甘薯块根生长及其淀粉体发育过程的解剖结构特征

为了探明甘薯块根的生长及其淀粉体的发育规律,该试验以甘薯品种‘徐薯22’为材料,采用树脂半薄切片等方法对甘薯块根的生长及其淀粉体的发育进行观察研究。结果表明:(1)甘薯块根完成初生生长的时间短,块根初生结构由表皮、皮层和中柱构成,块根横截面上皮层所占比例比中柱大。(2)甘薯移栽后10 d块根开始次生生长,次生生长形成维管形成层和木栓形成层;随着块根次生生长,位于次生木质部分散导管周围的薄壁细胞脱分化,通过平周分裂产生副形成层;维管形成层、木栓形成层和副形成层的共同作用使块根快速膨大。(3)淀粉体在块根进入次生生长时首先在皮层细胞产生,随后大量出现在次生生长产生的薄壁细胞中,块根中淀粉体的发生及发育总体上表现出由外向内的顺序。(4)块根薄壁细胞中的淀粉粒有单粒和复粒两种类型;块根生长早期,薄壁细胞中主要以复粒淀粉为主,生长后期主要以单粒淀粉为主;块根生长过程中,包含复粒淀粉的淀粉体可通过分裂形成包含单粒淀粉的淀粉体。(5)淀粉可在块根生长的整个时期积累,其中以块根生长中期积累速度最快。     

超干贮藏榆树种子萌发过程中ATP和可溶性糖含量的变化

经过超干（种子含水量3．73％）贮藏（普通室温下2个月）的榆树种子萌发过程中ATP与可溶性糖含量和ATP酶,淀粉酶,抗氧化酶的活性都高于对照（种子含水量9．34％,普通室温下贮藏）,说明适度的超干贮藏有利于保持种子活力。     

超干贮藏榆树种子萌发过程中ATP和可溶性糖含量的变化

经过超干(种子含水量3.73%)贮藏(普通室温下2个月)的榆树种子萌发过程中ATP与可溶性糖含量和ATP酶、淀粉酶、抗氧化酶的活性都高于对照(种子含水量9.34%,普通室温下贮臧),说明适度的超干贮藏有利于保持种子活力.     

玉米杂种优势与杂交后胚中ATP酶活性和RNA酶活性及蛋白质含量的关系

通过对若干个玉米杂交及其亲本自交授粉后1天、3天、7天、10天胚中ATP酶活性、RNA酶活性及蛋白质变化的比较来探讨杂种优势产生的生化机理。结果表明,30个组合的玉米授粉后一天,有90%组合杂交胚中ATP酶活性超过双亲或母本自交胚中ATP酶活性。授粉后3天杂交胚中ATP酶活性多数低于双亲自交胚中的ATP酶活性,看来这一表现与自交授粉后胚中合子细胞分裂较迟缓有关。以上四个时期授粉后,杂交胚中RNA酶活性介于双亲之间或低于双亲,这可能与杂交胚中核酸分解的速度较慢有关。杂交胚中蛋白质含量变化不同时期各组合间表现不同,杂交后胚胎发育初期胚中蛋白质的变化不一定是总的数量的增加,而是某些蛋白质或酶的变化。     

脑室注射5-HT对应激后胃粘膜中ATP酶活性及ATP和ADP含量的影响

中枢5-羟色胺(5-HT)可通过兴奋下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴加重大鼠冷冻加束缚应激性溃疡。本工作进一步观察了脑室注射5-HT对胃粘膜代谢的影响及其与甲状腺激素的关系。应激180min大鼠的胃粘膜ATP酶的活性较非应激发对照鼠升高42.6％;如应激前10min向侧脑室注射5-HT50μg或腹腔注射四碘甲腺原氨酸(T_4)200μg/kg,均匀进一步提高应激后胃粘膜ATP酶的活性。在侧脑室注射5-HT后应激180min的鼠,血浆三碘甲腺原氨酸(T_3)和T_4水平均与胃粘膜ATP酶的活性呈明显的正相关关系。用高效液相层析测定观察到,应激鼠胃粘膜ATP和ADP水平均明显低于非应激鼠,分别为非应激鼠的70.3％和76.8％。腹腔注射T_4进一步减少应激后胃粘膜ATP和ADP的水平。这些结果提示,中枢5-HT可能通过甲状腺激素提高胃粘膜ATP酶的活性,使ATP和ADP含量下降,这可能与其加重溃疡的机制有关。     

杂交水稻及其亲本光合特性的研究Ⅱ.功能叶片的希尔反应、光合磷酸化、ATP酶活性和ATP含量

研究了杂交水稻青优159（母本青A,父本R159）和广优四号（母本广A,父本青六矮）及其亲本功能叶片的希尔反应活性、光合磷酸化、ATP含量及ATP酶活性等。实验结果表明了两组杂交水稻功能叶片的希尔反应活性高于其亲本,其超亲优势分别为13．44％、13、93％,平均优势分别为26．44％、1774％;功能叶片的光合磷酸化活性亦有杂种优势,其超亲优势分别为21．35％、18．81％,平均优势分别为34．06％、22．71％;杂种F1的两种ATP酶（Cd －ATP酶和Mg －ATP酶）活性和叶组织中ATP含量均高于其亲本,亦表现出明显的杂种优势。另外从我们的试验结果中还可以见到,希尔反应活性、光合磷酸化活性、ATP酶活性及ATP含量与光合速率的大小有密切的正相关关系,说明这些生理生化特性可以作为高光合速率杂交水稻鉴别的指标。     

荔枝和龙眼种子发育过程中ABA含量及对源ABA敏感性的变化

在荔枝和龙眼种子发育过程中,内源ＡＢＡ水平先是上升,至大约７８－８０ＤＰＡ时出现高峰,之后两者ＡＢＡ含量均不断下降。果实成熟时采收的种子,ＡＢＡ含量比高峰时分别下降近６倍。另外,随着种子的发育,种子及其胚轴对外源ＡＢＡ的敏感性亦持续下降,１０＾－４ｍｏｌ／ＬＡＢＡ可以完全抑制９０ＤＰＡ前的荔枝和龙眼种子的萌发,但对成熟种子１０＾－２ｍｏｌ／ＬＡＢＡ亦不能抑制萌发。龙眼种子离体胚轴的ＳＡＢＡ高于荔枝     

在耐热性诱导中豌豆叶片过氧化氢和水杨酸含量与质膜ATP酶活性的变化及相互关系

在高温锻炼(37℃,2h)过程中,豌豆(Pisum sativum L.)叶片过氧化氢(H_2O_2)和游离态水杨酸(SA)含量与质膜ATP酶(H~ -ATPase)活性都有一个高峰,H_2O_2的迸发早于游离态SA的积累,而质膜H~ -ATPase活性高峰的出现则迟于SA高峰;活性氧清除剂、抗氧化剂、质膜NADPH氧化酶抑制剂和H_2O_2的淬灭剂预处理均可有效地阻止高温下H_2O_2和SA的积累以及质膜H~ -ATPase活性的增加。根据以上结果推测,H_2O_2、质膜H~ -ATPase和SA均参与耐热性诱导相关的信号传递,前者作用于SA的上游,而后者在SA下游起作用。     

低温条件下ABA和钨酸钠对茶树叶片中渗透调节物质含量及抗氧化酶活性的影响

为探讨外源脱落酸( ABA)及其抑制剂钨酸钠对茶树﹝Camellia sinensis ( Linn.) O. Ktze.﹞耐寒性的影响效应,以茶树品种‘龙井43’(‘Longjing 43’)的2年生幼苗为实验材料,在低温(4℃)条件下分别设置50 mg·L-1 ABA和20 mmol·L-1钨酸钠单一及复合处理共6个处理组( T1：仅喷施蒸馏水,对照;T2：仅喷施ABA;T3：仅喷施钨酸钠;T4：同时喷施ABA和钨酸钠; T5：0 h时喷施ABA,24 h时喷施钨酸钠; T6：0 h时喷施钨酸钠,24 h时喷施ABA),对处理0~72 h叶片中渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性的变化进行了比较分析。结果显示：低温条件下,各处理组幼苗叶片中可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量以及超氧化物歧化酶( SOD)、过氧化氢酶( CAT)和过氧化物酶( POD)活性均在处理初期逐渐升高,之后各指标的变化趋势存在差异。在处理的中后期,除T4处理组的游离脯氨酸含量低于对照组外,各处理组的可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量总体上显著高于对照组;T2处理组的SOD、CAT和POD活性均显著高于对照组,而T3处理组仅SOD活性明显高于对照组,其CAT和POD活性则低于或略高于对照组。对各单一与复合处理组的比较结果显示：T4处理组的SOD和POD活性总体上低于T2处理组,但高于T3处理组;而其CAT活性总体上低于T2和T3处理组。在处理24 h后,T5处理组的可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量以及SOD和POD活性的变化趋势与T2处理组一致;T6处理组的可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量及POD活性变化趋势与T3处理组一致,而其可溶性蛋白质含量以及SOD和CAT活性的变化趋势却与T3处理组有一定差异。上述研究结果表明：低温条件下喷施适量的ABA或钨酸钠均可以提升茶树叶片中渗透调节物质含量及抗氧化酶活性,但同时喷施ABA和钨酸钠对茶树叶片中渗透调节物质含量及抗氧化酶活性的影响却不显著。     

Root and shoot initiation by leaf,stem, and storage root explants of sweet potato

Explants from stem, leaf, and storage root tissue of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) cv. Jewel, were placed on media conaining 0.1, 1.0, and 10 mg/1NAA with 0.1, 1.0, or 10 mg/1BA in a factorial experiment. Some callus formed in every treatment, but the best callus growth was on media containing 1.0 mg/1NAA and 10 mg/1BA. Roots formed over a range of treatments but were most prolific on the medium containing 1.0 mg/1NAA and 0.1 mg/1BA. Some de novo formed roots subsequently produced shoot buds in culture. Shoot formation increased the longer the original explants remained in culture without subculture. Roots could be subcultured indefinitely on agar solidified medium, but shoot regeneration did not occur after two subcultures. Shoot formation was greatest when the roots were subcultured on medium containing 1.0 mg/NAA and 0.1 mg/1BA. The cultivar Caromex followed the same regeneration pathway, but the number of shoots formed was considerably less. Regeneration in both Jewel and Caromex explants was enhanced by light.Paper No. 8292 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC. The use of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service of products named, nor criticism of similar ones not mentioned.This work was done as a partial requirement for the M.S. degree at North Carolina State University.     

Isolation of Functional RNA from Periderm Tissue of Potato Tubers and Sweet Potato Storage Roots

A reliable and efficient protocol is given for the isolation of mRNA from the periderm of potato tubers and sweet potato storage roots. The method relies on a urea-based lysis buffer and lithium chloride to concentrate total RNA away from most of the cytoplasmic components and to prevent oxidation of phenolic complexes. To enhance the physical separation of the RNA from other macromolecular components, the RNA fraction was incubated in the presence of the cationic surfactant Catrimox-14. Poly(A)⁺ mRNA was separated from total RNA and other contaminants by using Promega's MagneSphere technology. The mRNA was suitable for cDNA library construction and RNA fingerprinting.     

鸡胚脑细胞磷脂和能量代谢的模拟微重力生物效应的31P-NMR谱研究

利用31P-NMR方法对回转器旋转的鸡胚脑细胞内磷酸单脂(PME)、磷酸双脂(PDE)及ATP和pH值进行了定量分析, 以研究对脑细胞磷脂代谢及能量代谢的模拟微重力生物效应. 实验结果显示出: 对E13鸡胚旋转24 h引起了ATP和PME及pH值水平的显著性升高. E15鸡胚经24 h旋转对脑细胞磷脂代谢及能量代谢产生类似影响, 但皆未达显著性差异水平. 还利用孔雀石绿方法测量旋转对鸡胚脑细胞 ATPase活性的影响. 从实验结果观察到: E13和E15鸡胚经24 h的旋转引起了ATPase活性的显著下降, 前者比后者更敏感. 停止旋转24 h后, 鸡胚脑细胞所出现的上述变化, 除ATP仍然高于对照外, 其他指标皆可以恢复.     

Characterization of major proteins in sweet potato tuberous roots

The tuberous roots, but not other organs, of sweet potato contained large quantities of two proteins which accounted for more than 80% of the total proteins. The two proteins, tentatively named sporamins A and B, were monomeric forms with similar M,s (25 000). They were separated from each other by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels in a non-denaturing buffer or a buffer containing sodium dodecyl sulphate without being reduced by dithiothreitol. They were very similar to each other with respect to amino acid composition, peptide map and immunological properties. These proteins decreased in preference to other proteins during sprouting. The amino acid sequencing of the amino terminal part of sporamin A suggested that it consists of at least two molecular species with different combinations of a few amino acids.     

Purification and some properties of starch branching enzyme (Q-enzyme) from tuberous root of sweet potato

The pattern of isoforms of starch branching enzyme II or Q-enzyme II in the tuberous root of sweet potato was distinct from those of other organs; altogether 7 isoforms of QEII were contained in the sweet potato plant. The QEIIf isoform, one of the two major QEII isoforms in the tuberous root, was purified to homogeneity by using a variety of HPLC columns. The purified QEIIf was a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of about 85 kDa. Western blot analysis showed that the polyclonal antibodies raised against the purified QEIIf was significantly reactive to the rice endosperm QEI, but not to the rice endosperm QEIIa. Furthermore, the sweet potato QEIIf reacted with the antiserum raised against the rice endosperm QEI, but not with that against the rice endosperm QEIIa. The results suggest that the sweet potato QEIIf is more similar to the rice endosperm QEI than to the rice endosperm QEIIa.     

细胞和分子技术在甘薯茎线虫病抗病育种中的应用

甘薯茎线虫病是我国北方甘薯薯区的重要病害之一。为进一步研究甘薯茎线虫病育种中线虫和甘薯的抗感关系,利用细胞培养技术建立发根农杆菌转化甘薯发根,用该发根培养马铃薯腐烂线虫,构建植物寄生线虫培养和抗性鉴定的技术平台;用聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)分子标记技术筛选甘薯茎线虫病抗感品种的分子标记,并对发根培养马铃薯腐烂线虫体系和分子标记辅助选择抗甘薯茎线虫病品种技术进行了展望。