大鼠淋巴细胞培养上清液总IgG 含量ELISA 检测方法的建立

目的:建立一种定量测定大鼠淋巴细胞培养上清液中总IgG(免疫球蛋白G)含量的双抗体夹心ELISA(酶联免疫吸附试验)检测方法。方法:用方阵实验确定包被抗体、检测抗体的最佳工作浓度;绘制标准曲线,确定线性范围;评价标准曲线的可重复性、精密度和可应用性。结果:包被抗体和检测抗体的最佳效价分别为2μg/ml和1:4000稀释;检测的线性范围为0.25-16ng/ml。经方法学评价,可重复性和精密度较高,应用性较强。结论:该方法灵敏度高,重复性好,可作为科研过程中检测大鼠淋巴细胞培养上清液总IgG含量的一种精确、方便、可靠的方法。     

High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of propofol in human and rat plasma and fourteen rat tissues using electrochemical detection

This paper describes a sensitive HPLC-electrochemical detection analytical method for determining the concentration of the intravenous anesthetic, propofol, in human or rat plasma or serum and a variety of rat tissues. Internal standard and drug are extracted from serum or plasma and other tissues with pentane. 2,6-tert.-Butylmethylphenol is used as internal standard. It includes a novel steam distillation procedure for separating the highly lipophilic propofol from skin and fat. The plasma/serum assay has a precision of 1–4% (C.V.) in the range 10 ng/ml to 1 μg/ml and permits the assay of 5 ng/ml from 0.1 ml of plasma/serum. The tissue procedure allows the estimation of 50 ng/g in 0.1 g of tissue for most of the major organs with less than 2% (C.V.) precision. This assay was used to measure propofol concentrations in plasma/serum and tissue samples in support of a project to develop a physiological pharmacokinetic model for propofol in the rat.     

Sensitive assay for measuring amoxicillin in human plasma and middle ear fluid using solid-phase extraction and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

We developed a sensitive assay to measure amoxicillin in human plasma and midle ear fluid (MEF) using solid-phase extraction and reversed-phase HPLC. Amoxicillin and cefadroxil, the internal standard, were extracted from 50–200 μl of sample with Bond Elut C₁₈ cartridges. The exact was analyzed on a 15 cm × 2 mm, 5μm Keystone MOS Hypersil-1 (C₈) column with UV detection at 210 nm. The mobile phase was 6% acetonitrile in 5 mM phosphate buffer (pH = 6.5) and 5 mM tetrabutylammonium. The average absolute recovery of amoxicillin and cefadroxil were 91.2 ± 16.6% and 91.0 ± 6.8%, respectively. The limit of quantitation was 0.125 μg/ml with 200 μl sample size. The linear range was from 0.125 to 35.0 μg/ml with correlation coefficients greater than 0.999. These analytic conditions produced a highly sensitive amoxicillin assay in human body fluids without derivatization.     

Humoral anti-KLH responses in cancer patients treated with dendritic cell-based immunotherapy are dictated by different vaccination parameters

Purpose

Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) attracts biomedical interest because of its remarkable immunostimulatory properties. Currently, KLH is used as vaccine adjuvant, carrier protein for haptens and as local treatment for bladder cancer. Since a quantitative human anti-KLH assay is lacking, it has not been possible to monitor the dynamics of KLH-specific antibody (Ab) responses after in vivo KLH exposure. We designed a quantitative assay to measure KLH-specific Abs in humans and retrospectively studied the relation between vaccination parameters and the vaccine-induced anti-KLH Ab responses.

Experimental design

Anti-KLH Abs were purified from pooled serum of melanoma patients who have responded to KLH as a vaccine adjuvant. Standard isotype-specific calibration curves were generated to measure KLH-specific Ab responses in individual serum samples using ELISA.

Results

KLH-specific IgM, IgA, IgG and all IgG-subclasses were accurately measured at concentrations as low as 20?μg/ml. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation of this ELISA were below 6.7 and 9.9?%, respectively. Analyses of 128 patients demonstrated that mature DC induced higher levels of KLH-specific IgG compared to immature DC, prior infusion with anti-CD25 abolished IgG and IgM production and patients with locoregional disease developed more robust IgG responses than advanced metastatic melanoma patients.

Conclusions

We present the first quantitative assay to measure KLH-specific Abs in human serum, which now enables monitoring both the dynamics and absolute concentrations of humoral immune responses in individuals exposed to KLH. This assay may provide a valuable biomarker for the immunogenicity and clinical effectiveness of KLH-containing vaccines and therapies.     

Determination of piracetam in human plasma by capillary electrophoresis

A capillary electrophoresis (CE) procedure has been developed for the determination of piracetam in human plasma. Analyses were performed on an uncoated silica capillary using borax buffer modified with the addition of α-cyclodextrin. The detection was UV, operated at 200 nm. The detection limit of the authentic samples was 1 μg/ml. The calibration curve was linear over a range of 4 to 24 μg/ml (r=0.997). Inter-assay R.S.D. was below 9.3%. The described method has been successfully applied to the quantitative determination of piracetam in human plasma and should be useful for clinical and bioavailability investigations.     

Development of a biochip for quantitative determination of two forms of prostate specific antigen using internal calibration curve

Three-dimensional gel-based microchip allowing simultaneous quantitative detection of total (PSAtot) and free (PSAfree) forms of prostate specific antigen in human serum (in a format "one patient-one biochip") was developed. A method, which doesn't require preliminary construction of calibration curves when performing an assay, was applied for quantitative determination of PSAtot and PSAfree. Gel elements with immobilized antigen (PSA) in different concentration, forming an internal calibration curve, were included in a structure of the microchip, in addition to the elements with immobilized antibodies specific against PSAtot and PSAfree. The specialized software "ImaGelAssay" was used for data processing and interpretation. The sensitivity of the assay performed on biochips was 0.3 ng/ml for PSAtot and 0.2 ng/ml for PSAfree. Variation coefficient for the measurements inside one series of microchips didn't exceed 10%. Correlation coefficient between the results of measurements in human sera obtained on biochips and by the standard ELISA method was 0.988 for PSAtot and 0.987 for PSAfree.     

Determination of lipoic acid in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection

A selective and sensitive method for the determination of lipoic acid in human plasma samples has been developed. After enzymatic hydrolysis of the sample, the liberated lipoic acid was extracted by a solid-phase cartridge and measured by HPLC using electrochemical detection. The detection limit was 1 ng/ml lipoic acid in plasma. The calibration curve was non-linear in the range 0.01–50 μg/ml but could be described by a power function. The average extraction recoveries were 82.5 and 85.1% at the 25 and 2500 ng/ml levels, respectively. Coefficients of variation for both within-day and day-to-day analysis were between 2.1 and 9.4%. The assay method is sensitive, reproducible and suitable for disposition studies of lipoic acid in humans.     

Quantitative determination of naproxen in plasma by a simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method

A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of naproxen in plasma is described. The technique is based on the single extraction of the drug from acidified plasma with chloroform using 2-naphthalene acetic acid as internal standard. The chromatographic system consisted of a column packed with Spherisorb ODS (5 μm); the mobile phase was acetonitrile—phosphoric acid (pH 3) (45:55, v/v).The method can accurately measure plasma naproxen concentrations down to 1 μg/ml using 100 μl of sample, with no interference from endogenous compounds. The coefficients of variation of the method at 120 μg/ml and 1 μg/ml are 2.8 and 21.6%, respectively, and the calibration curve is linear. The method described is very suitable for routine clinical and pharmacokinetic studies.     

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure growth hormone level in serum and milk of buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

An indirect Sandwich ELISA to measure growth hormone level in serum and milk of buffaloes was developed. The assay was based on purified anti rbST IgG raised in rabbits and chicken and rabbit anti chicken IgG horseradish peroxidase. The assay was validated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, precision and recovery. Parallelism was demonstrated between the standard curve and serially diluted serum, milk and pituitary derived growth hormone. Sensitivity of the assay was 0.1 ng/ml. Recovery of exogenous bovine somatotropin from serum and milk ranged from 90 to 102% and 96 to 108% respectively. The intra and inter assay variations to measure growth hormone in serum and milk were 3.36 to 8.81% and 6.01 to 12.31% respectively. Statistical analysis for parallelism and cross-reactivity of rbST with serum of other species confirmed the reproducibility of the assay.     

Simultaneous determination of rufloxacin, fenbufen and felbinac in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography

A simple, specific and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of rufloxacin, fenbufen and felbinac in human plasma. Plasma, spiked with internal standard, was vortex-mixed for 1 min with a mixture of dichloromethane-diethyl ether (80:20, v/v). The evaporated extract was dissolved in 0.02 M NaOH. Drugs were resolved at room temperature on a 5 μm Zorbax SAX column (250×4.6 min I.D.) equipped with a 20×4.6 mm anion-exchange Vydac AXGU ( 10 μm particle size) precolumn. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), delivered at a flow-rate of 1.2 ml/min. Detection was made at 280 nm, 2-[4-(2′-Furoyl)phenyl]propionic acid was used as internal standard. The calibration curve was linear from 0.2 to 10μg/ml for rufloxacin, from 0.5 to 30 μg/ml for fenbufen and from 0.2 to 10 μg/ml for felbinac, respectively. The detection limit was 0.1 μg/ml for rufloxacin. 0.3 μg/ml for fenbufen and 0.1 μg/ml for felbinac, respectively.     

牛血清蛋白酶联免疫检测试剂盒的研制及验证

为研制酶联免疫试剂盒以检测病毒性疫苗中残余牛血清蛋白(BSP)含量,制备高效价高纯度的兔抗BSP多克隆抗体作为包被抗体和酶标抗体,建立了ELISA双抗体夹心法并组建试剂盒,通过标准剂量曲线可对样品中所含BSP、BSA及B-IgG进行定量,经验证该方法标准曲线线性范围内r≥0.98,对BSP的检测限量为3ng/ml;分别检测5、10、20ng/ml含量的BSP时,试验内(n=12)和试验间(n=3)测定的变异系数在3.71%到7.29%之间,回收率在93.4%~106.3%,未见该方法与人血清白蛋白、卵清蛋白以及疫苗复合保护剂之间有交叉反应。该法敏感度高,准确性、重复性和稳定性好,可用于疫苗牛血清残余蛋白的质量控制。     

Quantitative analysis of synthetic human calcitonin by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

The quantitative analysis of synthetic human calcitonin (hCT) by micro-liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (mirro-LC-ESI-MS) is reported. hCT was extracted from plasma by an immobilized antibody column and separated by a micro-LC system. The molecular mass of hCT is 3417, and m/z 1140, corresponding to the [M + 3H]³⁺ ion, was observed by ESI-MS. This ion was monitored in the selected-ion monitoring mode; rat calcitonin, which is highly homologous to hCT, was used as an internal standard. The calibration curve for the quantification of hCT was linear in the range 10 ng/ml to 1 μg/ml of plasma.     

Condensation of heptaminol hydrochloride for its spectrofluorimetric determination in pure form and tablets: application in human plasma

A sensitive, simple, accurate and less expensive fluorimetric method was designed and validated for analysis of heptaminol HCl in both its pure and dosage forms, as well as in human plasma. The main principle used in the proposed approach was the condensation reaction between heptaminol's primary amino moiety and ethyl acetoacetate/formaldehyde reagents, giving a derivative that was highly fluorescent at 416 nm after excitation at 350 nm. Various experimental parameters that affected either the product's development or its stability were evaluated and optimized. The constructed calibration curve was linear over the range 0.2–2 μg/ml, with a good correlation coefficient (0.9996). Both the calculated limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.06 and 0.18 μg/ml, respectively. The presented approach was a success when used to determine Corasore® tablets and was validated according to International Council for Harmonisation guidelines.     

Determination of human apolipoprotein E by electroimmunoassay.

1. Apolipoprotein E ("arginine-rich" polypeptide) was isolated from delipidized human very low density lipoproteins by agarose column chromatography in the presence of 6 M guanidine-hydrochloride. 2. An electroimmunoassay ("rocket" electrophoresis) is described for quantitative determination of human serum apolipoprotein E. Purified apolipoprotein E was used for the preparation of monospecific antisera and standardization of assay. This sensitive, specific, rapid (time required for the completion of the assay is 5 h) and precise (the within- and between-assay coefficients of variation are 5 and 8%, respectively) assay is applicable to measurement of apolipoprotein E in whole serum and density classes. The results correlated well with those obtained by radial immunodiffusion (r = 0.85). 3. Serum apolipoprotein E levels of normal subjects and hyperlipoproteinemic phenotypes IIa, IIb and IV were the same (10 to 16 mg/100 ml). In contrast, patients with type III and V hyperlipoproteinemias had markedly elevated serum apolipoprotein E levels )27 and 25 mg/100 ml, respectively). The apolipoprotein E in serum of normolipidemic subjects was equally distributed among three major lipoprotein density classes: d less than 1.030 g/ml (27%), d 1.030-1.063 g/ml (36%)and d 1.063-1.21 g/ml (37%).     

High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the novel antitumor drug,bryostatin-1, incorporating a serum extraction technique

An HPLC assay incorporating a solid-phase extraction technique has been devised for bryostatin-1. Quantitation of bryostatin was found to be linear over the concentration range 0.012–25 μg/ml (0.2–25 ng on column) and was found to have a limit of detection of 0.2 ng on column, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999. Following extraction of bryostatin over a range of concentrations from horse serum (0.012–25 μg/ml) and human serum (0.01–0.32 μg/ml) using a 100-mg C₁₈ solid-phase extraction cartridge, extraction efficiencies consistently greater than 90% were obtained for extraction from horse serum and varied between 57 and 85% from human serum. However, on extending this work to blood samples from patients undergoing therapy with bryostatin-1, the drug was not detectable even at the maximum dose given, demonstrating the rapid loss of this agent from peripheral circulation.     

High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of tazobactam by precolumn derivatization

A new reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the detection and quantification of tazobactam in serum and haemofiltration fluid is described. The assay for these biological fluids involves an extraction with diethyl ether followed by derivatization using 1,2,4-triazole. The mobile phase consisted of phosphate buffer-methanol and the detection wavelength was 325 nm. The limit of detection was 0.05 μg/ml in the two fluids and the calibration curves were linear over the range 0.1–50 μg/ml. For a tazobactam concentration equal to 1, 5 or 20 μg ml⁻¹, the coefficients of variation were less than 5%. The assay was successfully applied to the analysis of samples from drug monitoring in a patient with renal insufficiency undergoing continuous venovenous haemofiltration (CVVH).     

Human cytomegalovirus detection by a quartz crystal microbalance immunosensor

A piezoelectric affinity sensor has been developed to detect distinctive antigens of the human cytomegalovirus. Either the specific antibodies or the antigen were immobilized on the gold electrode. To develop a rapid immunoassay, various assay formats were tested in relation with the different antigen composition. First, a direct assay was carried out immobilizing the specific antibody on the crystal surface by passive adsorption. Next, Protein A, thiol/poly L-lysine mixed self-assembled monolayers were tested as methods of gold modification. A competitive format was exploited by immobilization of the antigen onto the crystal activated by SAM and poly L-lysine. This procedure yielded a preliminary calibration curve. A linear range between 2.5 and 5 μg/ml of gB epitope in solution and a detection limit of 1 μg/ml were measured.     

Quantification of the secretory glycoproteins of the subcommissural organ by a sensitive sandwich ELISA with a polyclonal antibody and a set of monoclonal antibodies against the bovine Reissner’s fiber

The subcommissural organ (SCO) is an ependymal brain gland that releases glycoproteins into the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid where they condense to form the Reissner’s fiber (RF). We have developed a highly sensitive and specific two-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the quantification of the bovine SCO secretory material. The assay was based on the use of the IgG fraction of a polyclonal antiserum against the bovine RF as capture antibody and a pool of three peroxidase-labeled monoclonal antibodies that recognize non-overlapping epitopes of the RF glycoproteins as detection antibody. The detection limit was 1 ng/ml and the working range extended from 1 to 4000 ng/ml. The calibration curve, generated with RF glycoproteins, showed two linear segments: one of low sensitivity, ranging from 1 to 125 ng/ml, and the other of high sensitivity between 125 and 4000 ng/ml. This assay was highly reproducible (mean intra- and interassay coefficient of variation 2.2% and 5.3%, respectively) and its detectability and sensitivity were higher than those of ELISAs using exclusively either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies against RF glycoproteins. The assay succeeded in detecting and measuring secretory material in crude extracts of bovine SCO, culture medium supernatant of SCO explants and incubation medium of bovine RF; however, soluble secretory material was not detected in bovine cerebrospinal fluid.     

Determination of a cyclic guanine monophosphate phosphodiesterase inhibitor (SCH 51866) in rat serum using capillary zone electrophoresis

A capillary zone electrophoretic (CZE) assay was developed for the determination of cis-5,6a,7,8,9,9a-hexahydro-2-[4-(trifluoromethyl]-5-methyl-cyclopent[4,5]imidazo[2 ,1-b]purin-4(3H)-one, SCH 51866 (I), a cyclic guanine monophosphate phosphodiesterase inhibitor, in rat serum using acetonitrile deproteination as a clean-up step before injection. The calibration curve was linear over a serum concentration range of 0.5 to 10 μg/ml serum with a correlation coefficient (r) > 0.99. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was established at 0.5 μg/ml. Fifty microliters of serum were used for analysis, which allowed serial bleeding (8 samples) from a single rat to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of I after either oral or intravenous drug administration. In traditional pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic studies in rodents, one animal provides only one serum sample since 1 to 2 ml of sample volume is required for chromatographic analysis, resulting in the use of a large number of animals per study. This assay yields a significant reduction in the use of animals, hence providing a large reduction in resources and time in drug discovery and development.     

Determination of cefepime and cefpirome in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography using an ultrafiltration for antibiotics serum extraction

The aim of this study was to describe a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay for the determination of cefepime and cefpirome in human serum without changing chromatographic conditions. The assay consisted to measure cefepime and cefpirome which were unbound to proteins having a molecular mass of 10 000 or more by ultrafiltration followed by HPLC with a Supelcosil ABZ+ column and UV detection at a wavelength of 263 nm. The assay was been found to be linear and has been validated over the concentration range 200 to 0.50 μg/ml for both cefepime and cefpirome, from 200 μl serum, extracted. In future, the assay will support therapeutic drug monitoring for cefepime and cefpirome in neutropenic patients in correlation with microbiological parameters such as MIC₉₀ (minimal inhibitory concentration of antibiotic which kills 90% of the initial bacterial inoculum) and clinical efficacy.