Assessment and protective strategy of black muntjac habitat in Zhejiang, China

Habitat degradation and loss had been widely recognized as the main cause for the decline of wildlife population. Habitat assessment can provide essential information for wildlife refuge design and management. In this article, a systematic study on the black muntjac distribution, habitat quality, and spatial pattern was conducted. Initially, the main factors that influence the black muntjac habitat quality were identified, and habitat assessment criteria were set up. The vegetation, topographic, river, road, and village maps were then digitized by the geographical information system (GIS). Finally, the habitat distribution and quality were assessed based on the combination of vegetation, elevation, river system, and impact of human activities. The result showed that the potential habitat for black muntjac covered an area of 3172.6 hm2, and 501.5 hm2 of habitat in the Jiulong Mountain Natural Reserve was lost because of the degradation caused by human activities. The existing suitable habitat is 2671.1 hm2, mostly distributed in Shangliaokeng, Jiulongshan, Neibeiping, Waijiulong, and Dayanqian in Gutian, Zhejiang Province, China.     

浙江黑麂栖息地评价及保护对策

运用地理信息系统技术,在分析黑麂栖息地的地形、植被、水系和人为干扰等地理特征的基础上,系统研究九龙山和古田山自然保护区黑麂栖息地分布、栖息地质量与空间格局。结果表明,在九龙山自然保护区有黑麂潜在栖息地3172．6hm^2,由于人类活动的影响导致栖息地丧失501．5hm^2,目前尚存的黑麂适宜栖息地2671．1hm^2。它们主要分布于上寮坑、九龙山、内北坪、外九龙和大岩前附近区域。古田山自然保护区有黑麂潜在栖息地4635．75hm^2,在人类活动影响下丧失栖息地1118．11hm^2,目前尚存的黑麂适宜栖息地3517．64hm^2。它们主要分布于青尖、古田山、巧观尖、催顶尖附近区域。目前九龙山和古田山自然保护区内的黑麂栖息地基本上处于多斑块破碎化状态。为了使黑麂能得到更好的保护,对这两个研究区域黑麂栖息地的恢复和重建工作亟待加强。     

浙江清凉峰国家级自然保护区黑麂和小麂潜在适宜栖息地预测及重叠性分析

对保护区内的关键种开展保护工作时,其同域分布相似种的保护研究也具有重要价值。较大地理尺度上看,黑麂的分布区被小麂完全覆盖,如能掌握二者适宜栖息地的重叠状况,揭示其共存机制,将有助于保护策略的制定和整合管理。2017—2020年在浙江清凉峰国家级自然保护区利用红外相机技术分别获得黑麂和小麂的分布位点38个和101个,结合8个环境因子,采用MaxEnt模型对研究区域内黑麂和小麂的潜在适宜栖息地进行了预测和重叠性分析。结果表明：(1)黑麂和小麂潜在适宜栖息地主要位于龙塘山区域西南部,千顷塘区域中部和顺溪坞区域西北部,以及千顷塘区域与龙塘山区域间的山脉和顺溪坞南部山区,二者的潜在适宜栖息地面积分别586.66 km²和661.93 km²,分别占研究区域的36.67%和41.37%。(2)黑麂和小麂的生态重叠指数较高,其D值和I值分别为0.82和0.97,它们的总适宜栖息地重叠面积为435.39 km²,分别占黑麂和小麂总适宜栖息地面积的72.22%、65.78%。(3)黑麂和小麂对环境因子的选择相似,黑麂主要选择海拔较高、离水...     

江西桃红岭国家级自然保护区梅花鹿生境适宜性评价

华南梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)被IUCN列入濒危物种,也是我国国家Ⅰ级重点保护动物。目前种群仅分布于江西、浙江、安徽等狭窄的区域内,形成多个孤立种群,生境破碎和丧失被认为是限制梅花鹿种群增长的主要原因。于2011年3月至2013年3月采用样线法和样方法对桃红岭国家级自然保护区梅花鹿栖息地进行了野外调查,利用空间模拟方法,结合地理信息系统(GIS)技术的空间分析功能,以植被类型、坡度、坡向、海拔和人类干扰活动作为评价因子进行了生境适宜性评价。结果表明,桃红岭地区以森林为主,各类林地面积约9 488.15 hm~2,占75.90%,植被类型分为落叶阔叶林、针叶林、常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林、竹林、灌丛、草丛和芭茅丛,面积分别为1664.57、1638.63、3438.21、1247.15、87.85、1143.88、60.92 hm~2和206.94 hm~2。在不考虑人类活动影响时,梅花鹿的适宜生境和次适宜生境面积分别是2233.99 hm~2和2980.24 hm~2,分别占保护区总面积的18.61%和24.83%;而考虑人类活动影响时,梅花鹿的适宜生境和次适宜生境面积分别是1224.04 hm~2和2164.70 hm~2,分别占保护区总面积的10.20%和18.04%。由于梅花鹿的生境受到居民点、主要道路、农田耕作、森林采伐等人类活动的强烈影响,导致大量适宜和次适宜生境丧失、隔离,景观破碎度指数由0.4345增加到0.5898。以潜在可利用生境面积计算,保护区梅花鹿环境容纳量为(568±160)只,而以实际可利用生境面积计算,则只能容纳(368±105)只。适宜生境的丧失和破碎可能是限制桃红岭梅花鹿国家级自然保护区梅花鹿种群恢复的重要因素,在此基础上,通过实际调查提出了管理措施。     

土地利用变化对鸟类栖息地连通性的影响——以鄂州市为例

土地利用变化是造成栖息地破碎、缺失与退化的重要原因。生态网络能保护重要栖息地,促进栖息地之间的物质与能量流动,对区域土地利用规划和生物多样性保护具有重要意义。以鄂州市为研究区,基于CLUE-S模型预测现状延续、生态保护和城市扩张3种土地利用情景,将生境质量作为遴选生境斑块的依据之一,以鸟类最大迁徙距离为阈值构建生态网络,从连通概率指数PC和斑块重要性指数dPC两方面,探讨土地利用变化对鸟类栖息地连通性的影响。结果表明：(1)不同情景的地类数量和空间结构均有差异,与生态保护相比,城市扩张情景的建设用地增加11603.52 hm~2,林地、耕地和水体减少5041.8 hm~2、2540.16 hm~2、3385.8 hm~2,新城区、山地风景区与水体周边是主要变化区域;(2)现状延续和城市扩张情景的生境斑块降至235块和216块,网络出现破碎化,生态保护情景增至367块,网络结构完整但空间位置改变;(3)2004—2024年PC表现为先上升后下降再上升的趋势,生态保护的PC高于现状延续和城市扩张,且利于保护短距离迁徙鸟类;(4)生态保护情景边缘型和关键小型斑块得到保护,第一等级斑块增加,城...     

基于MAXENT模型的古田山保护区黑麂生境适宜性评价

浙江开化古田山国家级自然保护区是黑麂（Muntiacus crinifrons）的集中分布区之一。近年来,保护区内黑麂面临着生境丧失和破碎化的威胁。本研究应用MAXENT模型,结合古田山保护区2014-2017年的红外相机监测数据和主要环境变量数据,对保护区内黑麂生境适宜性的季节变化特征及影响因素进行了评价与分析。结果表明：距阔叶林距离、海拔两个变量对黑麂生境适宜性的季节性变化影响最为显著。古田山保护区不同季节黑麂的适宜生境面积为：春季2086.38 hm²、夏季2608.74 hm²、秋季2502.27 hm²和冬季1746.27 hm²,分别占保护区总面积的25.74%、32.18%、30.87%和21.54%。从空间分布来看,黑麂适宜生境主要分布在保护区的核心区和北部区域。建议加强对保护区的核心区和北部区域自然植被的保护与恢复,以及对保护区人为干扰活动的监督和管理。     

Application of ecological-niche factor analysis in habitat assessment of giant pandas

Ecological-niche factor analysis (ENFA) is a multivariate approach to study geographic distribution of species on a large scale with only “presence” data. It has been widely applied in many fields including wildlife management, habitat assessment and habitat prediction. In this paper, this approach was applied in habitat suitability assessment for giant pandas in Pingwu County, Sichuan Province, China. With “presence” data of giant pandas and remote sensing data, habitat suitability of pandas in this county was evaluated based on ENFA model, and spatial distribution pattern of nature reserves and conservation gaps were then evaluated. The results show that giant pandas in this county prefer high-elevation zones (> 2128 m) dominated by coniferous forest, and mixed coniferous and deciduous broadleaf forest, and avoid deciduous broadleaf forest and shrubs. Pandas avoid staying at habitats with human disturbances. Farmland is a major factor threatening panda habitat. Panda habitat is mainly distributed in north and west of Pingwu with a total area of 234033 hm², 106345hm² for suitable habitat and 127688 hm² for marginally suitable habitat). 3 nature reserves were located in Pingwu, covering over 49.2% of total suitable habitat and 45.6% of total marginally suitable habitat. Although 47.2% of panda habitat was in reserves under protection, connectivity between reserves was weak and a conservation gap existed in the north part of Pingwu. Thus, a new nature reserve in Baima and Mupi should be established to link the isolated habitats.     

浙江清凉峰国家级自然保护区华南梅花鹿栖息地适宜性评价

理解环境因子对物种空间分布的影响,评价栖息地适宜性现状并预测潜在分布区,对野生动物的管理和保护具有重要意义。华南梅花鹿（Cervus pseudaxis）属国家I级重点保护野生动物,现仅分布于安徽、浙江、江西等狭小片区内。浙江清凉峰自然保护区千顷塘区域是华南梅花鹿的重要分布区,但其面积较小,严重限制了华南梅花鹿的种群发展,亟需对千顷塘及周边区域的栖息地质量进行评价,为华南梅花鹿的保护和野外放归提供科学依据。本研究利用红外相机监测千顷塘区域华南梅花鹿的分布,结合遥感等技术手段获得地形、植被、水源以及人为干扰等8种环境因子,利用MaxEnt构建华南梅花鹿栖息地适宜性模型,对以千顷塘为中心50 km×50 km的范围进行栖息地适宜性评价。研究结果表明,华南梅花鹿倾向于选择海拔1050-1240 m范围内,距道路100-900 m和距人口聚居区3200-3800 m的相对平缓地带。千顷塘区域华南梅花鹿栖息地保护较好,适宜栖息地面积为2224 hm2,占该区域39.1%。千顷塘周边适宜性较高的区域主要为位于其西南部约10 km的山区,该区域为华南梅花鹿提供了3253 hm2的潜在适宜栖息地。建议降低保护区千顷塘区域内的人为干扰,并在其西南部山区尝试开展圈养种群的野外放归工作,以促进其种群发展。     

EVIDENCE OF FISH SURVIVAL DURING HABITAT DESSICATION IN RHODESIA

Rand Water's chemical water quality data from 1991 to 2000 were used to assess the water quality of the Waterval River, which contributes about 111 x 10⁶m³ of water to the Vaal River annually. Due to a biological community's ability to reflect water quality changes over time, biomonitoring was undertaken to support chemical water quality monitoring. Aspects of the riverine habitat, invertebrates and fish were investigated to give baseline information on the area. Human activities such as mining, industry, agriculture, rural and urban settlements are currently responsible for the deterioration of the ecological integrity of this river system. Habitat degradation was especially evident in the upper reaches of the Waterval River, as indicated by the South African Scoring System, version 4, Average Score Per Taxon and Biotic Integrity scores. In general, the ratings achieved were lower than those expected for the available habitat, which suggests that human activities have influenced the biotic community. By selectively addressing the areas of concern, the state of the environment can be improved, using the current assessment as a benchmark to measure the success or shortcomings of any actions in the years to come.     

Spatio-temporal habitat assessment of the Gangetic floodplain in the Hastinapur wildlife sanctuary

Remote sensing provides multi-dimensional and multi-temporal information about habitat, insights into the significant drivers of change, and the key factors affecting landscape dynamics. Such information is crucial to provide perspective and a more profound understanding of ecological surveys. This study utilizes Google Earth Engine's capability to assess a riverine wetland grassland floodplain in Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary (HWS) along the Ganga River, which is a critical habitat for wintering migratory birds, the critically endangered gharial, turtles, aquatic mammals such as otters and dolphins, and cervid species such as swamp deer. We have developed a framework for regular monitoring through rapid habitat assessment, which visualizes the spatio-temporal change in land cover, the seasonal dynamics in water and vegetation, changes due to anthropogenic influences on the landscape, and finally, how these factors affect the habitat availability of species of concern in the HWS. The results show a dynamic river system with high seasonal variations. The vegetation trend shows increasing greenness, indicative of the conversion of grassland, scrubland, and herbaceous cover to more permanent vegetation, which will adversely affect the riparian habitat structure. A habitat suitability index generated through geospatial analysis using the weighted overlay method suggests that 40.07% of the HWS, nearly 767.12 km², comprising mainly the riverscape, wetland, and riparian grasslands, is suitable habitat for aquatic and semi-aquatic species. However, only 9.93% of the sanctuary comprising 197.27 km², is available as a core habitat. Further, the area is threatened by encroachment evident from the rapidly increasing land-use intensity and night light pollution, which puts the grasslands sheltered to swamp deer and other wildlife at higher risk leaving almost 27.9% of the area comprising 533.63 km² unsuitable for wildlife. Urban and agricultural land use has taken over 67% of the sanctuary. An increase in minimum radiance value representing ALAN, from 0.41 to 0.73 W/m²-sr in just six years from 2015 to 2021, shows a reduction in nocturnal darkness, reducing safe niches for wildlife. The study results provide critical baseline information for ecological surveys and a rapid assessment platform for future sanctuary management. Constant monitoring of anthropogenic activities such as farming, settlements, and transport routes threatening the habitat is essential for informed conservation management decisions.     

羌塘高原藏羚羊栖息地分布及影响因素

藏羚羊作为羌塘高原草食性野生动物的典型代表,明确其栖息地的准确分布将有利于识别藏羚羊种群保护关键区域,协调羌塘高原人与野生动物冲突。采用野外调查与物种分布模型相结合的办法,以藏羚羊栖息地选择偏好和迁徙规律为基础,利用Maxent模型模拟其在繁殖季节和非繁殖季节的栖息地分布,并通过栖息地质量模型辅以GIS空间分析方法,识别受人类干扰的栖息地范围。结果表明：藏羚羊在非繁殖季节主要分布在羌塘高原东南部,围绕在色林错等水系周围,其越冬区面积约为26万km²。倾向选择海拔4800m以上、气候温暖、靠近水源且食物资源丰富的区域。藏羚羊在繁殖季节栖息地明显呈现由南向北扩散的趋势,多在水系周围呈小片状分布于羌塘东北、中北、昆仑山南麓部分区域,产羔区面积约为30万km²。选择产羔地时则注重坡度、水源、海拔、气温日较差等,对植被资源的选择倾向较非繁殖季弱,重视迁徙通道连贯性和产羔区域安全性。羌塘高原人类活动整体较弱,北部羌塘国家级自然保护区是藏羚羊理想栖息地,但南部地区社会经济较发达,尤其是那曲地区南部和阿里西南部,居民地、道路和牧业等人类活动对栖息地干扰较大,受干扰面积分别占藏羚羊越冬区的39.7%,产羔区的34.9%。     

Movement response of Orange-Vaal largemouth yellowfish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Labeobarbus kimberleyensis</Emphasis>) to water quality and habitat features in the Vaal River,South Africa

Many threatened fish species that utilize riverine habitats are faced with habitat degradation and subsequent deterioration in their ecological surroundings. Habitat degradation is a consequence of water quality parameters associated with anthropogenic activities including mining, industrial, agricultural and urban activities. We examined how the movement behaviour of radio-tracked Orange-Vaal largemouth yellowfish (Labeobarbus kimberleyensis) responded to a suite of water quality chemical parameters and habitat features in the Vaal River, South Africa. We found that the probability of their movement increased with a decrease in water clarity, presence of emergent and overhanging marginal vegetation and fast flowing rapids. High mobility in conditions of low water clarity was probably related to low prey capture success of this piscivorous fish. High movement of largemouth yellowfish in emergent and overhanging marginal vegetation areas and rapid habitat biotopes were attributed to accessibility of prey within these important cover features. When water quality parameters were considered, the probability of largemouth yellowfish movement increased with increasing levels of dissolved chloride (Cl) and silicon (Si), whereas movement decreased with high phosphate (PO₄) concentrations and increased with alkalinity levels in the river. High nutrient levels associated with eutrophication caused reductions in the movement of largemouth yellowfish. The association of increased movement of largemouth yellowfish with increasing Cl and Si is indicative of degraded habitat condition in the Vaal River system. Our study showed the importance of monitoring fish behavioural movement patterns to multiple environmental parameters, as these fish are important ecological indicators when appropriate conservation and management plans of freshwater ecosystems are required.     

基于河流生境调查的东河河流生境评价

河流生境是河流生态系统的重要组成部分,是河流生物赖以生存的基础。以位于三峡库区腹心区域的典型山区河流东河为研究对象,采用河流生境调查(RHS)方法调查河流生境,选择河流生境质量评价指数(HQA)、河流生境退化指数(HMS)评估河流生境现状,分析生境质量和人为干扰的空间分布规律。结果表明,51个河段的HQA值介于24—66之间。29.4%河段的HQA为优,29.4%为良,23.5%为中,9.8%为较差,7.8%为差。从HMS看,7.8%的河段保持较自然状态,19.6%受到轻微的破坏,41.2%退化明显,27.5%退化严重,3.9%受到剧烈破坏。HQA与HMS存在显著的负相关关系。东河上、中、下游河段的HQA无明显差异,但HMS差异显著。从干扰来源看,东河上游和中游河流生境主要受引水式小水电、沿河公路、河道采砂影响。东河下游河流生境受高强度的土地开发(农业用地、建设用地),河道采砂,河堤、排污管、桥梁等水工构筑物的修建和三峡水库水位的波动影响。RHS评价结果能较直观地反映河流生境状况,以及导致河流生境质量衰退的原因。     

四川鞍子河保护地水鹿和羚牛栖息地适宜性评价与重叠性分析

水鹿(Rusa unicolor)和羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor)是国家重点保护野生动物,了解和掌握濒危物种的空间分布格局和对栖息地的利用特征是制定相关保护和管理策略的前提和基础。利用红外相机和样线法收集四川鞍子河保护地内水鹿和羚牛的实体、粪便和痕迹等点位信息,在得到水鹿124个、羚牛79个有效点位的基础上,结合15个环境因子,利用最大熵模型对保护地内水鹿和羚牛进行了栖息地适宜评价及其重叠性分析。结果表明:(1)水鹿和羚牛栖息地的适宜性评价结果均达到良好水平,其AUC值分别为0.888和0.813;(2)水鹿适宜和较适宜栖息地主要分布在保护地的中、南部海拔1474—3336 m区域,面积分别为943.23 hm~2和3390.15 hm~2,分别占保护地总面积的6.25%和22.48%;(3)羚牛适宜和较适宜栖息地主要分布在保护地中、西部海拔1467—3823 m区域,面积分别为1808.37 hm~2和8384.35 hm~2,分别占保护地总面积的11.99%和55.59%;(4)水鹿和羚牛生态重叠指数较高,其D和I值分别为0.6739和0.9098,适宜和较适宜栖息地重叠面积分别达261.10 hm~2和2048.41 hm~2,且主要集中在保护地中、南部低山河谷区,受人为活动影响大。加强水鹿、羚牛、斑羚等同域偶蹄目动物的食性研究以及食性特征与栖息地选择利用之间的相关性是未来的研究方向之一。     

Habitat suitability assessment of Sichuan sika deer in Tiebu Nature Reserve during periods of green and dry grass

Habitat suitability assessment is an essential and dynamic research method for determining and evaluating the environmental pressures faced by wildlife. From March to November 2011, we investigated the quality of habitat available to Sichuan sika deer (Cervus nippon sichuanicus) in Tiebu Nature Reserve, Ruoergai County, Sichuan Province, China. A habitat evaluation model established by the fuzzy assignment quadrature method was used to assess habitat suitability for Sichuan sika deer within the reserve by using the GIS spatial analysis function. The results showed that the area of actual available habitat was 220.8 km² during the wet season and 213.2 km² during the dry season, accounting for 80.8% and 78.02% of the total nature reserve area, respectively. The area of suitable habitat for Sichuan sika deer was much lower, 128.01 km² during the wet season and 109.17 km² during the dry season, accounting for 46.84% and 39.95% of the total nature reserve area respectively. The difference between available and suitable habitat is likely due to potentially good habitat having been lost as a result of human disturbance. Lost habitat makes up 4.55% of the total area while grass is green and 5.52% while grass is dry. Human disturbance levels in the form of roads and residential areas were constant throughout the year, but grazing by domestic animals had a higher impact during the dry season. Habitat suitability during this time, already reduced by the withering of the grass, was thus further reduced by the grazing of livestock.     

Home range and habitat use of male Reeves’s pheasant (Syrmaticus reevesii) during winter in Dongzhai National Nature Reserve, Henan Province, China

Home range and habitat use of male Reeves’s pheasant (Syrmaticus reevesii) were studied during winter of 2001～2002 and 2002～2003 in the Dongzhai National Nature Reserve, Henan Province. Results from five individuals of Reeves’s pheasant with over 30 relocations, indicated that the average size of home range was 10.03 ± 1.17 hm² by Minimum Convex Polygon method, 8.60 ± 0.35 hm² by 90% Harmonic Mean Transformation method, and 9.50 ± 1.90 hm² by 95% Fixed Kernel method. It was observed that the winter range is smaller than that in the breeding season. The mean core area of the home range was found to be 1.88 ± 0.37 hm². Although the habitat composition of the core area varied greatly for individuals, a large part of the habitats used were composed of confier and broadleaf mixed forests, masson pine forests, fir forests, and shrubs. Habitat use within the study area was non-random, while habitats within home ranges were randomly used. Habitat use was dictated by tree diameter at breast height, shrub height and coverage at 2.0 m. The proximity between forests and shrubs were also found to be important in providing refuge for the birds during winter. Recommendations for conservation management include protecting the existing habitats in Dongzhai National Nature Reserve, increasing suitable habitat for Reeves’s Pheasant through artificial plantations (e.g. firs), and restoring some parts of the large shrub area into forests.     

东帕米尔高原盘羊分布与栖息地植被覆盖时空变化

2010年8月—2013年10月调查了东帕米尔高原马可·波罗盘羊(Ovis ammon polii)的分布,首次分析了2000—2010年盘羊栖息地植被覆盖时空变化。走访当地野生动物保护部门和牧民确定大概研究区域的基础上,采用经典样线法调查盘羊分布区域和分布特征,利用遥感影像技术估算2000—2010年盘羊分布区域的植被覆盖度变化。结果显示,马可·波罗盘羊主要分布在东帕米尔高原的塔什库尔干野生动物自然保护区、布伦口、木吉、吉根、哈拉峻和哈拉布拉克等地海拔在3200—520m米河谷或沟谷,分布区面积为4.70万km2。栖息地植被退化严重,在2000—2010年间适宜盘羊栖息地植被覆盖区面积由10382.63 km2下降到4444.55 km2,平均每年593.81 km2植被面积丧失。结果发现马可·波罗盘羊实体1611只,分布密度为0.99只/km2;据栖息地适宜植被覆盖面积估算,盘羊数量在3000—3500只之间,其中塔什库尔干野生动物自然保护区分布密度最大,为2.01只/km2,其他区域分布密度相对较低。全球气候变化、人为干扰、超载过牧、围栏放牧和矿业开采等因素导致马可·波罗盘羊生境遭到严重破坏,建议一方面建立红色生态区和生态补偿机制实施就地保护策略;另一方面启动实施迁地和离体保护措施,拓宽保护策略,提高保护效果。     

新疆塔什库尔干野生动物自然保护区马可波罗盘羊生境适宜性评价

马可波罗盘羊是帕米尔高原的代表性物种,开展生境适宜性评价对于该物种的保护与管理具有重要意义。综合考虑植被、地形等影响马可波罗盘羊生境选择的关键因子,以及道路和牧场等人为干扰因子,借助ArcGIS,构建生境适宜性指数模型,在不同尺度上评价分析马可波罗盘羊的生境适宜性及其季节变化特征。结果表明:15836 km~2保护区内马可波罗盘羊夏季潜在适宜生境面积为2127.19 km~2,冬季为1915.70 km~2。保护区西北部面积3767.73 km~2的马可波罗盘羊实际分布区内,夏季潜在适宜生境面积为1095.48 km~2,冬季为1072.82 km~2,马可波罗盘羊适宜生境集中分布于保护区内该物种实际分布区。受人为干扰,保护区内马可波罗盘羊夏季和冬季实际适宜生境丧失率分别为18.43%和17.78%,实际分布区内适宜生境丧失率分别为33.65%和29.73%,表明实际分布区马可波罗盘羊适宜生境受人类活动影响较大,应予以重点保护。总体而言,影响马可波罗盘羊生境适宜性的关键因素是国道314和放牧。基于上述研究结果,作者提出了4点关于马可波罗盘羊生境保护,以及保护区管理与规划的建议与思考。     

2010-2019年不同海湾迁徙水鸟栖息地适宜性变化对比研究

滨海湿地是迁徙水鸟的重要迁飞通道和主要栖息地,评估沿海迁徙水鸟栖息地适宜性及变化态势能为栖息地的合理规划与管理提供科学参考,对迁徙水鸟的保护有重要意义。选择紧邻城市和乡村的深圳湾和雷州湾为研究区,在水鸟栖息地生态系统类型分类的基础上,通过层次分析法确定水鸟栖息地适宜性评价因子,设计栖息地、食物、水分、人类干扰条件及其子类的权重,对栖息地适宜性进行等级划分,分析比较2010-2019年迁徙水鸟栖息地适宜性的时空分布差异,探索适宜性变化差异的原因并给出合理化建议。结果表明：（1）2010-2019年深圳湾有193.4 hm²强干扰区域转变化为中等及弱干扰;雷州湾有16.36 hm²的中等干扰转化为弱、无干扰;（2）深圳湾栖息地适宜性以中等适宜类型为主,2010年和2019年面积占比分别为83.74%和88.71%;雷州湾栖息地适宜性主要以较适宜和中等适宜类型为主,2010年面积占比为86.72%,2010-2019年面积占比基本不变,总体适宜性高于深圳湾。（3）2010-2019年,深圳湾不适宜和较适宜面积分别减少245.54 hm²和26.37 hm²,均转化为中等适宜类型;雷州湾有24.31 hm²的中等和较适宜栖息地转化为适宜类型。     

Characterising hydromorphological features of selected Italian rivers: a comparative application of environmental indices

The purpose of this study was to test the applicability of different methods of river habitat assessment and their respective indices in a series of sample sites in Italy. These investigations were carried out within the EU AQEM project with the aim of combining the macroinvertebrate information with that achieved by investigating the hydromorphological characteristics of the river ecosystem as well as the surrounding landscape features. The River Habitat Survey (including the derived indices Habitat Modification Score and Habitat Quality Assessment) from U.K., and three Italian indices (Index of Fluvial Functioning, Buffer Strip Index and Wild State Index) were applied at 33 AQEM sites distributed in three different Italian river types. The obtained results indicate the overall ability of the applied indices to detect the degradation gradient, including river morphology and habitat, in the studied riverine ecosystems. Index of Fluvial Functioning seems useful to promptly describe the ecological quality of rivers as suggested by the good correlation with the AQEM multimetric biotic index. The Buffer Strip Index, showing a clear affinity with the Habitat Quality Assessment, seems suitable to assess richness and quality of the physical structure of a riverine site. The Habitat Modification Score recorded efficiently the morphological impact where present (e.g., North Apennine river sites), while the Italian indices appear to be not appropriate for differentiating this impact type from the general degradation of rivers.