7-木糖紫杉烷糖基水解酶Lxyl—pl-1及Lxyl-pl-2的催化特性

糖基水解酶Lxyl-pl－1和Lxyl-p1-2是天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室,卫生部天然药物生物合成重点实验室克隆自真菌香菇的重组蛋白,具有β-木糖苷酶／β-葡萄糖苷酶双重活性,能专一性水解脱除7-木糖-10-去乙酰紫杉醇等的木糖基,生成的C-7位羟基化产物可以作为前体半合成重要的抗肿瘤药物紫杉醇或其类似物。前期工作显示：Lxyl-p1-1和Lxyl-p1-2的序列同源性高达97％,但后者的催化活性是前者的2倍以上;Lxyl—pl-2水解生色底物PNP-Xyl的最适温度为50℃,最适pH为4．0。为系统地观察两酶的催化特性,在对天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室,卫生部天然药物生物合成重点实验室构建的工程酵母进行培养、诱导7d后冷冻干燥菌体。将冷干的菌体破碎得到蛋白粗提物,再经过Ni亲和色谱和HPLC凝胶色谱法制备和纯化得到Lxyl-p1-1和Lxyl-p1-2重组蛋白。以生色底物PNP-Xyl和PNP-Glc及7-木糖紫杉烷底物7．木糖-10-去乙酰紫杉醇（XDT）与重组酶进行反应,重点测定Lxyl-p1-2水解XDT的最适温度和最适pH,并在最适条件下测定重组酶对不同底物的动力学参数。试验结果表明：Lxyl-pl-2水解底物XDT的最适温度为45％,最适pH为4．5;动力学测定结果显示：Lxyl—pl-1和Lxyl-p1-2的β-葡萄糖苷酶活性均显著高于其β-木糖苷酶活性,这与之前的研究结果相一致;Lxyl-p1-1对于底物PNP-Xyl,PNP-Glc和XDT的kcat／Km值分别低于Lxyl-p1-2对于上述3种底物的kcat／Kan值（0．77s-1×mM-1,1．65s-l×mM-1和-1×mM-lVS．1．67S-1xmM-1,2．85S-1×mM-1和1．07S-1×mM-1）。     

马特链霉菌7-木糖紫杉烷糖基水解酶初步研究

酶法转化7-木糖紫杉烷(7-XDT)为10-脱乙酰基紫杉醇(10-DAT)是目前合成紫杉醇的最主要途径.本研究分离到一株具有产生7-木糖紫杉烷(7-XDT)糖基水解酶能力的马特链霉菌(Streptomyces matensi YUCM 410051),通过酶的最适反应温度、硫酸铵分级沉淀、最适反应pH和酶的有机试剂耐受等研究,发现最适反应温度为25～30℃,硫酸铵分级沉淀酶活在20％～70％的盐浓度时活性最高;粗酶液最适反应pH在6.0～7.5,酶的甲醇耐受浓度和DMSO耐受浓度均为10％.深入研究该酶对开发具有水解7-木糖紫杉烷(7-XDT)中木糖基的酶资源和提高红豆杉中的紫杉烷类化合物的利用率具有重要价值.     

β-木糖苷酶的生物活性物质转化功能研究进展

β-木糖苷酶是木聚糖酶酶系的一种酶,其功能主要是降解半纤维素中最常见及含量最高的组分——木聚糖。近些年,研究人员发现一些微生物来源的β-木糖苷酶具有生物活性物质转化功能,可通过转糖基作用形成带有木糖基的生物活性物质,也可通过水解作用将带有木糖基的物质,如三七皂苷R1和R2、黄芪甲苷IV (astragaloside IV,ASI)、7-木糖-10-去乙酰紫杉醇(7-xylosyl-10-deacetyltaxol,XDT)和花青素转化为生物活性物质,因此,这些β-木糖苷酶在食品和医药等领域具有巨大的潜在应用价值。此外,研究人员揭示了β-木糖苷酶在生物活性物质转化功能方面的一些机制。本文主要介绍了β-木糖苷酶的生物活性物质转化功能、酶来源、家族分类、转化机制及应用,以期为β-木糖苷酶的进一步开发利用提供参考。     

美洲大蠊肠道产7-木糖紫杉烷糖基水解酶菌株的筛选及鉴定

旨在筛选美洲大蠊肠道具有产7-木糖紫杉烷糖基水解酶性能的内生菌,并对其进行生物学鉴定.以实验室保存的178株美洲大蠊肠道内生菌为研究对象,采用刚果红透明圈法和荧光显色法筛选产木聚糖酶菌株,进一步利用薄层色谱法筛选产7-木糖紫杉烷糖基水解酶菌株.在此基础上,选取一株高产7-木糖紫杉烷糖基水解酶菌株进行形态学、生理生化和分...     

植物源β- 葡萄糖苷酶活性检测方法学研究

目的:来源于植物β-葡萄糖苷酶活性检测的方法学研究。方法:以对硝基苯基β-D-葡萄糖苷(pNPG)为底物,β-葡萄糖苷酶为催化剂催化底物生成对硝基苯酚,用紫外分光光度法测定对硝基苯酚的含量,根据生成的对硝基苯酚含量计算酶活性,并对此进行方法学研究。结果:对硝基苯酚标准曲线的相关系数为0.999;催化反应的线性相关系数为0.999;反应精密度的相对标准偏差为0.05%;方法重复性的相对标准偏差为2.8%;方法耐用性考察中,酶活性均大于1200 U/g,九个不同方法参数的酶活性相对标准偏差为4.6%;中间精密度实验中,十二份样品酶活性的相对标准偏差为6.6%;稳定性实验中,β-葡萄糖苷酶与底物反应后,放置0小时、16小时、22小时后,测定的酶活性均大于1200 U/g,相对标准偏差为1.1%。结论:此方法线性较好,有良好的方法重复性、精密度、中间精密度、耐用性和溶液稳定性,适用于来源于植物的β-葡萄糖苷酶活性检测。     

植物β-葡萄糖苷酶的研究进展

β-葡萄糖苷酶是一种糖苷水解酶,广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物中。β-葡萄糖苷酶能够水解非还原性末端糖基,在植物细胞壁代谢、植物激素激活以及逆境防御等方面发挥着重要作用。β-葡萄糖苷酶依据其氨基酸序列可以分为GH1、GH3、GH5、GH7、GH9、GH12、GH35、GH116等8个家族;但是,目前仅对GH1和GH3有较深入的研究,其他家族的功能依旧不清楚。综述了近年来植物中β-葡萄糖苷酶的结构、理化性质、底物特异性、催化机制以及糖苷水解酶家族在植物中的功能等方面的研究进展,总结了植物中β-葡萄糖苷酶研究中存在的问题,并指出今后的研究方向。     

差异柠檬酸杆菌GXW-1 β-葡萄糖苷酶的酶学性质及分子改造

【目的】筛选鉴定1株产β-葡萄糖苷酶的菌株,克隆、表达该菌株中的β-葡萄糖苷酶基因,研究重组酶的酶学性质并进行分子改造。【方法】在自然界中采集土样,筛选到1株具有β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的菌株,对野生菌进行16S rDNA鉴定,比对分析Gen Bank数据库中与野生菌同属的β-葡萄糖苷酶基因序列,设计简并引物PCR扩增基因保守区;设计引物扩增目的基因,以pQE30为表达载体构建重组质粒,转化至大肠杆菌中进行诱导表达;采用镍亲和层析对重组酶进行纯化,研究其酶学性质;采用易错PCR和定点随机突变相结合的方法对野生型β-葡萄糖苷酶进行分子改造。【结果】一个来自于差异柠檬酸杆菌GXW-1的β-葡萄糖苷酶基因被克隆并在大肠杆菌中表达。酶学性质研究结果表明该β-葡萄糖苷酶CBGL的最适温度为45°C,最适p H为6.0,V_(max)值是(0.1704±0.0073)μmol/(mg·min),K_(cat)值为(0.2380±0.0102)/s。CBGL能水解α-pNPG、甜菊苷、黄豆苷和染料木苷。对野生酶进行分子改造,获得V_(max)是野生酶2.54倍的突变体W147F。【结论】CBGL不仅具有β-1,4-糖苷键水解能力,还可能具有一定的α-糖苷键水解酶活性。此外,CBGL还能够水解天然底物甜菊苷、黄豆苷和染料木苷。这些特性表明该β-葡萄糖苷酶在理论研究及在工业中有一定的应用价值。     

链霉菌GXT6 β-葡萄糖苷酶的酶学性质及葡萄糖耐受性分子改造

【目的】从经过全基因组测序的链霉菌GXT6中克隆、表达一个编码糖基水解酶家族3的新β-葡萄糖苷酶基因,研究重组酶的酶学性质并进行相关葡萄糖耐受性的氨基酸残基的分子改造,提高其对葡萄糖的耐受性。【方法】根据链霉菌GXT6的全基因测序结果,对其中一个注释为糖基水解酶的基因设计引物,PCR扩增目的基因,以p SE380为表达载体构建重组质粒,转化至大肠杆菌中诱导表达;采用镍亲和层析技术纯化重组蛋白质,对目的蛋白质进行酶学性质研究;采用定点饱和突变的方法对重组酶进行相关氨基酸残基的分子改造。【结果】从链霉菌GXT6中克隆到一个编码糖基水解酶家族3的新β-葡萄糖苷酶基因,并在大肠杆菌中表达。酶学性质研究结果表明该β-葡萄糖苷酶的最适温度为40°C,最适p H为6.0,Km值为(0.4712±0.0180) mmol/L,Vmax值为(128.000±1.741)μmol/(min·mg),葡萄糖抑制常数Ki值为(1.8880±0.1307)mmol/L。该BGL3-GXT6能够水解黄豆苷、染料木苷、甜茶苷、虎杖苷、淫羊藿苷。还对BGL3-GXT6中与葡萄糖耐受性可能相关的氨基酸残基位点81-Trp和233-Trp进行了定点饱和突变,获得了25个具有酶活的突变酶并对其进行酶学性质研究。其中W233位点饱和突变后获得的突变酶的Km和葡萄糖抑制常数Ki值与重组酶BGL3-GXT6相比均发生明显变化,葡萄糖耐受性有不同程度的提高,最高的提高了209倍。【结论】本研究获得的BGL3-GXT6对天然底物甜茶苷、黄豆苷、染料木苷、虎杖苷和淫羊藿苷具有水解功能,这些特性表明该β-葡萄糖苷酶在理论研究及在工业中有一定的应用价值。     

利用天蓝色链霉菌转化7-木糖紫杉烷的研究

紫杉醇是目前临床治疗癌症的一线化疗药物,资源紧张,价格昂贵。7-木糖-10-去乙酰基紫杉醇(7-XDT)在红豆杉中含量可达紫杉醇的10倍,脱除木糖基后生成的10-脱乙酰紫杉醇(10-DAT)经乙酰化可生成紫杉醇。通过木聚糖平板对不同菌株进行筛选,从52株供试微生物中,发现27株在木聚糖平板上生长良好。经转化实验筛选,发现一株天蓝色链霉菌(Streptomyces coelicolor YUCM 410115)具有转化7-XDT为10-脱乙酰紫杉醇的能力。菌体细胞经破碎离心后,沉淀及上清液均无转化反应出现,而发酵液的硫酸铵沉淀物则可以转化7-XDT生成10-DAT,表明该菌株能产生一种胞外紫杉醇-7-木糖苷酶,发酵液酶活为6 268U。首次发现天蓝色链霉菌能够产生紫杉醇-7-木糖苷酶,为7-XDT转化生产紫杉醇提供了新的酶源。     

烟曲霉β-葡萄糖苷酶的基因克隆、表达及酶学性质分析

探索获得优良的β-葡萄糖苷酶基因,对实现其工业化生产具有重要意义。烟曲霉Aspergillus fumigatus基因组中含有一个bgl基因(1 752 bp),编码的蛋白约65 kDa,推测为属于糖苷水解酶家族的β-葡萄糖苷酶。将bgl基因克隆并构建了重组表达载体pGEX-bgl,转化大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21(DE3),经IPTG诱导获得表达。重组蛋白经亲和层析纯化后,以七叶苷为底物进行了酶学分析,结果表明该酶的最适温度是45℃,最适pH在5.5~6.0之间,对七叶苷的Km值为17.7 mmol/L。该酶在pH 4~7范围内稳定;70℃保温2 h后仍能保持60%的活性。金属离子和化学试剂对酶活性有不同程度的影响,Ca2+对重组酶有轻微的激活作用,而SDS可强烈抑制其活性。由于其相对于真菌来源的其他葡萄糖苷酶稳定性较高,为进一步的研究与应用奠定了基础。     

Synthesis of protected peptides with the sequence 8-13-1-3 and 4-13-1-3 of mycobacillin and their analogs

We have synthesized both a protected nonapeptide of the mycobacillin 8-13-1-3 amino acid sequence and a protected tridecapeptide of the 4-13-1-3 sequence, which are a fragment and a open chain analog of this antibiotic, respectively. Some of their analogs with a reversed configuration of the amino acids at fixed positions have also been synthesized. The nonapeptides were obtained by coupling partially protected mycobacillin fragments with the sequence 8-10 and 11-13-1-3 while the tridecapeptides were synthesized by coupling partially protected fragments 4-7 and 8-13-1-3. Configuration analogs of these fragments were also used. The coupling methods applied were DCCI/HONSu or DCCI/HOBt. The purification of the synthesized peptides was achieved by means of recrystallization or column chromatography on silica gel. They were characterized mainly by m.p., degree of optical rotation, elemental and amino acid analysis.     

Dial 9-1-1 for DNA damage: the Rad9-Hus1-Rad1 (9-1-1) clamp complex

Genotoxic stress activates checkpoint signaling pathways that block cell cycle progression, trigger apoptosis, and regulate DNA repair. Studies in yeast and humans have shown that Rad9, Hus1, Rad1, and Rad17 play key roles in checkpoint activation. Three of these proteins-Rad9, Hus1, and Rad1-interact in a heterotrimeric complex (dubbed the 9-1-1 complex), which resembles a PCNA-like sliding clamp, whereas Rad17 is part of a clamp-loading complex that is related to the PCNA clamp loader, replication factor-C (RFC). In response to genotoxic damage, the 9-1-1 complex is loaded around DNA by the Rad17-containing clamp loader. The DNA-bound 9-1-1 complex then facilitates ATR-mediated phosphorylation and activation of Chk1, a protein kinase that regulates S-phase progression, G2/M arrest, and replication fork stabilization. In addition to its role in checkpoint activation, accumulating evidence suggests that the 9-1-1 complex also participates in DNA repair. Taken together, these findings suggest that the 9-1-1 clamp is a multifunctional complex that is loaded onto DNA at sites of damage, where it coordinates checkpoint activation and DNA repair.     

Intraspecific interactions in Arabidopsis thaliana and the stomatal mutants tmm1-1 and sdd1-2

Competition is a major density-dependent factor structuring plant populations and communities in both natural and agricultural systems. Seedlings of the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana cv. Columbia, and the Columbia-derived stomatal mutants sdd1 and tmm1, were grown under controlled conditions at increasing densities of 1, 10, 20, and 50 plants per pot. We demonstrate significant effects of time (days after planting), density, genotype, density and genotype, and the three-way interaction with time upon several fitness components (plant height, silique number, leaf biomass and flowering stalk biomass) in Columbia and these mutants.     

A general method for the isolation of haptoglobin 1-1, 2-1, and 2-2 from human plasma

A general method for the isolation of haptoglobin 1-1, 2-1, and 2-2 human plasma is described. Plasma is fractionated by affinity chromatography on chicken hemoglobin-Sepharose using the full capacity of the column; then after washing the column thoroughly, haptoglobin is eluted with 8 M urea and the eluate is collected in fractions to separate active and denatured haptoglobin. The urea-free, active fractions of haptoglobin are fractionated by affinity chromatography on Affi-Gel Con A to remove nonglycoproteins, principally apolipoprotein A-I, and the haptoglobin is eluted with 0.5 M glucose. Then the haptoglobin-containing fractions are fractionated by negative immunoadsorption chromatography on anti-chicken hemoglobin-protein A-Sepharose to remove chicken hemoglobin-human haptoglobin complexes. Haptoglobin prepared by this three-step procedure is biologically active and nearly homogeneous. The recovery is approximately 70%, irrespective of phenotype. The procedure can be completed in 3 days. A partial purification of apolipoprotein A-I is obtained simultaneously by this method.     

Resolution and adrenergic activities of the optical isomers of 4-[1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazole.

Recently we synthesized a naphthalene analog of medetomidine, 4-[1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazole hydrochloride (1), and found it to be highly potent in adrenergic systems. The separation of optical isomers of this naphthalene analog was achieved by using the isomers of tartaric acid. The optical purities of the isomers were determined by HPLC using a chiral column. Using X-ray analysis the (+)-isomer was determined to have the S absolute configuration. It has been reported that the (+)-isomer of medetomidine (2) is the most potent enantiomer on alpha 2-adrenergic receptors. There were both qualitative and quantitative differences in biological activities of the optical isomers of 1 in alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic receptor systems of guinea pig ileum and human platelets. (+)-(S)-1, but not (-)-(R)-1 was a selective agonist of alpha 2-mediated responses in ileum whereas (-)-(R)-1 was more potent than (+)-(S)-1 as an inhibitor of alpha 2-mediated platelet aggregation.     

Characterization of Chrysanthemum ClSOC1-1 and ClSOC1-2, homologous genes of SOC1

The MADS-box gene SOC1/TM3 (SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1/ Tomato MADS-box gene 3) is a main integrator in the Arabidopsis flowering pathway; its structure and function are highly conserved in many plant species. SOC1-like genes have been isolated in chrysanthemum, one of the most well-known ornamental plants, but it has not been well characterized thus far. We isolated and characterized ClSOC1-1 and ClSOC1-2, two putative orthologs of Arabidopsis SOC1, from the wild diploid chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium, to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of flowering time control in chrysanthemum. Expression analysis indicated that ClSOC1-1 and ClSOC1-2 were expressed in all examined organs/tissues (leaves, shoot apices, petioles, stems and roots) with different expression levels, and with high expression in the shoot apices and leaves during the early stage of floral transition. The expression levels of ClSOC1-1 and ClSOC1-2 in the shoot apices increased at different developmental stages with the highest expression levels after 7 days of short-day treatment. Overexpression of ClSOC1-1 and ClSOC1-2 in wild-type Arabidopsis resulted in early flowering, which was coupled with the upregulation of one of the flowering promoter genes LEAFY. Our results suggested that the ClSOC1-1 and ClSOC1-2 genes play an evolutionarily conserved role in promoting flowering in Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium and could serve as a vital target for the genetic manipulation of flowering time in the chrysanthemum.     

ACTH binding to phospholipid bilayers: A 1H-NMR study of the 5-14, 1-14, and 1-24 derivatives

The interaction of the 5-14, 1-14, and 1-24 fragments of ACTH with sonicated phospholipid bilayers containing egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (EPC) either pure or mixed with 10 mole % phosphatidic acid (EPA), was investigated by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-nmr). The effects observed with zwitterionic EPC vesicles were small, indicating a low binding of the ACTH derivatives. The N-terminal aromatic resonances of the ACTH peptides were markedly broadened in the presence of negatively charged vesicles (EPC/EPA 9:1 M/M), while those of the C-terminal end were barely affected, showing that ACTH interacts with its N-terminal fragment. The choline resonance of the EPC molecules of the outer monolayer was shifted and broadened upon ACTH binding to the lipid vesicles, while that of the inner layer was not affected, suggesting that the peptide molecules interact only with the external leaflet of the lipid bilayer. The C²H and C⁴H resonances of the histidine-6 side chain were both shifted downfield upon peptide binding to the negatively charged lipid interface. In the case of the 1–24 derivative, these resonances were also split into two signals reflecting two different species of membrane-bound ACTH 1–24. Analysis of the line width and chemical shift variations of the ACTH and lipid resonances observed upon peptide binding shows that the membrane-binding potency of the shorter 5–14⁺¹ fragment, which presents a +1 net charge, is roughly similar to that of the highly cationic 1–24⁺⁶ (net charge +6) derivative, implying that the 15–24⁺⁵ segment is not essential for membrane binding. The nmr measurements at a fixed lipid-to-peptide ratio in the presence of increasing amounts of spin-labeled lipids demonstrate that the N-terminal fragment of ACTH does not penetrate the hydrophobic core of the bilayer, and should lie parallel to the membrane surface. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 42: 731–744, 1997     

RHINO forms a stoichiometric complex with the 9-1-1 checkpoint clamp and mediates ATR-Chk1 signaling

The ATR-Chk1 signaling pathway mediates cellular responses to DNA damage and replication stress and is composed of a number of core factors that are conserved throughout eukaryotic organisms. However, humans and other higher eukaryotic species possess additional factors that are implicated in the regulation of this signaling network but that have not been extensively studied. Here we show that RHINO (for Rad9, Rad1, Hus1 interacting nuclear orphan) forms complexes with both the 9-1-1 checkpoint clamp and TopBP1 in human cells even in the absence of treatments with DNA damaging agents via direct interactions with the Rad9 and Rad1 subunits of the 9-1-1 checkpoint clamp and with the ATR kinase activator TopBP1. The interaction of RHINO with 9-1-1 was of sufficient affinity to allow for the purification of a stable heterotetrameric RHINO-Rad9-Hus1-Rad1 complex in vitro. In human cells, a portion of RHINO localizes to chromatin in the absence of DNA damage, and this association is enriched following UV irradiation. Furthermore, we find that the tethering of a Lac Repressor (LacR)-RHINO fusion protein to LacO repeats in chromatin of mammalian cells induces Chk1 phosphorylation in a Rad9- and Claspin-dependent manner. Lastly, the loss of RHINO partially abrogates ATR-Chk1 signaling following UV irradiation without impacting the interaction of the 9-1-1 clamp with TopBP1 or the loading of 9-1-1 onto chromatin. We conclude that RHINO is a bona fide regulator of ATR-Chk1 signaling in mammalian cells.