黑杨无性系间长期水分利用效率差异的生理基础

试验于2003年6月10日至8月20日在温室中进行,采用完全随机区组设计,4个水分处理（充分供水、轻度胁迫、中度胁迫、重度胁迫）,6次重复.各水分处理严格控制浇水间隔：充分供水,每2d浇水1次;轻度胁迫,每3d浇水1次;中度胁迫,每4d浇水1次;重度胁迫,每5d浇水1次.每次浇水的量相同,500ml.试验材料为美洲黑杨杂交无性系,父本为哈佛杨（Populus deltoides Bartr.CI.‘Harvard＇）,母本为山海关杨（Populus deltoides Bartr.CV.‘shanhaiguanensis＇）,共10个无性系,编号为J1～J10.以当前优良品系108杨（Populus euramericana CV.‘114/69＇）和中林46杨（Populus deltoides Bartr.CV.‘Zhonglin 46＇）为对照,编号为CK1、CK2.测定了12个无性系间长期水分利用效率（WUEL）、光合参数（净光合速率Pn、蒸腾速率Tr、气孔导度Gs、瞬时水分利用效率WUEi、最大净光合速率Pmax、光饱和点LSP、羧化效率Ce）及气孔特征参数（气孔频度、气孔大小、上/下表皮气孔数目比）、根冠比的差异,并深入分析了光合参数与WUEL、气孔特征参数与WUEL、根冠比与WUEL及光合参数之间的相互关系.结果表明：无性系间WUEL存在差异,这种差异随水分胁迫的加剧而更加显著.无性系间WUEL的差异在4个水分处理下表现出一致性,即WUEL最优的都是J2,其次为J6、J7、J8、J9.高WUEL的J2等无性系其气孔频度、气孔大小、Gs、Tr、Pn和根冠比在所有无性系中都处于适中的位置.它们的上/下表皮气孔数目比大,Pmax、LSP、Ce明显优于对照.Pmax高、LSP高、Ce大,表明高WUEL的J2等无性系光合能力强.Gs、Tr、Pn适中,表明J2等无性系在保证具有高WUEi的同时能保持较强的光合能力.根冠比适中,表明J2等无性系的光合产物在根、冠之间分配合理,能有充足的根系分布保证水分的供应,同时又有较多的光合产物积累在地上部分.气孔特征参数的差异是导致无性系间光合能力和WUEi差异,并最终导致WUEL差异的一个主要因子.气孔频度和气孔大小适中的无性系,其Gs、Tr、Pn适中,WUEi较高;上/下表皮气孔数目比大的无性系则具有较强的光合能力.无性系间WUEL的差异是一系列具有差异的生理参数共同作用的结果,高WUEL的无性系通常光合能力强、WUEi高、根冠比适中.今后工作中选育高WUE的无性系时,除需关注单个生理参数的突出作用外,更应关注生理参数的协同作用.     

毛白杨杂种无性系叶片δ13C差异与气体交换参数

在苗木生长的不同时期对13个毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)杂种无性系叶片碳同位素δ¹³C和气体交换参数(净光合速率P_n、蒸腾速率T_r、瞬时水分利用效率WUE_i、气孔导度G_s和胞间CO₂浓度C_i)的差异进行研究, 分析不同无性系间δ¹³C与气体交换参数的相互关系, 目的在于探求δ¹³C在筛选高光合及高水分利用效率毛白杨杂种无性系中的应用价值。结果表明: 不同生长时期和不同无性系间δ¹³C、T_r、WUE_i、G_s和C_i的差异均显著, δ¹³C和WUE_i表现为9月>7月, T_r、G_s和C_i表现为7月>9月, P_n在不同生长时期差异不显著。季节变化是引起毛白杨杂种无性系叶片δ¹³C差异的主要原因。同一时期, 无性系间δ¹³C和WUE_i表现出较好的一致性, 即WUE_i较高的无性系30、42、46、83、BL2和BL5, 其δ¹³C值也较高, WUE_i较低的无性系B331和TG34, 其δ¹³C值也较低, 且不同时期(7月和9月) δ¹³C和WUE_i呈较强的正相关, 相关系数r分别为0.739 0和0.545 8, 高δ¹³C可以作为筛选高WUE_i毛白杨的有效指标, 且在苗木生长旺盛时期选育能得到更为可靠的结果。对毛白杨而言, 高WUE_i的无性系, 一般具有适中或较低的G_s和C_i, 但不一定具有很高的P_n, 气孔调节使得毛白杨在不影响光合作用的同时保持较高的WUE。     

欧美杨水分利用效率相关基因 PdEPF1的克隆及表达

提高植物水分利用效率(WUE)是未来解决我国甚至世界干旱缺水的最重要手段之一。在对植物WUE的众多研究方法中,大多集中在生理手段,但通过分子生物学手段研究其表达调控机制的较少。欧美杨(Populus deltoides×Populus nigra)是中纬度地区最适合种植的短轮伐期工业用材集约经营树种之一。近年来我国引进了许多优良的欧美杨无性系用于营造大面积的速生丰产林并取得很好的经济和社会效益。但高耗水量的缺点限制了其进一步的推广。通过基因芯片技术从欧美杨中找到一个可能调控WUE的基因-PdEPF1.荧光定量表达进一步验证了这一结果。荧光定量表达分析表明该基因受ABA、盐、冷、干旱等胁迫诱导表达。组织特异表达分析说明PdEPF1基因在顶端叶和根中有表达,成熟叶衰老叶中则无表达。克隆到启动子分析表明该启动子含有多种干旱响应元件(drought response elememt),赤霉素响应元件(GA response elememt),低温响应元件(coldresponse elememt),ABA响应元件(ABA response elememt)等逆境相关的作用元件。     

Effects of Elevated Temperature on Growth and Gas Exchange in Dominant Plant Species from Maowusu Sandland,China

We compared the effect of elevated temperature on morphological development, biomass accumulation and allocation, and gas exchange of three dominant plants (Caragana intermedia Kuanget H.C. Fu, Hedysarum mongolicum Turcz., and Artemisia ordosica Krasch.) growing in Chinese Maowusu sandland. Plants were grown in two temperature chambers (25/20, 28/23 °C, day/night) during 60 d. Tree height, number of leaves, and leaf area were increased in C. intermedia and H. mongolicum seedlings, while in A. ordosica temperature only affected tree height. Elevated temperature increased biomass and reduced the root : shoot ratio in C. intermedia and H. mongolicum seedlings, but not in A. ordosica seedlings. The net photosynthetic rate (P _N) and transpiration rate (E) were increased at days 40 and 60 in C. intermedia and H. mongolicum seedlings, while in A. ordosica seedlings no significant effects on E were observed, and P _N was increased only at day 60. Water use efficiency (WUE) was reduced at days 40 and 60 in H. mongolicum seedlings, and at day 60 in C. intermedia seedlings. No temperature effect on WUE was observed in A. ordosica seedlings. These different responses indicate that climate change could alter plant communities in Maowusu sandland.     

水分胁迫对大果沙枣光合特性及生物量分配的影响

选取大果沙枣1年生幼苗,盆栽于相对含水量分别为70%~75%(CK)、50%~55%(T1)、35%~40%(T2)和15%~20%(T3)的土壤中培养25 d,研究大果沙枣在水分胁迫下的光合特性变化和生物产量积累及其分配规律。结果显示:水分胁迫抑制了大果沙枣的光合作用,与对照相比,T2和T3处理导致净光合速率、叶片蒸腾速率和水分利用效率显著降低,气孔阻力、胞间二氧化碳浓度和叶绿素含量升高,而且光合午休明显,非气孔因素是干旱时大果沙枣净光合速率下降的主要原因;水分胁迫下,大果沙枣的生长受到抑制,地上部分和地下部分的干生物量积累同时降低,但地下干生物量降低的程度低于地上部分;干旱处理中,T3处理显著抑制大果沙枣的生长,但仍保持一定的生物量增加。结果表明:大果沙枣具有一定的自我调节与保护能力,在水分胁迫下大果沙枣趋于将更多的资源分配给根系,以提高根冠比而适应干旱的环境。     

Influence of Phosphorus and Endomycorrhiza (Glomus Intraradices) on gas exchange and plant growth of Chile Ancho Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L. cv. San Luis)

Seedlings of chile ancho pepper were grown in pots containing a pasteurized mixture of sand and a low phosphorus (P) sandy loam soil, and either inoculated (VAM) or not inoculated (NVAM) with the endomycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. Long Ashton nutrient solution (LANS) was modified to supply P to the seedlings at 0, 11, and 44 g(P) m^-3 (P₀, P11, P₄₄, respectively). Low P depressed net photosynthetic rate (P_N), stomatal conductance (gs), phosphorus use efficiency (P_N/P), and internal CO₂ concentration (C_i). The mycorrhiza alleviated low P effects by increasing P_N, g_s, P_N/P, and decreasing C_i. At P₀, C_i of NVAM plants was equal to or higher than that of VAM plants, suggesting nonstomatal inhibition of photosynthesis. Gas exchange of VAM plants at P₀ was similar to that of NVAM plants at P11. Endomycorrhiza increased leaf number, leaf area, shoot, root and fruit mass at P₀ and P₁₁ compared to NVAM plants. Reproductive growth was enhanced by 450 % in mycorrhizal plants at P₄₄. Root colonization (arbuscules, vesicles, internal and extraradical hyphae development) was higher at lower P concentrations, while sporulation was unaffected. The enhanced growth and gas exchange of mycorrhizal plants was in part due to greater uptake of P and greater extraradical hyphae development. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

What is the usual internal carbon dioxide concentration in C<Subscript>4</Subscript> species under midday field conditions?

The carbon dioxide concentrating system in C₄ photosynthesis allows high net photosynthetic rates (P _N) at low internal carbon dioxide concentrations (C _i), permitting higher P _N relative to stomatal conductance (g _s) than in C₃ plants. This relation would be reflected in the ratio of C _i to external ambient (C _a) carbon dioxide concentration, which is often given as 0.3 or 0.4 for C₄ plants. For a C _a of 360 μmol mol⁻¹ that would mean a C _i about 110–140 μmol mol⁻¹. Our field observations made near midday on three weedy C₄ species, Amaranthus retroflexus, Echinochloa crus-galli, and Setaria faberi, and the C₄ crop Sorghum bicolor indicated mean values of C _i of 183–212 μ mol mol⁻¹ at C _a = 360 μmol mol⁻¹. Measurements in two other C₄ crop species grown with three levels of N fertilizer indicated that while midday values of C _i at high photon flux were higher at limiting N, even at high nitrogen C _i averaged 212 and 196 μmol mol⁻¹ for Amaranthus hypochondriacus and Zea mays, respectively. In these two crops midday C _i decreased with increasing leaf to air water vapor pressure difference. Averaged over all measurement days, the mean C _i across all C₄ species was 198 μmol mol⁻¹, for a C _i/C _a ratio of 0.55. Prior measurements on four herbaceous C₃ species using the same instrument indicated an average C _i/C _a ratio of 0.69. Hence midday C _i values in C ₄ species under field conditions may often be considerably higher and more similar to those of C₃ species than expected from measurements made on plants in controlled environments. Reducing g _s in C₄ crops at low water vapor pressure differences could potentially improve their water use efficiency without decreasing P _N.     

Effect of salinity on growth,water use and nutrient use in radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) plants were grown at five soil salinity levels (1, 2, 4, 9 and 13 dS m^-1) to analyse the effects on growth, dry matter partitioning, leaf expansion and water and nutrient use. Salinity was varied by proportionally changing the concentration of all macro nutrients. When the electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil solution increased from 1 to 13 dS m^-1, the influx concentration of the nutrients absorbed by the plants (the ratio between the uptakes of nutrients and water) increased only from 1.6 to 3.5 dS m^-1. The total nutrient uptake showed an optimum at an EC of the soil solution of about 4 dS m^-1. The data suggest that at low salinity level (≤ 2 dS m^-1) the nutrient uptake was limited by availability while at high salinity (>4 dS m^-1) it was limited by the growth of the plant. Total water use by the plants decreased and water use efficiency increased at high salinity. Plant growth was optimal at 2–4 dS m^-1. At salinities higher than 4 dS m^-1 total plant dry weight decreased 2.8% per dS m^-1. About 80% of the growth reduction at high salinity could be attributed to reduction of leaf area expansion and hence to reduction of light interception. The remaining 20% of the salinity effect on growth was most likely explained by a decrease in stomatal conductance. The small leaf area at high salinity was related to a reduced specific leaf area and increased tuber/shoot weight ratio. The latter could be attributed to tuber formation starting at a smaller plant size at high salinity. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Triadimefon enhances growth and net photosynthetic rate in NaCl stressed plants of Raphanus sativus L.

The effect of sodium chloride and triadimefon (TDM) on the chlorophyll (Chl) content, net photosynthetic rates (P_N), rate of transpiration (E), and intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) in Raphanus sativus was studied. The effect of NaCl salinity was partially ameliorated by TDM which caused increase in Chl content, P_N, and C_i. TDM also increased root dry matter production, decreased E, and increased the water use efficiency. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

杨树无性系光合特征的研究

对新培育的金科系列的4个杨树无性系（3^#、6^#、8^#、9^#）的光合特征及净光合速率、水分利用效率与主要影响因子的关系进行了研究。结果表明：不同月份4个无性系的净光合速率的日进程一般在10:00左右达到峰值,然后逐渐降低;蒸腾速率日进程不尽一致;气孔导度在7:00～9:00出现峰值后,缓慢下降。在6～8月,4个无性系的净光合速率的总平均值(μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1)排序为：无性系9^#（8.53）>6^#>（7.21）3^#（6.47）>8^#（4.98）;蒸腾速率的总平均值(mmol H₂O·m^-2·s^-1)排序为：无性系9^#（3.74）>3^#（2.76）>6^#（1.76）>8^#（1.47）;水分利用效率的总平均值(mmol CO₂·mol^-1 H₂O)排序为：无性系8^#（4.77）>6^#（4.35）>3^#（2.99）>9^#（2.40）。4个无性系的净光合速率与水分利用效率的排序并不一致。9^#属于高光合、高蒸腾、低水分利用效率类型,8^#属低光合、低蒸腾、高水分利用效率类型。在6月份6^#无性系的净光合速率和水分利用效率与温度、湿度显著相关,3^#、8^#、9^#无性系与光合有效辐射和气孔导度密切相关。     

贝加尔针茅不同枝条叶片蒸腾特性与水分利用效率对瞬时CO_2和光照变化的响应

利用人工光源测量了不同 CO2 浓度条件下贝加尔针茅 (Stipa bacailensis)营养枝条与生殖枝条叶片的净光合速率 (PN)、蒸腾速率 (E)、气孔导度 (gs)、胞间 CO2 浓度 (Ci)及叶面饱和蒸气压亏缺 (VPD)。营养枝与生殖枝 PN 及 E均随 CO2 浓度升高而增大 ,但 PN 增加幅度较大 ,E增加幅度较小。在高 CO2 浓度 (14 0 0 μmol/m ol)条件下 ,营养枝叶片最大 PN(2 7.2 3μmol CO2 /(m2 · s) )大于生殖枝 (17.13μm ol CO2 /(m2 · s) )。营养枝与生殖枝之间 E呈极显著差异。营养枝与生殖枝水分利用效率 (WUE= PN/E)均随 CO2 浓度升高而增大 ,生殖枝 WUE略高于营养枝 ,但差异未达到显著水平。光合速率的显著增加是贝加尔针茅水分利用效率随 CO2 浓度升高而增加的主要影响因素。CO2 浓度相对稳定条件下 (35 0 μmol/mol) ,生殖枝与营养枝 PN 与 E均随模拟光辐射 (SPR)强度增加而增大 ,但增幅逐渐趋缓 ,营养枝最大 PN 及 E均大于生殖枝。当 SPR强度从 0增加到 4 0 0 μmol/(m2 · s)过程中 ,营养枝与生殖枝叶片水分利用效率均呈陡然增大趋势 ,随着 SPR的进一步增强 ,WUE缓慢增大并在较高值附近达到波动平衡。贝加尔针茅营养枝与生殖枝之间的 gs差异是 PN 与 E差异的主要影响因素 ,也决定了 WUE对 CO2 浓度和模拟光辐     

Effects of source-sink relations on photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO2

Abstract. While photosynthesis of C₃ plants is stimulated by an increase in the atmospheric CO₂ concentration, photosynthetic capacity is often reduced after long-term exposure to elevated CO₂. This reduction appears to be brought about by end product inhibition, resulting from an imbalance in the supply and demand of carbohydrates. A review of the literature revealed that the reduction of photosynthetic capacity in elevated CO₂ was most pronounced when the increased supply of carbohydrates was combined with small sink size. The volume of pots in which plants were grown affected the sink size by restricting root growth. While plants grown in small pots had a reduced photosynthetic capacity, plants grown in the field showed no reduction or an increase in this capacity. Pot volume also determined the effect of elevated CO₂ on the root/shoot ratio: the root/shoot ratio increased when root growth was not restricted and decreased in plants grown in small pots. The data presented in this paper suggest that plants growing in the field will maintain a high photosynthetic capacity as the atmospheric CO₂ level continues to rise.     

Gas Exchange Characteristics of the Flue-Cured Tobacco (Nicotiana Tabacum L.) Cultivars Grown under Two Production Systems

The net photosynthetic rate (P _N), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C _i), stomatal conductance (g _s), transpiration rate (E), water use efficiency (WUE), and leaf biomass production of four American flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cultivars K 326, K 358, and Speight G 28 were compared with three local Indian cultivars 16/103, Special FCV, and PCT-7, during 1994 and 1995 crop seasons under irrigated and rainfed production systems (Northern light soils, NLS, and Karnataka light soils, KLS) in India. By comparison, the American tobacco cv. K 326 showed the highest P _N and g _s. A positive correlation was found between P _N and biomass production in all the varieties tested (r = 0.55 in NLS and 0.73 in KLS). The American cultivars were superior than the local cultivars in their biomass production and P _N under Indian farming conditions.     

长期施肥对水稻光合特性及水分利用效率的影响

在实施了27年的长期田间定位试验区,研究了长期不同施肥对红壤区水稻光合特性及水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:在不施肥(CK)、无机肥(N、NP、NPK)、有机肥(猪粪+紫云英绿肥,M)和无机肥与有机肥配施(NPKM)处理中,长期施用肥料,特别是有机肥与无机肥配施提高水稻各生育期剑叶叶绿素含量、净光合作用速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率和水稻产量,降低水稻剑叶胞间CO_2浓度;水稻剑叶叶绿素含量、净光合作用速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率随发育阶段演进而减小,孕穗期>齐穗期>乳熟期,而胞间CO_2浓度相反;水分利用效率以齐穗期为最大;水稻发育阶段叶绿素含量、净光合速率和水稻产量之间均呈显著正相关;长期施用肥料,特别是有机肥与无机肥配施更有利于红壤区水稻的生长发育、产量和水分利用效率的提高.

Abstract：

A field experiment has being conducted for 27 years in Jinxian County, Institute of Red Soil in Jiangxi Province (116°20'24" E, 28°15'30" N) to study the effects of fertilization on the rice photosynthetic traits and water use efficiency. Four treatments were installed,i. e., no fertilization (CK), chemical fertilization (N, NP, NPK), organic fertilization (M), and chemi-cal and organic fertilization (NPKM). Long-term fertilization, especially treatment NPKM, in- creased the flag leaf chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpi-ration rate, and water use efficiency of rice at its all growth stages and the rice yield, and de-creased the flag leaf intercellular CO_2 concentration. With the growth of rice, the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate decreased, but the intercellular CO_2 concentration increased. The water use efficiency was the greatest at full-head-ing stage. There were significant positive correlations between the chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate at various growth stages and the rice yield, Long-term fertilization, especially the combined chemical and organic fertilization, was favorable to the rice growth and develop-ment, water use efficiency, and yield production in red soil region.     

Salt-induced changes in photosynthetic activity and growth in a potential medicinal plant Bishop’s weed (Ammi majus L.)

Sixty seven-days-old plants of Ammi majus L. were subjected for 46 d to sand culture at varying concentrations of NaCl, i.e. 0 (control), 40, 80, 120, and 160 mM. Increasing salt concentrations caused a significant reduction in fresh and dry masses of both shoots and roots as well as seed yield. However, the adverse effect of salt was more pronounced on seed yield than biomass production at the vegetative stage. Calculated 50 % reduction in shoot dry mass occurred at 156 mM (ca.15.6 mS cm^–1), whereas that in seed yield was at 104 mM (ca.10.4 mS cm^–1). As in most glycophytes, Na⁺ and Cl^– in both shoots and roots increased, whereas K⁺ and Ca²⁺ decreased consistently with the successive increase in salt level of the growth medium. Plants of A. majusmaintained markedly higher K⁺/Na⁺ ratios in the shoots than those in the roots, and the ratio remained more than 1 even at the highest external salt level (160 mM). Net photosynthetic (P_N) and transpiration (E) rates remained unaffected at increasing NaCl, and thus these attributes had a negative association with salt tolerance of A. majus. Proline content in the shoots increased markedly at the higher concentrations of salt. Essential oil content in the seed decreased consistently with increase in external salt level. Overall, A. majusis a moderately salt tolerant crop whose response to salinity is associated with maintenance of high shoot K⁺/Na⁺ ratio and accumulation of proline in shoots, but P_N had a negative association with the salt tolerance of this crop.This revised version was published online in March 2005 with corrections to the page numbers.     

CO2 and water vapour exchange in four alpine herbs at two altitudes and under varying light and temperature conditions

CO₂ and water vapour exchange rates of four alpine herbs namely: Rheum emodi, R. moorcroftianum, Megacarpaea polyandra and Rumex nepalensis were studied under field conditions at 3600 m (natural habitat) and 550 m altitudes. The effect of light and temperature on CO₂ and water vapour exchange was studied in the plants grown at lower altitude. In R. moorcroftianum and R. nepalensis, the average photosynthesis rates were found to be about three times higher at 550 m as compared to that under their natural habitat. However, in M. polyandra, the CO₂ exchange rates were two times higher at 3600 m than at 550 m but in R. emodi, there were virtually no differences at the two altitudes. These results indicate the variations in the CO₂ exchange rates are species specific. The change in growth altitude does not affect this process uniformly.The transpiration rates in R. emodi and M. polyandra were found to be very high at 3600 m compared to 550 m and are attributed to overall higher stomatal conductance in plants of these species, grown at higher altitude. The mid-day closure of stomata and therefore, restriction of transpirational losses of water were observed in all the species at 550 m altitude. In addition to the effect of temperature and relative humidity, the data also indicate some endogenous rhythmic control of stomatal conductance.The temperature optima for photosynthesis was close to 30°C in M. polyandra and around 20°C in the rest of the three species. High temperature and high light intensity, as well as low temperature and high light intensity, adversely affect the net rate of photosynthesis in these species.Both light compensation point and dark respiration rate increased with increasing temperature.The effect of light was more prominent on photosynthesis than the effect of temperature, however, on transpiration the effect of temperature was more prominent than the effect of light intensity.No definite trends were found in stomatal conductance with respect to light and temperature. Generally, the stomatal conductance was highest at 20°C.The study reveals that all these species can easily be cultivated at relatively lower altitudes. However, proper agronomical methodology will need to be developed for better yields.     

长期连作和秸秆还田对棉田土壤生物活性的影响

研究了新疆棉区棉花长期连作与秸秆还田对棉田土壤微生物量和土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明：棉田土壤生物活性受到作物连作障碍的负面效应和秸秆长期还田培肥地力的正面效应的双重影响.在短期内（5～10年）,连作障碍明显,连作与秸秆还田5和10年的土壤微生物总量比种植1年降低36.54%和25.66%,细菌、放线菌数量下降较快,分别为种植1年的61.12%、70.16%和67.91%、145.79%,而真菌所占比例提高;土壤中脲酶、蔗糖酶活性分别比种植1年降低0.76%、2.52%和28.12%、11.44%,连作与秸秆还田5年的过氧化氢酶活性比种植1年降低9.21%.长期连作与秸秆还田条件下,土壤生物性状趋于好转,生物多样性指数增加,与短期（5年）相比,连作与秸秆还田15和20年的细菌、放线菌数量分别增加71.52%、61.03%和141.74%、240.83%,而真菌所占比例下降,土壤中过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性增加.淀粉酶活性在短期内上升,连作与秸秆还田5和10年分别比种植1年增加11.38%和10.41%,连作与秸秆还田20年则降低31.34%.