应用寄生蜂和不育雄虫防控田间橘小实蝇

食品安全已成为当今社会广受关注的问题。尽管国内的一些学者就阿里山潜蝇茧蜂[Fopius arisanus(Sonan)]和橘小实蝇SIT技术分别开展了不同程度的研究,然而关于应用该蜂和不育雄虫对橘小实蝇[Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)]进行田间联合防治的研究还未见相关报道。为此,为探讨天敌昆虫和雄性不育技术对橘小实蝇的田间综合治理(IPM)技术,开展了阿里山潜蝇茧蜂和橘小实蝇不育雄虫的田间释放试验:首先应用性引诱剂降低田间野生雄虫数量;而后,释放橘小实蝇不育雄虫,进一步降低田间橘小实蝇种群数量;最后,释放阿里山潜蝇茧蜂对田间残余的橘小实蝇卵进行追踪寄生,以达到持续控制的目的。通过监测整个防控期田间橘小实蝇的种群数量以及果实受害率和防治效果作为评价指标评价该防治方法的综合防治效果。结果表明:应用阿里山潜蝇茧蜂、橘小实蝇不育雄虫并配合引诱剂的综合措施对橘小实蝇的种群数量有明显控制作用,田间总体防治效果可达90%左右。此外,提出完善橘小实蝇田间防控措施的建议,并提出该研究的不足以及有待进一步开展研究的方向。     

阿里山潜蝇茧蜂对橘小实蝇卵的寄生效能

在温度25℃、相对湿度75%、光周期L∶D=12∶12的条件下,研究了阿里山潜蝇茧蜂对橘小实蝇卵的寄生效能。结果表明:橘小实蝇卵的密度变化对阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的寄生作用有很大影响,可用功能反应模型HollingⅡ型模拟,其模拟方程为Na=0.9082N0/(1 0.0046N0);阿里山潜蝇茧蜂成虫的自身密度对寄生作用也有较大影响,可用Hassell-Varley模型模拟,其模拟方程为α=0.2858P-0.3448。     

橘小实蝇一种重要的寄生蜂-凡氏费氏茧蜂

橘小实蝇寄生蜂凡氏费氏茧蜂Fopius vandenboschi（Fullaway）隶属膜翅目小茧蜂科潜蝇茧蜂亚科,是田间控制橘小实蝇的优势蜂种,在国外田间控制橘小实蝇已获得巨大成功,而国内应用寄生蜂田间控制橘小实蝇尚属空白。本研究室在研究中发现田间已有凡氏费氏茧蜂F.vandenbosch定殖,并室内繁殖成功。本文详细地描述了该寄生蜂的特征,旨在为田间应用奠定基础。     

长尾潜蝇茧蜂对橘小实蝇幼虫的寄生效能

以橘小实蝇幼虫为寄主,在(25±1)℃,RH(70±10)%,光照周期14L∶10D的条件下,研究了在不同密度的寄生蜂与寄主条件下的长尾潜蝇茧蜂寄生效能。结果表明:不同密度的橘小实蝇幼虫对长尾潜蝇茧蜂的寄生作用有明显的影响,其寄生效应符合功能反应模型HollingⅡ型,方程为Na=0.7291No/(1 0.02362No)。长尾潜蝇茧蜂自身密度对寄生作用也存在干扰效应,用Hassell-Varley模型可表示为a=0.1993P-0.2966。     

橘小实蝇寄生蜂切割潜蝇茧蜂的人工繁殖技术

切割潜蝇茧蜂[Psyttalia incisi(S ilvestri)]是福建疫区寄生于橘小实蝇[Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)]幼虫—蛹期的重要本地寄生蜂。利用室内大量繁殖的橘小实蝇幼虫作为寄主,在室内条件下对其进行人工繁殖技术研究,并设计了人工繁蜂的质量控制和工艺流程。旨在将来提供足够数量的寄生蜂来满足田间放蜂的需要,尽早实现对橘小实蝇的持续、有效地治理。     

基于CiteSpace的国内实蝇科寄生蜂研究可视化分析

为了全面客观地了解近国内实蝇科寄生蜂的研究现状和发展脉络,为从事该科昆虫研究和利用的学者与决策者提供数据参考,本文从文献计量学角度,利用可视化分析工具CiteSpace,从发文时间、数量、作者、机构、关键词的共现和聚类、研究演进等角度,分析了国内实蝇科寄生蜂在CNKI数据库中的文献情况。经CiteSpace分析发现,作者群体中陈家骅贡献量最大、中心度最高;研究机构中福建农林大学发文量最多。从关键词共现分析可知实蝇科寄生蜂研究的高频关键词为橘小实蝇、阿里山潜蝇茧蜂、寄生蜂;经关键词聚类发现实蝇科寄生蜂研究可聚类为阿里山潜蝇茧蜂、体型大小、切割潜蝇茧蜂、养殖方法、瓜实蝇5个方向。并通过关键词时间序列的可视化展示,直观地了解国内实蝇科寄生蜂研究的发展脉络。     

布氏潜蝇茧蜂对橘小实蝇幼虫寄生作用的研究

在试验室条件下研究了布氏潜蝇茧蜂Fopius vandenboschi(Fullaway)的寄生习性。结果表明:该寄生蜂嗜好寄生低龄的橘小实蝇幼虫;橘小实蝇幼虫的密度对布氏潜蝇茧蜂的寄生有明显的影响;被寄生的幼虫数随寄主自身密度的增加而增加,当寄主幼虫密度达每果片30只以上时,寄生数量的增加幅度就趋于下降,用Holling圆盘方程模拟为Na=0.9051N/(1 0.0163N)。此外,布氏潜蝇茧蜂的自身密度对寄生作用也有影响,随着寄生蜂数量的增加,寄生蜂的发现域逐渐变小,用Hassell-Varley方程表示为α=0.4655P-0.5807。     

阿里山潜蝇茧蜂Fopius arisanus的发育起点温度和有效积温

对橘小实蝇卵寄生蜂阿里山潜蝇茧蜂Fopius arisanus(Sonan)的发育起点温度和有效积温进行了研究。结果表明,阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的卵、幼虫、蛹、雌成虫、雄成虫和世代的发育起点温度分别为9.7、8.8、8.5、8.7、8.7和9.3℃;有效积温分别为25.2.200.2、133.6、344.4、242.8和440.2日度。在19-31℃之间,阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短。     

阿里山潜蝇茧蜂对橘小实蝇危害诱导水果挥发物的行为反应及主要成分分析

为明确寄主植物挥发物在阿里山潜蝇茧蜂Fopius arisanus Sonan生境定位,寄主或食物搜寻等过程中的作用,采用Y型嗅觉仪测定了阿里山潜蝇茧蜂性成熟雌蜂对健康、虫害诱导及人为损伤的橙子、香蕉、西红柿的行为反应,并用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析鉴定受染前后的番石榴、橙子、香蕉和番茄挥发物成分。结果表明:健康的、橘小实蝇危害和机械损害的香蕉、橙子对阿里山潜蝇茧蜂性成熟雌蜂均产生显著的引诱作用,受染橙子引诱到寄生蜂的数量显著高于健康橙子,其他组对于水果气味的选择并无显著性差异,并且阿里山潜蝇茧蜂雌成蜂对虫害诱导水果的选择反应与为害时间密切相关。4种不同水果挥发物成分种类多样,相对含量及其比例差异较大。橘小实蝇为害后诱导水果新产生了乙酸叶醇酯、反-法呢烯、β-罗勒烯、苯甲醛、顺-罗汉柏烯、柏木脑、辛酸乙酯、辛酸甲酯、十四烷、十五烷和二十烷。芳樟醇和β-月桂烯在受染橙子的释放具有滞后性,分别在橙子受染后第2天和第3天才被检测到,并且相对含量逐渐上升。上述结果为研究水果挥发物调控阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的行为反应,提高其生物防治效果奠定基础。     

寄主对蝇蛹俑小蜂发育及寄生效能的影响

【背景】蝇蛹俑小蜂是蝇类害虫蛹期重要的寄生蜂,该蜂可寄生家蝇、瓜实蝇、橘小实蝇和南瓜实蝇等多种蝇类害虫。研究蝇蛹俑小蜂对寄主的选择性及在不同寄主上的发育情况有助于该寄生蜂的扩繁和利用。【方法】在温度(26±1)℃、相对湿度(70±5)%,光周期L∶D=14 h∶10 h的条件下,研究了蝇蛹俑小蜂对瓜实蝇蛹、南瓜实蝇蛹和橘小实蝇蛹的寄生率及子代蜂发育、寿命的影响。【结果】蝇蛹俑小蜂在瓜实蝇蛹、橘小实蝇蛹和南瓜实蝇蛹上均能产卵并发育至成虫,其对瓜实蝇蛹的选择系数和寄生率分别为0.37和55.33%,显著高于其对另外2种实蝇蛹。在非选择条件下,蝇蛹俑小蜂在瓜实蝇蛹上的出蜂量最高,发育历期最短。在同一寄主条件下,蝇蛹俑小蜂雌蜂的发育历期、寿命显著较雄蜂的长,雌蜂的质量显著大于雄蜂。【结论与意义】蝇蛹俑小蜂可用于瓜实蝇的防治,瓜实蝇蛹是扩繁蝇蛹俑小蜂的理想寄主。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.