Ethylene Production by Cell-Free Extract of the Kudzu Strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv.phaseolicola

A cell-free ethylene-forming system of Pseudomonas syringaepv.phaseolicola (Kudzu strain) was characterized by its psychrophilictrait. Ethylene was most effectively produced from -ketoglutaricacid (-KG) at 0.5 mM followed by glutamate and then istidineat 5 to 10 mM. The presence of FeSO₄ was essential to the cell-freesystem. DTT and histidine greatly stimulated ethylene production;the latter could be substituted to some extent by its analogues.The optimum pH value and temperature for the ethylene-formingreactions were pH 7.0 and 25?C, respectively. Ethylene formationfrom -KG was inhibited in the presence of carbonates or organicacids of the TCA cycle, whereas that from glutamate was inhibitedin the presence of ammonium salts. Ethylene production from-keto--methylthiobutyric acid in the cell-free system was largelydependent on non-enzymical processes in the presence of DTTand FeSO₄. The ethylene-forming reactions were inhibited completelyby 1 mM n-propyl gallate and 1 mM p-chloromercuribenzoic acidand partly by coenzymes such as pyridoxal-1-phosphate, folicacid, and flavin mononucleotide at 5mM. The complete systemfor the highest ethylene production consisted of: 0.5 mM -KG,50 mM HEPES (pH 7.0), 5 mM DTT, 0.5 mM FeSO₄, and 10 mM histidine.The amount of ethylene produced in this system was equivalentto 40 to 50% of that produced by the living cells. (Received October 22, 1986; Accepted January 19, 1987)     

葛藤节肢动物类群结构动态

本文利用群落结构的有关指数(物种数S、丰富度指数R、多样性指数H、H'、D和DMc、均匀性指数J'、优势度指数d和优势集中性指数C)分析了葛藤节肢动物类群结构变化动态.结果表明,葛藤节肢动物类群丰富度和多样性一年中出现两个高峰,一个在五月下旬,一个在十一月上中旬,在第一个峰期,S,R,D,H',H和DMc的值依次为38.00,6.0205,0.9056,4.0205,3.8560和0.7207,在第二个峰期,上述指数依次为34.00,6.6661,0.9245,4.2124,3.6779和0.7808;均匀性在一至四月变化较剧烈,最大值0.8899出现在1月中旬,最小值0.5765出现在二月下旬,其它时间较为平稳;优势集中性和优势度指数的变化趋势一致,其高峰值出现在二月下旬至三月上旬.分析表明,多样性和优势集中性变化趋势往往相反,即物种越丰富,多样性越大,相应的优势集中性就越小,反之就大;均匀性与多样性关系密切,即群落多样性较高时均匀度变化较为平稳,反之,就剧烈.     

野葛离体培养生产异黄酮类化合物研究进展

野葛含有大量的异黄酮类化合物,其中葛根素是葛属植物特有药用成分。该文综述了野葛细胞和器官培养生产异黄酮类化合物的研究现状以及各种影响葛根素等异黄酮类化合物产生的因素,并评述葛根素的应用前景。     

葛根糖基转移酶蛋白肽段序列的分离与鉴定

目的:分离鉴定葛根糖基转移酶蛋白肽段序列.方法:从野葛根部提取糖基转移酶,分离后对符合糖基转移酶分子量大小的5条蛋白条带进行酶解,经过高效液相色谱分离纯化后,电喷离子化质谱测定获得蛋白.结果:共获得440蛋白,发现有明确功能的蛋白有325个;具有催化活性的蛋白质有247个.根据报道的糖基转移酶分子量和等电点分布的特点,筛选出6个可能为糖基转移酶的蛋白.结论:初步推测葛根糖基转移酶的蛋白肽段序列,为其在葛根素生物合成中的作用研究奠定基础.     

野葛的组织培养和植株再生

野葛〔Ｐｕｅｒａｒｉａｌｏｂａｔａ（Ｗｉｌｄ．）Ｏｈｗｉ〕为豆科多年生缠绕藤本植物,分布遍及全国,主产南方［１］,可药食两用,其块根肥厚,富含淀粉、蛋白质、钙、磷、铁及脂肪酸等,还含有多种异黄酮类化合物,对治疗心绞痛、高血压、冠心病,抑制肿瘤等效果显...     

In vitro Production of Halo Blight Inducing Toxin by Pseudomonas phaseolicola (Burkh.) Dowson

Three pathogenic strains of Pseudomonas phaseolicola (strain 1 and 3 virulent and strain 5 weakly virulent) were tested for their toxic activity. All three strains produced detectable amounts of toxin in vitro. Cultural conditions and length of incubation greatly influenced toxin production. Maximum amount of toxin was produced at 20°C and pH 6.5. Glycerol served as the best carbon source and 1-cysteine as the best amino acid for toxin production.     

Production of monoclonal antibodies to Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola and Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli

The production of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (sodium salt) soluble antigens of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola and Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (fuscans strain) is described. MAbs A6-1 and A6-2 produced to Ps. syringae pv. phaseolicola are pathovar specific. Although MAb XP2 produced to X. campestris pv. phaseoli recognized surface antigens of all strains of this pathovar (including fuscans strains) it cross-reacted specifically with X. campestris pv. malvacearum; it did not react with any other known bacteria or unidentified epiphytes from navy bean seed or leaves. The isotype of both MAbs XP2 and A6-1 is IgG3 whereas that of MAb A6-2 is IgG2a. The reactive antigens are thermostable, but their chemical nature has not been determined.     

山西省野葛种质资源分布与植物学性状研究

了解山西省野葛种质资源的分布状况、群落组成以及植物学特性,为晋产野葛资源的挖掘、保护和可持续利用提供参考依据。对山西境内12个产地野葛的植物学性状及生长环境进行实地调查。结果表明,山西省野葛种质资源主要分布于晋南的中条山区域和晋北的太行山区域。从水平分布看,山西野葛主要分布于34°47'04.77″~39°31'05.23″N,110°30'17.80″~114°33'18.24″E;垂直分布介于730~1240 m之间,以海拔730~950 m最为常见。山西野葛生长的区域年均降水量介于400~800 mm之间,年均温度为6.8~14℃。山西野葛的群落组成较为单一,大部分伴随其生长的是较矮的灌木丛,少部分伴随有杨树、刺槐等。根据生态环境的不同,可将山西野葛大致分为疏林灌木型、河道草地型和砂质土壤型3种类型。     

Environmental Pollution and Leaf Cuticular Variation in Kudzu (Pueraria lobata Willd.)

Four populations of kudzu (Puerarta lobata Willd.) were studiedin rural, relatively unpolluted areas and in habitats characterizedby heavy industrial pollution in north-west Tennessee, U.S.A.Leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, flower size and podsize showed a decrease in growth in heavily polluted areas.Trichome frequency and length on the leaf surfaces increasedwith an increase in environmental pollution while the stomatalfrequency values showed a slight decrease in polluted habitats.The length of the largest and the smallest stomata and the numberof undulations in the epidermal cells in kudzu plant populationswere not affected by environmental pollution. Subsidiary cellcomplex consisting of two cells also remained the same in allthe plant populations sampled in polluted and relatively unpollutedhabitats. Puerarialobata Willd., kudzu, environmental pollution, cuticular features, stomatal frequency, trichome frequency     

Multiplication of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola"in planta"

In the compatible combination of the halo blight disease of bean Pseudomonas phaseolicola was able to colonize large areas of the intercellular space of leaves, such that these confluent water congested areas became visible as water-soaked spots. Most of the plant cell walls in the infected region maintained their normal shape, even when the cytoplasm had collapsed. Some inward bending of plant cell walls preceded their rather slow degradation and final replacement by bacterial masses. Neighbouring plant cells appeared to be metabolically active. In resistant leaves no indications of active bacterial attachment or encapsulation could be observed. However, bacteria appeared to be more densely packed in resistant leaves, and relatively more plant cells completely collapsed as compared with susceptible leaves. From 8—14 days after inoculation, the bacterial concentration did not change much in susceptible or resistant leaves, indicating the absence of bactericidal components. Even Pseudomonas pisi snowed some multiplication in bean leaves (immune reaction), but its growth stopped earlier than that of P. phaseolicola. in the resistant cultivars, probably due to a different mechanism of resistance. Although less bacteria were determined in the intercellular washing fluid (IF) compared with leaf homogenates, the high bacterial concentrations in the IF supported our observation that an effective encapsulation of bacteria in resistant leaves did not occur.     

葛藤与葛根中异黄酮类成分的比较

分析比较了野葛〔Ｐｕｅｒａｒｉａｌｏｂａｔａ（Ｗｉｌｄ．）Ｏｈｗｉ〕的藤（葛藤）和根（葛根）的主要异黄酮类活性成分。从葛藤中首次分离得到３个化合物,经化学方法和光谱鉴定,证实为大豆甙元（Ａ）、大豆甙（Ｂ）和葛根素（Ｃ）。采用双波长薄层扫描法测定葛藤与葛根中上述３种异黄酮化合物的含量,葛藤中大豆甙元、大豆甙和葛根素的含量分别为０．１９５％,３．９３３％和２．４８１％;葛根中则分别为０．０５９％,０．７１４％和４．３１５％。研究结果为葛藤新药源的开发利用提供了科学依据     

Multiplication of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola "in planta"

Multiplication of Pseudomonas phaseolicola was determined in 17 different bean cultivars ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) and 9 other plant species, and the effect of different inoculation methods and conditions was also studied.
In susceptible leaves, a generation time of 2.1 h was determined in the early phase (2 days after inoculation). Different multiplication rates in susceptible and resistant leaves were clearly observed 4 days after inoculation. At this time the first small water-soaked spots were visible in the susceptible cultivars. Bacteria multiplied up to the 7th day after inoculation with a maximum of 10⁹ cells per cm² leaf (equal to ca. 4 × 10¹⁰ bacterial cells/cm³). At the same time, the water-soaked spots had reached their maximum size in most cases. Thus, bacterial multiplication and development of water-soaked spots paralleled each other.
In resistant leaves, no water-soaked spots appeared, and the final bacterial concentration was 1/1000–1/100 of that in susceptible leaves. Gomparison of races 1 and 2 in several bean cultivars indicated the non-existence of a gene-for-gene relationship with this disease. Old leaves were less susceptible to infection. Some bacterial multiplication was also observed in non-host plants. There was a general correlation between bacterial multiplication in the non-host plants and their botanical relation to Phaseolus vulgaris .     

Characterization of eight excision plasmids of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola

Summary Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola strain LR719 contains a 150 kilobase pair (kb) plasmid pMC7105, stably integrated into its chromosome. Occasionally, single colony isolates of this strain contain an excision plasmid. Eight unique excision plasmids were selected and characterized by BamHI restriction endonuclease and blot hybridization analyses. These plasmids ranged in size from 35 to 270 kb; the largest contained approximately 130 kb of chromosomal DNA sequences. Restriction maps of pMC7105 were developed to deduce the site of integration and to identify the fragments in which recombination occurred to produce each excision plasmid. The eight excision plasmids were arranged into five classes based on the sites where excision occurs. A 20 kb region of pMC7105, which includes BamHI fragment 9 and portions of adjacent fragments, is present in all excision plasmids and thought to contain the origin of replication. The site of integration on pMC7105 maps within BamHI fragment 8. This fragment shows homology with seven other BamHI fragments of pMC7105 and with five chromosomal fragments identified among the excision plasmids. The data strongly suggest that the integration of pMC7105 may have occurred at a repetitive sequence present on the chromosome and on the plasmid.     

In planta conditions induce genomic changes in Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola

The co-evolution of bacterial plant pathogens and their hosts is a complex and dynamic process. Plant resistance can impose stress on invading pathogens that can lead to, and select for, beneficial changes in the bacterial genome. The Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Pph) genomic island PPHGI-1 carries an effector gene, avrPphB (hopAR1), which triggers the hypersensitive reaction in bean plants carrying the R3 resistance gene. Interaction between avrPphB and R3 generates an antimicrobial environment within the plant, resulting in the excision of PPHGI-1 and its loss from the genome. The loss of PPHGI-1 leads to the generation of a Pph strain able to cause disease in the plant. In this study, we observed that lower bacterial densities inoculated into resistant bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants resulted in quicker PPHGI-1 loss from the population, and that loss of the island was strongly influenced by the type of plant resistance encountered by the bacteria. In addition, we found that a number of changes occurred in the bacterial genome during growth in the plant, whether or not PPHGI-1 was lost. We also present evidence that the circular PPHGI-1 episome is able to replicate autonomously when excised from the genome. These results shed more light onto the plasticity of the bacterial genome as it is influenced by in planta conditions.     

Mechanism of acid tolerance in a rhizobium strain isolated from Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi

The Rhizobium sp. strain PR389 was isolated from the root nodules of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, which grows in acidic (pH 4.6) yellow soil of the Jinyun Mountains of Beibei, Chongqing, China. While rhizobia generally have a pH range of 6.5-7.5 for optimum growth, strain PR389 grew in a liquid yeast extract - mannitol agar medium at pH 4.6, as well as in a pH 4.1 soil suspension, suggesting acid tolerance in this specific strain of rhizobium . However, at pH 4.6, the lag phase before vigorous growth was 40 h compared with 4 h under neutral conditions (pH 7.0). For PR389, the generation time after the lag phase remained the same at different pH levels despite the different durations of the lag phase. Except in the pH 4.4 treatment, the pH of the culturing media increased from 4.6, 4.8, 5.0, and 5.5 to neutral and slightly alkaline after 70 h of culture. Chloramphenicol was added to determine if protein production was involved in the increasing pH process. Chloramphenicol significantly inhibited PR389 growth under acid stress but had little effect under neutral conditions. Proton flux measured during a short acid shock (pH 3.8) revealed that this strain has an intrinsic ability to prevent H(+) from entering cells when compared with acid-sensitive rhizobia. We propose that the mechanism for acid tolerance in PR389 involves both intracellular and extracellular processes. When the extracellular pH is lower than pH 4.4, the cell membrane blocks hydrogen from entering the cell. When the pH exceeds 4.4, the rhizobium strain has the ability to raise the extracellular pH, thereby, potentially decreasing the toxicity of aluminum in acid soil.     

Harpin of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola harbors a protein binding site

Harpin HrpZ of plant-pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae elicits a hypersensitive response (HR) in some nonhost plants, but its function in the pathogenesis process is still obscure. HrpZ-interacting proteins were identified by screening a phage-display library of random peptides. HrpZ of the bean pathogen P. syringae pv. phaseolicola (HrpZPph) shows affinity to peptides with a consensus amino acid motif W(L)ARWLL(G/L). To localize the peptide-binding site, the hrpZPph gene was mutagenized with randomly placed 15-bp insertions, and the mutant proteins were screened for the peptide-binding ability. Mutations that inhibited peptide-binding localized to the central region of hrpZPph, which is separate from the previously determined HR-inducing region. Antiserum raised against one of the hrpZPph-binding peptides recognized small proteins in bean, tomato, parsley, and Arabidopsis thaliana but none in tobacco. On native protein blots, hrpZPph bound to a bean protein with similar pI as the protein recognized by the peptide antiserum. The result suggests a protein-protein interaction between the harpin and a host plant protein, possibly involved in the bacterial pathogenesis.     

野葛糖基转移酶PIUGT2蛋白原核表达及其适宜条件探讨

通过单因素试验分别研究温度和IPTG浓度对重组大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)/pProEXHTa-PIUGT2诱导表达野葛糖基转移酶PlUGT2蛋白量的影响。利用150 ml LB液体培养基培养重组大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),并优化发酵条件。结果表明,在温度20℃和IPTG浓度为0.75 mmol/L条件下,PIUGT2蛋白表达量最高。     

Ornithine carbamoyltransferase genes and phaseolotoxin immunity in Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola

Two different DNA fragments encoding ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCTase) were cloned from Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola NPS3121. These fragments did not cross-hybridize and encoded OCTases which differed with respect to their sensitivity to purified phaseolotoxin, an OCTase inhibitor produced by this phytopathogenic bacterium. Recombinant plasmids carrying these DNA fragments complemented OCTase-deficient strains of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Extracts of the complemented E. coli strain contained OCTase enzyme activities with similar degrees of sensitivity to purified phaseolotoxin as extracts of P.s.phaseolicola grown at either 20 or 30°C. The OCTase activity detectable in extracts of P.s.phaseolicola grown at 20°C is insensitive to phaseolotoxin while that detectable in extracts of cells grown at 30°C is sensitive to the toxin. E.coli HB101 harboring recombinant plasmids carrying the gene(s) encoding the phaseolotoxin-insensitive enzyme activity exhibited resistance to purified phaseolotoxin. The results of Tn5 mutagenesis and Southern blotting and the pattern of complementation of OCTase-deficient and Tox^- mutant strains suggest that the gene(s) encoding the phaseolotoxin-insensitive OCTase is part of a gene cluster involved in phaseolotoxin production.