秋水仙碱诱导亚麻四倍体的技术研究

以双亚7号成熟种子为材料,利用秋水仙碱浸泡亚麻种子后进行无菌培养来诱导多倍体。方法是将种子消毒后在培养皿中萌动处理后,利用秋水仙碱处理来诱导多倍体。结果表明:种子在水中萌动时间为36 h,秋水仙碱溶液处理浓度为0.075%,处理时间为24 h,变异率为40.7%。通过对外部形态的观察发现四倍体的茎比二倍体的粗壮,叶片较二倍体厚,颜色较二倍体稍深,表面较二倍体略显粗糙,通过生根后对根的观察发现四倍体的根较二倍体的粗壮,根条数比二倍体的要少。     

田埂报春多倍体诱导及其形态学研究

在离体培养条件下,比较不同浓度、不同处理时间的秋水仙素对田埂报春进行染色体加倍的诱导效果。结果表明:0.08%秋水仙素处理48h的诱变效果最佳,诱变率高达56%。经秋水仙素诱导后形成的多倍体植株与原二倍体植株比较,在形态上,四倍体植株表现出多倍体特征,叶片变厚,叶形指数减小,保卫细胞增大,单位面积气孔数减少,叶绿体数明显增多。对变异植株进行细胞学研究发现,体细胞中期染色体数目为2n=4x=36,而原二倍体的染色体数目为2n=2x=18,基数x=9,因此,变异植株(2n=4x=36)为四倍体。前者的核型公式为2n=4x=8L+12M2+4M1+12S,核型属于1A;后者的核型公式为2n=2x=4L+6M2+2M1+6S,核型也属于1A。检测发现少数个体有非整倍体变异。     

中国桔梗多倍体诱导与鉴定

在离体培养条件下,比较了不同浓度、不同处理时间的秋水仙素对中国桔梗（Platycodon grandiflorus A．CD）进行染色体加倍的诱导效果。结果表明：用含0．1％秋水仙素处理40h后诱导频率可达50％,诱导效果最佳。经秋水仙素诱导后形成的多倍体植株与原二倍体植株比较,在形态上,多倍植株叶片变宽变大,叶色变深,茎变粗且节距长,气孔增大而单位叶面积气孔数目减少。对变异植株进行细胞学研究发现,体细胞中期染色体数目为2n=4x=36,而原二倍体的染色体数目为2n=2x=18,基数x=9,因此,变异植株（2n=4x=36）为四倍体。前者的核型公式为2n=4x=14m＋20sm＋2st,核型属于2B;后者的核型公式为2n=2x=7m＋10sm＋1st,核型也属于2B。检测发现有少数个体有非整倍体变异。     

亚铁杂交百合红芯Fangio的染色体与其加倍方法研究

对亚铁杂交百合红芯Fangio,进行了染色体数目、花粉母细胞减数分裂行为和染色体核型研究,结果表明：红芯为三倍体,染色体数为2n=3x=36;花粉母细胞减数分裂异常;染色体组成为：R(2n)=3x= R(2n)=3x=12m(SAT)+3sm+3sm(SAT)+12st+3st(SAT)+3t,在第2、4、8、9、10、12染色体上有随体,其核型分类属于3B 型。用不同浓度秋水仙素对其试管苗和鳞片处理不同时间,均对诱导红芯百合染色体加倍有效,最高变异率达20%以上,部分变异苗为六倍体。     

扁茎黄芪同源四倍体的诱导

以扁茎黄芪的干燥成熟种子为试验材料,用0．1％、0．3％和0．5％的秋水仙碱溶液分别浸泡种子24h、48h、72h和96h来诱导同源四倍体,并对诱导处理后获得的再生植株进行染色体鉴定,得出以0．3％秋水仙碱溶液浸泡72h为诱导同源四倍体的最佳处理组合。     

库拉索芦荟的多倍体诱导及其变异初报

在组织培养条件下,对库拉索芦荟（Aloe vera L.)用秋水仙素进行染色体加倍的诱导处理,结果表明：用含0.06%秋水仙素处理12h后诱变频率可达50％,其效果最佳。经秋水仙素诱导的加倍群体与正常二倍体植株比较,植株的大多数叶片变厚,叶色变深,叶片变大,气孔增大而单位叶面积气孔数减少。对变异材料进行细胞学研究所发现,体细胞中期染色体为2n=4x=28,为4倍体。未加倍前的二倍体为2n=2x=14。检测中也发现有少数植株有2n=14和2n=28两种细胞型的情况。     

秋水仙素诱导川贝母(Fritillaria cirrhosa D.Don)愈伤组织多倍体的研究

应用组织培养技术对川贝母（Fritillaria cirrhosaD.Don)进行多倍体诱导。结果表明：组织培养条件下,将川贝母愈伤口组织在培养基中添加一定浓度的和为水仙素处理一段时间,或者经一定浓度的和为水仙素浸泡一段时间后再培养,均可诱发川贝母多倍体的产生,但以前者效果较好。在秋水仙素浓度为1000mg/L。处理5d的条件下,诱导率最高达70%。细胞染色体鉴定结果为：四倍体染色体数为2n=4x=48,而二倍体的染色体数为2n=2x=24。     

甜叶菊同源四倍体离体诱导及鉴定

用不同浓度秋水仙素溶液处理甜叶菊不定芽,诱导同源四倍体,并进行解剖学、染色体鉴定和流式细胞仪鉴定倍性。结果表明:(1)用0.20%的秋水仙素溶液浸泡甜叶菊不定芽12h,同源四倍体诱导率最高,可达32.14%。(2)同源四倍体植株与二倍体(对照)相比,其气孔、叶片等均表现巨大性,且叶片变厚、叶色浓绿、叶片皱缩。(3)对照植株染色体2n=2x=22,四倍体植株染色体2n=4x=44;流式细胞仪倍性鉴定结果显示,对照DNA相对含量为100,四倍体DNA相对含量为200。(4)该研究共鉴定出48株甜叶菊同源四倍体植株,为进行倍性植株的诱导奠定了技术基础,为进一步开展甜叶菊同源四倍体新品种的选育提供了实验材料。     

离体条件下2种除草剂诱导泸定百合多倍体的比较研究

在离体条件下,以野生泸定百合(Lilium sargentiae)不定芽(2n=2x=24)为材料,以无菌水(CK)和秋水仙素为对照,分别用不同浓度(100、200、300μmol/L)除草剂(氟乐灵、二甲戊灵)溶液分别浸泡(12h、24h、36h)处理,通过根尖细胞染色体数和叶片下表皮保卫细胞及叶片形态特征观察,比较2种除草剂不同浓度及不同处理时间对泸定百合多倍体诱导的效果。结果表明:300μmol/L二甲戊灵浸泡36h,变异率达30.0%,200μmol/L氟乐灵浸泡36h,变异率达32.2%,但2种诱变剂处理后材料诱导变异和存活率的差异不显著。对变异材料通过细胞学鉴定,发现2种诱变剂均能够诱导出四倍体泸定百合,但与秋水仙素处理相比,2种诱变剂处理时间短,材料死亡率低,变异率较高,而且对人畜伤害小,成本低;此外,与二倍体植株相比,四倍体植株的叶片气孔显著增大、气孔密度显著降低。研究认为,除草剂二甲戊灵和氟乐灵可作为秋水仙素诱导多倍体的替代品,而且叶片气孔大小可作为初步快速检测多倍体的有效指标。     

野生南荻与芒杂种多倍体诱导研究

用不同浓度秋水仙素处理野生南荻×芒(Miscanthus lutarioriparia×Miscanthus sinensis)远缘杂交后代以诱导产生多倍体,并对变异株进行形态学和细胞学鉴定,以期获得稳定的四倍体植株并分析其生理特性。结果表明:(1)采用秋水仙素加入培养基处理法和秋水仙素溶液浸泡处理法都可获得一定频率的多倍体植株;胚性愈伤组织以0.2%秋水仙素浸泡处理48h的诱变效果较好,四倍体诱导率达8.7%;芽在0.05%秋水仙素培养基中处理15d较好,四倍体诱导率达10.6%;生根苗在0.1%秋水仙素培养基中处理10d较好,四倍体诱导率达11.1%。(2)经体细胞染色体计数,加倍植株染色体数为2n=4x=76,对照植株的染色体数目为2n=2x=38。(3)生长2年的多倍体植株形态、叶片大小、茎粗、茎壁厚、节间等性状表现出巨大性和超亲优势。     

三裂叶豚草和普通豚草的染色体核型研究

本文对产自中国东北地区和南昌市的三裂叶豚草和普通豚草进行了染色体观察与核型分析,两种豚草的染色体数目分别为２ｎ＝２４和２ｎ＝３６,与前人的报导一致,染色体核型未见到报导。     

国家一级濒危植物报春苣苔核型分析

对国家一级濒危植物报春苣苔（Primulina tabacum）进行了细胞学研究,报道了该种染色体数目,并对其核型进行分析。结果表明：分裂间期构形属棒状前染色体型,分裂前期染色体属近基型,染色体数目为2n=36,核型公式为：2n=2x=24m （1SAT）＋12sm,其核型属于2A型。     

New Chromosome Counts of Some Dicots in the Sino-Japanese Region and Their Systematics and Evolutionary Significance

New somatic chromosome numbers for nine species eight families and eight gen era in the Sino-Japanese Region are reported here as shown in Table 1. Data of six genera are previously unknown cytologically. The bearings of these new data on the systematics and evolution of the related species, genera or families are discussed as follows: (1) Platycarya strobilacea Sieb. et Zucc. (Juglandaceae). The chromosome number of this species is 2n=24, with a basic number of x=12, which deviates from 2n=32 occurred in Juglans, Carya, Pterocarya and Engelhardtia with the basic number x= 16. The Juglandaceae appears to be fundamentally paleotetraploid, with an original basic number of x = 6 in Platycarya and x-8 in the other four genera, although secondary polyploidy occurs in Carya. Based on the remarkable morphological differences between Platycarya and the rest seven genera of the family, Manning (1978) established two subfamilies: Platycaryoideae for Platycarya and Juglandoideae for the other genera. Iljinskaya (1990), however, recently established a new subfamily: Engelhardioideae for Engelhardtia. Lu (1982) points out that because of a great number of primitive characters occurring in Platycarya, the genus could not be derived from any other extant juglandaceous taxa but probably originated with the other groups from a common extinct ancestor. The present cytological data gives support to Manning′s treatment. We are also in favor of Lu′s supposition and suggest that basic aneuploid changes, both ascending and descending, from a common ancestor with the original basic number x=7, took place during the course of early evolution of the Juglandaceae and led to the origin of taxa with x=6 and 8. Subsequent polyploidy based on these diploids occurred and brought forth polyploids of relic nature today, whereas their diploid progenitors apparently have become extinct. (2) Nanocnide pilosa Migo (Urticaceae). The chromosome number of this Chinese endemic is 2n-24, with a basic number of x=12. An aneuploid series occurs in the Urticaceae, with x--13, 12, I1, 10, 9, 8, 7, etc. According to Ehrendorfer (1976), x = 14, itself being of tetraploid origin, is the original basic number of the whole Urticales, and descending aneuploid changes took place in the early stage of evolution of the Urticaceae and Cannabinaceae. In addition to Nanocnide, x= 12 also occurs in Australina, Hesperonide and Lecanthus, and partly in Chamabainia, Elatostema, Girardinia, Pouzolzia and Urtica. (3--4) Sedum sarmentosum Bunge and S. angustifolium Z. B. Hu et X. L. Huang (Crassulaceae). The former is a member of the Sino-Japanese Region, while the latter is only confined to eastern China. The chromosome number of Sedum is remarkably complex with n=4-12, 14-16…74, etc. S. angustifolium with 2n=72 of the present report is evidently a polyploid with a basic number of x =18 (9^?) Previous and present counts of S. sarmentosum show infraspecific aneupolyploidy: n = c. 36 (Uhl at al. 1972) and 2n=58 (the present report). These two species are sympatric in eastern China and are morphologically very similar, yet distinguishable from each other (Hsu et al. 1983) S. sarmentosum escaped from cultivation in the United States gardens exhibited high irregularity in meiosis (Uhl et al. 1972). Uhl (pets. comm. ) suspected strongly that it is a highly sterile hybrid. R. T. Clausen (pets. comm.) found that plants of S. sarmentosum naturalized in the American Gardens propagated by means of their long stolons and broken stem tips, and could not yield viable seeds. Hsu et al. (1983) found that some of the plants of S. sarmentosum and S. angustifolium did yield a few seeds, but other did not. These species are, therefore, by the large vegetatively apomictic. (5) Glochidion puberum (L. ) Hutch. (Euphorbiaceae). The genus Glochidion includes about 300 species, but only eigth species from the Himalayas have been studied cytologically, with n= 36 and 2n= 52, having a basic number of x= 13. The present count for the Chinese endemic G. puberum establishes the tetraploid chromosome number 2n= 64, and adds a new basic number x= 16 to the genus. (6) Orixa japonica Thunb. (Rutaceae). Orixa is a disjunct Sino-Japanese monotypic genus. Out of the 158 genera of the Rutaceae, chromosome numbers of 65 genera have hitherto been investigated, of which 42 genera are with x=9 (66.61%), some with x=7, 8 and 10, and rarely with x=13, 15, 17 and 19. The present count of 2n=34 for O. japonica may have resulted from a dibasic tetraploidy of n=8+9. (7) Rhamnella franguloides (Maxim.) Weberb. (Rhamnaceae). The chromosome number of this member of the Sino-Japanese Region is 2n= 24. with a basic number of x= 12. The basic number x= 12 also occurs in Hovenia, Paliurus, Sageretia, Ceanothus and Berchemia. Hong (1990) suggested that x= 12 in Rhamnaceae may be derived from descending aneuploidy of a paleotetraploid ancestor. (8) Sinojackia xylocarpa Hu (Styracaceae). The chromosome number of this rare Chinese endemic is 2n= 24, with a basic number of x =12, which is identical with that in Halesia and Pterostyrax, but deviates from that in Styrax (x=8). The basic number x=8 in the Styracaceae may be derived from the original basic number x=7 by ascending aneuploidy in the early stage of evolution of the family, and x=12 may be derived from polyploidy. (9) Thyrocarpus glochidiatus Maxim. (Boraginaceae). The chromosome number of this Chinese endemic species is 2n=24, with a basic number of x=12. An extensive aneuploid sequence of x = 4-12 occurs in the Boraginaceae, of which x = 8, 7 and 6 are the most common. The basic number x=12 also occurs in Cynoglossum and Mertensia. It is evident that aneuploid changes, both descending and ascending, from an ancestor with x = 7, have taken place in the primary phase of evolutionary diversification of the Boraginaceae, and subsequent polyploidy has given rise to x=15, 17 and 19 in a few genera (e. g. Amsinskia and Heliotropium). The origin of x=12 is not certain. Either it be a result of ascending aneuploidy, or a product of polyploidy on the basis of x = 6. The present authors are in favorof the latter.     

Production of aneuploid melon plants following in vitro culture of seeds from a triploid x diploid cross

Aneuploid melon plants (Cucumis melo L.) were obtained from in vitro cultured seed, which were produced by crossing triploid (3x=36) x diploid (2x=24) plants. Twenty-six fruits were obtained from pollination of 29 bisexual flowers of triploid plants. Seeds were collected from the fruits at 2, 3, 4, 5 and >7 weeks after pollination and germinated in vitro on Murashige & Skoogs (MS) medium. Embryos developed from 0.6 to 1.6% of the cultured seeds after three weeks in culture. Shoots developed from 0 to 47% of embryos after transfer to half-strength MS medium. Some (0 to 50%) of elongated shoots that rooted were subcultured on the same medium. Five rooted plantlets were obtained through culture of 5,353 seeds. Four of the plants were aneuploid, with chromosome numbers of 27, 35, 45 and 46, respectively, and the one was tetraploid (4x=48).     

国产８种蜘蛛抱属植物的核型研究

首次报道了８种蜘蛛抱属植物的核型,其中６种的染色体数目为首次报道,结果如下：峨边蜘蛛抱蛋Ａ.ebianensis,2n=2x=36=18m 2sm(2sat) 16st;盈江蜘蛛抱蛋Ａ．yingjiangensis,2n=2x=36=14m 6sm(2sat) 16st;海南蜘蛛抱蛋Ａ．hainensis,2n=2x=36=20m(2sat) 14st 2t;石山蜘蛛抱蛋Ａ.saxicola,2n=2x=36=16m 4sm(2sat) 16st;要蜘蛛抱蛋白Ａ.muricata,2n=2x=36=18m 2sm(2sat) 16st);啮边蛛抱蛋Ａ.marginella,2n=2x=38=22m 4sm(2sat) 12st;西林蜘蛛抱蛋Ａ.xillinensis,2n=4x=76=48m(4sat) 2sm 26st;十字蜘蛛抱蛋A.cruciformis,2n=4x=76=46m(4sat) 12sm 18st。核型类型都为２Ｃ型。首次在中国发现了Ａ.cruciformis和A.xilinensis的野生四倍体。根据外部形态性及已有的３８种植物的核型资料分析,认为该属染色体的原始基数可能为x=18,核型向对称性增强的方向演化,其主要表现在中部着丝粒染色体数目的增多,这种演化趋似与其花部结构的进化密切相关。     

兰科11属14种植物核型分析

采用染色体压片技术对兰科（Orchidaceae）11属14种植物进行染色体数目和核型研究。结果如下：短序脆兰（Acampe papillosa）2n=2x=36m＋2sm;多花脆兰（Acampe rigida）2n=2x=32m＋6sm;窄唇蜘蛛兰（Arachnis labrosa）2n=2x=34m＋4sm;广东隔距兰（Cleisostoma simondii vat．guangdongense）2n=2x=32m＋6sm;五唇兰（Doritis pulctwrima）2n=2x=30m＋8sm;镰叶盆距兰（Gastrochilus acinacifolius）2n=2x=38m;盆距兰（Gastrochilus calceolaris）2n：2x=38m;无茎盆距兰（Gastrochilus obliquus）2n=2x=38m;白唇槽舌兰（Holcoglossum sbulifolium）2n=2x=38m;大尖囊兰（Kingidium deliciosum）2n=2x=30m＋8sm;钗子股（Luisia morsei）2n=2x=24m＋12sm＋2st;鹿角兰（Pomatocalpa spicatum）2n=2x=36m＋2sm;海南钻喙兰（Rhynchostylis gigantea）2n=2x=36m＋2sm;大叶寄树兰（Robiquetia spathulata）2n=2x=36m＋2sm。根据研究结果,对芝科植物的系统与进化进行了简要讨论。     

The effect of treatment with flunixin meglumine at different times relative to hCG administration on ovulation failure and luteal function in mares

Flunixin meglumine (FM), a prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, causes ovulatory failure in the mare. However, the effect of the FM treatment relative to the time of hCG administration on the ovulation failure has not been determined nor has its effect on the luteal function of treated mares. Estrous mares with a follicle ≥32 mm (range of 32-38 mm) were treated with 1.7 mg/kg b.w. of FM iv at zero, 12, 24 and 36 h (n=6), at 24 and 36 h (n=6), at 28 and 36 h (n=6), at 24h (n=6) or at 30 h (n=6) after treatment with 1500 IU hCG. One group received no FM (control, n=6). Progesterone concentrations were determined using RIA. Mares treated with FM 0-36 h and 24-36 h had higher (P<0.05) incidence of ovulatory failure (83 and 80%, respectively) than mares treated twice at 28 and 36 h, or once at 24 or at 30 h after hCG (16.7, 0 and 0%, respectively). The anovulatory follicles of FM treated mares luteinized and produced progesterone (>2 ng/ml). The progesterone concentration was lower in mares treated with FM at zero to 36 h and at 24-36 h after hCG than in the other groups. In conclusion, the FM administration was effective in blocking ovulation only when the treatment began ≤24 h after hCG and was continued every 12 h until ≥36 h. In addition, the FM-induced anovulatory follicles underwent luteinization of follicular cells with active production of progesterone.     

Characterization of uterine leukocyte infiltration in gilts after artificial insemination

The objective of this study was to characterize the uterine leukocyte influx after artificial insemination (AI). After detection of oestrus with a boar at intervals of 1.5 h, seventy-two gilts were randomly assigned to a 2 x 3 x 4 factorial arrangement. AI was performed with 100 ml extended semen containing 5 x 10(9) spermatozoa (semen; n = 36) or 100 ml VSP semen extender (extender; n = 36) at one of three times after detection of oestrus: 12, 24 or 36 h (n = 24/time). The uterus was lavaged at 6, 12, 18 or 24 h (n = 18/time) after AI to determine the total number of uterine leukocytes. In addition, uterine lavage was performed on nine untreated gilts immediately after the detection of oestrus to establish a baseline number of leukocytes. The leukocyte response in all samples consisted predominately (92-99%) of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic granulocytes (PMNs). The mean number of PMNs recovered from the uteri of gilts treated with semen was greater than in gilts treated with extender and in untreated gilts (P < 0.01). The greatest number of PMNs in semen-treated gilts was found 12 h after AI (P < 0.01), and this number was sustained for 24 h. In contrast, the number of uterine PMNs recovered from extender-treated gilts reached a peak at 6 h and had declined by 12 h after AI (P < 0.05). It was concluded that an extensive influx of PMNs into the uterus is a normal sequence to AI. The consequences and importance of semen-induced uterine leukocytosis needs further investigation.     

角堇与大花三色堇染色体核型分析

以2份角堇与4份大花三色堇自交系为试验材料,采用染色体常规压片方法,观察和分析了它们的细胞染色体数目、相对长度、平均臂比等核型指标,以明确两种植物细胞学特点,为分类以及育种提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)2份角堇自交系染色体数目均为2n=2x=26,染色体基数为x=13,染色体核型公式分别为2n=2x=26=8m+12sm+6st、2n=2x=26=4m+16sm+6st,核型不对称系数为67.20%~70.10%,核型分类均属于3B。(2)4份大花三色堇自交系均为四倍体,其中2份(EYO-1-2-1-4、DSRFY-1-1-2)染色体数目为44,核型公式为2n=4x=44=4m+16sm+6st、2n=4x=44=16m+24sm+4st;2份(G10-1-3-1-4、XXL-YB-1-1-1-1)染色体数目为48,核型公式分别为2n=4x=48=8m+20sm+20st、2n=4x=48=4m+36sm+8st,核型不对称系数为66.74%~71.77%,核型分类属于2B、3B。     

国产8种蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的核型研究

首次报道了8种蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的核型,其中6种的染色体数目为首次报道。结果如下：峨边蜘蛛抱蛋A．ebianensis,2n=2x=36=18m+2sm(2sat)十16st;盈江蜘蛛抱蛋A．yingjiangensis,2n=2x=36=14m+6sm(2sat)十16st;海南蜘蛛抱蛋A．hainanensis,2n=2x=36=20m(2sat)十14st十2t;石山蜘蛛抱蛋A．saxicola,2n=2x=36=16m十4sm(2sat)十16st;糙果蜘蛛抱蛋A．muricata,2n=2x=36=18m+2sm(2sat)十16st;啮边蜘蛛抱蛋A．marginella,2n=2x=38=22m+4sm(2sat)十12st;西林蜘蛛抱蛋A．xilin-ensis,2n=4x=76=48m(4sat)十2sm+26st;十字蜘蛛抱蛋A．cruciformis,2n=4x=76=46m(4sat)十12sm十18st。核型类型都为2C型。首次在中国发现了A．cruciformis和A．xilinensis的野生四倍体。根据外部形态性状及已有的38种植物的核型资料分析,认为该属染色体的原始基数可能为x=18,核型向对称性增强的方向演化,其主要表现在中部着丝粒染色体数目的增多,这种演化趋势似与其花部结构的进化密切相关。关键词 蜘蛛抱蛋属;染色体数目;核型;进化