzahl auf E. kühniella gezüchtet worden waren, untersuchte man während 15 Minuten unter der Stereoskoplupe in einer kleinen Arena, die ein Eigelege des Maiszünslers oder Eier der Mehlmotte enthielt. Dabei zeigte sich, dass Wespen, die ausschliesslich auf Maiszünslereiern oder nur 1–3 Generationen auf Mehlmotteneiern gezüchtet worden waren, die Eigelege von O. nubilalis besser akzeptierten als solche, die seit vielen Generationen auf E. kühniella vermehrt worden waren. Die Wirtsakzeptanz verschlechterte sich mit zunehmender Generationenzahl auf E. kühniella. Wenn T. maidis nach 23 Generationen auf E. kühniella wieder während 5 Generationen auf O. nubilalis gezüchtet wurde, verbesserte sich die Akzeptanz der Eigelege von O. nubilalis nicht. Die Wirtseignung der Eigelege von O. nubilalis, stimmt überein mit der Wirtsakzeptanz der verschiedenen Stämme. Dies ergaben Versuche mit 15 Minuten Direktbeobachtung und bei 24 Stunden Expositionszeit. Im Gegensatz zu den Beobachtungen auf Eigelegen von O. nubilalis wurde die Akzeptanz und Eignung der Eier von E. kühniella durch die Zucht auf verschiedenen Wirten nicht beeinflusst. Das Ergebnis dieser Untersuchung zeigt, dass Akzeptanz und Eignung des natürlichen Wirtes wichtige Qualitätsfaktoren für T. maidis in der Massenzucht auf Ersatzwirten sind.

     

Effects of fine-grain habitat complexity on egg parasitism by three species of Trichogramma

Effects of microhabitat complexity on host foraging by three species of Trichogramma (T. deion, T. ostriniae, and T. pretiosum) were evaluated under simulated stored product conditions. All three species have been considered as potential biological control agents for the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella, in retail stores and warehouses. Trials were conducted with single naïve female parasitoids in 10-cm Petri dishes that were either empty, contained flour, or contained millet. Empty 15-cm Petri dishes, which served as a surface area control, comprised a fourth treatment. Females were allowed to forage for sentinel egg disks for 2 h, after which percentages of parasitism and egg mortality were computed. In addition, behavioral observations were made on a subset of the trials. Trichogramma deion parasitized more eggs than the other two species in the empty dishes and in the dish containing flour. For T. deion, rates of parasitism and egg mortality were significantly greater in both the small and large empty dishes than in the small dishes containing flour or millet. Parasitism was consistently low for all three species in the grain-filled dishes. Among species, T. ostriniae spent the most time walking, while T. pretiosum was the most sedentary. In addition, T. pretiosum spent significantly more time on the first egg visited compared with subsequent eggs. T. deion may be the best-suited for use as a biological control agent for P. interpunctella. However, the potential negative effects of fine-grain habitat complexity should be taken into account when developing a release protocol for Trichogramma spp.     

维拉帕米对铜绿假单胞菌群体感应抑制作用的体外研究

考察维拉帕米对铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa, PA）群体感应（Quorum sensing, QS）的抑制作用。测定维拉帕米最小抑菌浓度(Minimal inhibit concentration,MIC) ;构建培养环境,考察维拉帕米对PA生长的影响,绘制生长曲线;毒力因子表达实验中,分别考察维拉帕米对PA弹性蛋白酶表达、蛋白水解酶表达和绿脓毒素表达的影响。结果表明,维拉帕米MIC₅₀为128 μg/mL,MIC₉₀为512 μg/mL,最低抑菌质量浓度范围为128~512 μg/mL时,具有较好抑菌活性;生长曲线表明,维拉帕米质量浓度为16 μg/mL时,开始抑制PA的生长,随着浓度的增加,抑制作用逐渐增大;当维拉帕米质量浓度为512、256、128、64、32、16 μg/mL时,明显抑制弹性蛋白酶表达（P<0.01）,质量浓度为8 μg/mL时,对弹性蛋白酶有一定抑制作用（P<0.05）,维拉帕米质量浓度为512、256、128、64、32 μg/mL时,明显抑制蛋白水解酶的活性和绿脓毒素的表达（P<0.01）,当质量浓度为16 μg/mL时,对蛋白水解酶活性和绿脓毒素的表达有一定抑制作用（P<0.05）;维拉帕米对QS的抑制有浓度依赖。维拉帕米对PA的QS有明显抑制作用,体外可明显抑制PA生长,可作为抗菌增效的潜在开发药物。     

狭叶薰衣草的离体培养及挥发性成分的分析

为建立新疆狭叶薰衣草(Lavandula angustifolia)的快速繁殖体系,以种子、茎、叶为外植体,对种子萌发、愈伤组织诱导、丛芽分化和生根的最适培养条件进行了研究;用水蒸气蒸馏法提取狭叶薰衣草挥发油,采用气相色谱-质谱法测定挥发油成分。结果表明,种子浸泡的适宜时间为6 h,切开种皮培养,出芽时间最少为6 d;诱导种子出芽的适宜培养基为MS+6-BA2 mg/L;以茎为外植体诱导愈伤组织效果较好,适宜培养基为MS+6-BA 2 mg/L+2,4-D 1 mg/L;诱导分化丛芽的适宜培养基为MS+6-BA 1 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L;生根的适宜培养基为1/2MS+NAA 1 mg/L+6-BA 0.5 mg/L;盆栽薰衣草和无菌苗薰衣草的挥发油主要成分相差较大,离体培养的薰衣草的主要挥发性成分有叶绿醇、丁香油烃、氧化石竹烯等。     

4种石斛属植物花朵挥发性成分分析

为了解石斛属植物花朵中的挥发性成分, 利用固相微萃取(SPME)方法结合GC-MS 技术测定了鼓槌石斛、罗河石斛、细叶石斛和密花石斛盛花期的花朵挥发性成分及其相对含量。结果表明, 从4 种石斛属植物花朵中共鉴定出挥发性成分57 种, 包括酯类、萜烯类、醇类、烷类、醛类、酮类、醌类、芳香族和含氮化合物。4 种石斛花朵挥发性成分的组成和含量差异明显。鼓槌石斛和细叶石斛的主要香气成分是3-蒈烯, 相对含量分别为84.606% 和71.251%。罗河石斛挥发性成分中水杨酸甲酯相对含量最高(57.449%), 其次为D-柠檬烯(22.416%)。密花石斛花朵主要挥发性成分是2-亚甲基-4,8,8-三甲基-4-乙烯基-双环[5.2.0]壬烷(82.013%), 其次为α-法尼烯(4.699%)。这些对于香型石斛兰品种的培育和兰花精油产品开发提供了参考。     

In Vitro Rearing of the Parasitoid Exorista larvarum (L.) (Diptera: Tachinidae) on Meat Homogenate-Based Diets

The tachinid Exorista larvarum (L.), a polyphagous gregarious larval endoparasitoid of Lepidoptera, was reared from egg to fecund adult on media containing commercial meat homogenates for babies as the main ingredient. Four media, each containing a diverse homogenate supplemented with extract of Galleria mellonella L. pupae, were tested first. Despite the difference in nutrient content, the kind of homogenate did not significantly affect the adult yields (30.2 to 40.7%) or puparial weights. Two other diets free of host materials (I and II) were then tested. Both were based on Gerber veal homogenate combined with different amounts of yeast extract and chicken egg yolk and were supplemented with wheat germ (I) or saccharose (II). Adult yields (28.7 to 32.7%) and puparial weights did not differ significantly between the two diets. Fly longevity and fecundity of the females obtained on diet I were comparable to those of the females emerged from puparia formed in G. mellonella larvae. Male and female puparial weights were, however, higher and development times longer on the diet than in the host.     

Variation in locomotion between laboratory strains of Trichogramma maidis and its impact on parasitism of eggs of Ostrinia nubilalis in the field

The locomotion of females of different strains of the parasitic wasp Trichogramma maidis (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) was measured under standardized conditions and compared to their efficiency in the field for several years. A manual and an automatic method for recording and analysing the locomotion of insects are described and results for differently reared laboratory strains of T. maidis are presented. The correlation between manual and automatic measurements of the travel speed was significant (r=0.999). The automatic method was developed by means of an Image Processing System. T. maidis females were individually released in an arena, and the walking tracks were recorded by a video camera. To reconstruct the real path, a mathematical model which gives highly accurate path length estimations — termed arcus interpolation — was used. Furthermore the same programme permits the calculation of parameters like turning rate and angles, the activity pattern over the whole observation period or for selected parts of it. The locomotion of different T. maidis strains in the laboratory was compared with their efficiency in the field. An obvious relation between locomotion and parasitization in the field was apparent. The probability for parasitism of Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) egg batches decreased linearly with increasing distance from the release point of Trichogramma wasps. The travel speed of the females of different T. maidis strains was found to be positively related to the potential for parasitism in the field. The travel speed can therefore be used as a parameter to estimate the capacity for host location and the efficiency of a T. maidis strain for inundative biological control programmes.

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Zusammenfassung Während mehrerer Jahre wurde die im Labor bestimmte Laufgeschwindigkeit von Trichogramma maidis Pint. & Voeg. (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) mit ihrem Parasitierungspotential im Freiland verglichen. Für die Bestimmung der Bewegungsaktivität von T. maidis werden zwei Methoden beschrieben. Mit der einen wird die zurückgelegte Wegstrecke eines Insekts, während einer definierten Zeitperiode, mit einem Planimeter gemessen. Für die zweite, automatische Bestimmung der Bewegungsaktivität verwendete man einen IPS (Image Processing System von KONTRON München), für welches entsprechende Programme entwickelt wurden. Bei der zweiten Messmethode wird der Weg jedes einzelnen Tieres in einer Laufarena von 24 mm Durchmesser während 10 Min mit einer Videokamera aufgenommen. Jede Sekunde werden die Schwerpunktskoordinaten des Tieres bestimmt. Die Länge des zurückgelegten Weges der Tiere wurde mit Hilfe eines Berechnungsmodells geschätzt. Die Wegstreckenkorrektur erfolgte mit Kreisbögen, welche aus drei aufeinanderfolgenden Punkten jedes Wegabschnittes berechnet werden. Mit dieser Korrektur konnte auf einfache Weise eine sehr genaue Schätzung der Laufstrecke erzielt werden. Die Ergebnisse der beiden Methoden weisen eine enge Korrelation (r=0.999) auf. Mit dem entwickelten Programm lassen sich zusätzlich, zu den effektiven Laufstrecken, auch noch Anzahl und Stärke der Richtungsänderungen sowie das Aktivitätsmuster der ganzen Beobachtungsperiode bestimmen.Die Untersuchungen ergaben, dass die Parasitierungsrate der Eigelege von Ostrinia nubilalis Hb. (Pyralidae, Lepidoptera) mit zunehmender Distanz vom Freilassungspunkt von T. maidis abnahm. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit für O. nubilalis-Gelege parasitiert zu werden, kann innerhalb der ersten 8 m am besten mit einem linearen Modell beschrieben werden. Das Parasitierungspotential definierte man als Integral der Parasitierungs-Wahrscheinlichkeit für O. nubilalis-Gelege über die Distanz vom Freilassungspunkt weg. Es zeigte sich, dass zwischen den im Labor bestimmten Laufgeschwindigkeiten der verschiedenen T. maidis Stämme und den im Feld gemessenen Parasitierungspotentiale eine positive Beziehung besteht. Die Laufgeschwindigkeit von T. maidis Weibchen kann somit als ein Parameter zur Bestimmung der Suchkapazität eines Trichogramma Stammes und in etablierten Bekämpfungsprogrammen als Eignungstest der Provenienzen für die biologische Bekämpfung betrachtet werden. Laufgeschwindigkeits-Bestimmungen ermöglichen es, rasche und ökonomische Qualitätskontrollen von in Massen gezüchteten T. maidis vorzunehmen, indem bereits im Labor die Eignung der T. maidis Stämmen für die Bekämpfung von O. nubilalis beurteilt werden kann.

     

不同LEDs复合光质对秋葵组培苗生长和生理特性的影响

以秋葵品种‘清福’为试材,采用单因素随机区组设计试验,将秋葵顶芽作为外植体（1.0 cm）接种到添加了0.05 g·L^-1NAA的MS基本培养基上,然后分别转入荧光灯(CK,对照)、蓝红复合光（BR_3∶1、BR_1∶1、BR_1∶3、BR1∶4）、蓝红黄(BRY=1∶3∶1)、蓝红绿(BRG=1∶3∶1)和蓝红远红复合光（BRFR=1∶3∶1）下进行光照射,考察不同光质对秋葵组培苗生长和生理特征的光效应,筛选适合秋葵组培苗的最优光质。结果显示：（1）不同复合光质处理的秋葵组培苗鲜质量、干质量、根长、茎长和茎粗不同程度增加,并均以BRY处理最高。（2）不同复合光质处理的组培苗根系活力都显著高于对照,且以BRY处理下最大;各光质处理下的幼苗叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量也以BRY处理最高,并显著高于其余处理。（3）组培苗叶片中SOD、POD和CAT的活性均以BRY处理下最强,CK处理下最弱。（4）各处理组培苗叶片中的可溶性糖、蔗糖、可溶性总碳含量和淀粉含量均以BRY处理最高,其次为BRG处理,CK下较低;叶片可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸和可溶性总氮的含量均以BRY处理最高,其次为BRG处理,CK下最低。研究表明,蓝红黄复合光显著提高了秋葵组培苗根系活力、光合色素含量、抗氧化酶活性及碳氮代谢和光合产物累积,从而有效促进了秋葵组培苗的生长,可以作为秋葵离体培养的优选光质。     

Partial In Vitro Digestion of Active Gliadin-Related Peptides in Celiac Disease

Peptides corresponding to residues 75–86 (RPQQPYPQPQPQ) and 75–85 of the A-gliadin structure, which were shown to be active in an animal model of celiac disease, were digested in vitro with small intestinal mucosa from children with celiac disease in remission and with mucosa from normal children. The products of digestion were separated into two fractions by gel permeation chromatography. Undigested residues (M _r > 400 fraction) from both peptides contained mainly glutamine, proline, and tyrosine, while the digested materials (M _r < 400 fraction) contained mainly proline, glutamine and arginine. Much larger amounts of undigested peptides were obtained from digestion with celiac mucosa than from normal mucosa. The results with peptide 75–86 indicated that the octapeptide 77–84 (QQPYPQPQ) was the main residual component and this peptide was shown to be active in the assay. Peptide 77–84 was also obtained as a residue from digestion of peptide 75–85, together with heptapeptide 77–83. The results lend further support for a primary mucosal defect in celiac disease and indicate that residual peptides in the small intestine of patients with the disease still retain appreciable toxicity.