互花米草与海三棱藨草的生长特征和相对竞争能力

外来物种互花米草(Spartinaalterniflora)已对我国特有种海三棱藨草 (Scirpusmariqueter)发生了竞争取代。作者通过在长江口崇明东滩湿地取样和盆栽竞争实验,比较了二者的主要生长特征和种间相对竞争能力。结果表明:无论是先锋种群还是成熟种群,互花米草的高度、盖度、地上生物量、地下生物量和平均每花序种子数都显著大于海三棱藨草;海三棱藨草的密度和单位面积结实枝条数显著大于互花米草。两种植物成熟种群的单位面积种子产量和种子的萌发率没有显著差异。种内竞争和种间竞争显著降低了两种植物的平均每株产生的无性小株数、结实株数、地上生物量和地下球茎数(海三棱藨草产生球茎),互花米草的种间竞争能力 (相对邻里效应指数 )显著大于海三棱藨草。互花米草在生长上的优势可能导致其在种间竞争上的优势,从而使互花米草能够在海三棱藨草群落中成功入侵。     

互花米草的两面性及其生态控制

互花米草是美国大西洋沿岸的本土植物,其高生产力、高繁殖率、高抗性和致密发达的地下部分等生物学特性使它能在沿海地区的抗风防浪、保滩护岸、促淤造陆、修复湿地和固定二氧化碳等方面发挥很好的正生态效应;然而,正是这与生俱来的生物学优势使该物种在引种地区侵占光滩,很快形成茂盛的单种优势群落,体现出很强的入侵性,从而也具有相当大的负生态效应。本文综述了互花米草的正负生态效应,分别从以下4个方面展开:抗风防浪的功效与改变景观的负作用,促淤造陆的功效与改变河口水文格局的负作用,固碳效应与释放温室气体的负作用,为一些物种提供营养与栖息地的同时对其他物种栖息环境的破坏性。研究证实,互花米草的本土化倾向已比较突出,如在超过100年引种历史的美国西部维拉帕湾、引种历史近40年的旧金山湾,以及引种历史近30年的我国大丰滩涂等。对于互花米草的生态控制,应结合各地的自然、社会、经济状况,因地制宜,如在一些生态脆弱(开发过度、缺乏大型植被、蚀退现象严重)的沿海地区,防灾减灾任务艰巨,根除互花米草须谨慎;在充分利用互花米草抗风防浪和促淤造陆后,可以适时围垦,以达到某些区域大面积减除的目标;此外,综合治理与利用相结合是较为科学的举措,既充分利用互花米草生物质(加工生产新食品、保健品、生物气等),又有效控制其种子飘落和扩繁,是一项生态工程,也是一种具有生态经济效益的利国利民之举。     

互花米草入侵九段沙河口湿地对当地昆虫多样性的影响

为认识因互花米草(Spartinaalterniflora)入侵而给九段沙河口湿地昆虫多样性带来的影响,我们于2004年5月到2005年10月间用网捕和收割植株两种方法对3个典型植物群落中昆虫多样性作了连续调查。研究期间,共采集到昆虫11,300头。经鉴定为97个种,隶属于12目69科。互花米草群落中昆虫的物种数、个体数量以及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均显著低于土著植物芦苇(Phragmitesaustralis)群落和海三棱藨草(Scirpusmariqueter)群落中的;而Simpson优势度指数较土著植物群落中高。聚类分析结果表明:芦苇与海三棱藨草群落中昆虫群落结构更为相似。互花米草的入侵将可能导致九段沙湿地昆虫多样性的降低和群落结构的改变。     

互花米草群落功率最大化倾向

植物新种进入新区域后,通过扰动或搅局,改变生态系统的结构,形成有特色的自组 织生态系统,趋向新条件下的功率最大化.本文应用能值分析的方法,分别对苏北互花米草 生态系统和光滩生态系统进行能值分析和系统评估.结果表明：互花米草生态系统每年能值 产出比光滩生态系统高1.52E+18 sej.能值密度是光滩的4.72倍,基础能值产出率约为光滩生态系统的5倍.互花米草生态系统能更有效地利用能量,增加系统内部的 能值贮存,实现系统内部的功率最大化.互花米草入侵某区域滩涂后,通过自组织促使整个互花米草生态系统趋于功率最大化,充分发挥生态服务功能,但由于其繁殖扩散过快,导致种群爆发,产生了一系列负面效应,如抑制本土物种、侵占航道、危害贝类养殖等.     

芦苇与入侵植物互花米草的光合特性比较

以上海崇明东滩湿地外来入侵植物互花米草与本地种芦苇为研究对象,对它们的光合特性进行了比较研究,结果表明:(1)与芦苇相比,互花米草具有更高的表观量子效率(AQY)、CO2羟化效率(CE)和最大净光合速率(pmax);(2)生长季节初期,互花米草午间时段的光合、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均高于芦苇,各指标与光、温的变化基本一致;(3)互花米草的净光合速率曲线呈“单峰”型,测定指标在强光合辐射、高温条件下迅速上升,芦苇则表现出明显的“午休”现象;(4)在生长季节初期(5月份)和活跃期(9月份),互花米草的净光合速率显著高于芦苇,而在生长季节后期(11月份)则低于芦苇。该项研究有利于解释互花米草生长迅速,生产力高,竞争性强的生理生态学特性。     

外来物种互花米草种子萌发的生态适应性

在3种条件即不同萌发温度和光照、不同贮藏温度和时间、不同盐浓度下,研究了互花米草种子萌发及胚生长特性.结果表明:在相同温度下,种子的萌发不受光照或黑暗条件影响,最适萌发温度为16/26℃(夜/昼)和25℃,萌发率高于90%;在-5℃、0℃、5℃、10℃的贮藏温度下,贮藏120 d的种子萌发率高于74%,表明种子能够安全越冬;当盐浓度为75～225 mmol·L~(-1)时,萌发率高于90%,150 mmol·L~(-1)的盐浓度较适宜胚的生长,胚芽鞘和胚轴的生长先于胚芽和胚根,盐溶液对胚轴、胚芽鞘的生长所产生的抑制作用小于胚根、胚芽,有利于已萌发的幼苗快速出土,适应多变的潮间带环境.     

土壤水分条件对克隆植物互花米草表型可塑性的影响

在互花米草草滩挖掘沙蚕是海岸带常见的行为,会造成土壤结构松散,蓄水能力下降,局部土壤水分含量低.能否利用这些条件,降低互花米草种群的入侵性,并进而对互花米草的控制提供对策是一个重要的生态学命题.为此,实验模拟3种不同土壤蓄水条件,并测定互花米草在该条件下的形态与存活指标、克隆特征参数及生物量积累与分配格局.结果表明:土壤水分条件对互花米草的叶长和根状茎生物量均没有显著影响(p> 0.05);而其株高、分枝强度、克隆存活数、克隆存活率及地上生物量在各土壤水分条件间差异显著(p< 0.05);在低水分条件下,互花米草的芽数、基茎粗、地上生物量比和叶生物量比均显著低于其他两组处理(p< 0.05),地下生物量比则显著高于其他两组处理(p< 0.05);在中等水分条件下,互花米草的根状茎长、根状茎节数、地下生物量和茎生物量比与其他两组处理差异不显著(p> 0.05),而在其他两组处理间差异显著(p< 0.05);在高水分条件下,总生物量、茎生物量和根生物量显著高于其他两组处理(p< 0.05),根状茎生物量比则显著低于其他两组处理(p< 0.05),而这些指标在其他两组处理间均差异不显著(p> 0.05).由此推断,土壤水分条件适中有利于互花米草的生长扩张以占领有利的资源环境,而土壤水分条件低则抑制互花米草的生长繁殖,影响其种群延续.     

三种类型互花米草抗盐生态型的分化

从美国引种成功的三种类型互花米草在不同NaCl浓度的盐渍生境中,叶细胞膜透性、渗透调节物(主要是K+、Na+)和氨基酸的变化以及光合作用、呼吸作用的变化都存在明显的差异,这是由于长期不同生境的选择和互花米草的基因型适应所造成的生态型分化的结果。按抗盐性分：G型抗性最强、F型最弱、N型居中。     

Greater male fitness of a rare invader (Spartina alterniflora, Poaceae) threatens a common native (Spartina foliosa) with hybridization

Hybridization with abundant invaders is a well-known threat to rare native species. Our study addresses mechanisms of hybridization between a rare invader, smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) and the common native California cordgrass (S. foliosa) in the salt marshes of San Francisco Bay. These species are wind-pollinated and flower in summer. The invader produced 21-fold the viable pollen of the native, and 28% of invader pollen germinated on native stigmas (1.5-fold the rate of the native's own pollen). Invader pollen increased the seed set of native plants almost eightfold over that produced with native pollen, while native pollen failed to increase seed set of the invader. This pollen swamping and superior siring ability by the invader could lead to serial genetic assimilation of a very large native population. Unlike California cordgrass, smooth cordgrass can grow into low intertidal habitats and cover open mud necessary to foraging shorebirds, marine life, navigation, and flood control in channels. To the extent that intertidal range of the hybrids is more similar to the invader than to the native parent, introgression will lead to habitat loss for shore birds and marine life as well to genetic pollution of native California cordgrass.     

基质及水位对入侵种互花米草生长的影响

为了揭示基质和水位对互花米草种群扩张过程的影响,通过室内模拟试验分析了不同基质和地下水位对互花米草幼苗存活率、高生长和生物量及分配等表型参数的影响。结果表明:基质、水位及其交互作用对互花米草幼苗生长影响显著;基质类型和地下水位的交互作用显著影响幼苗的存活率;同种基质中地下水位的降低显著促进了幼苗根长的增加;由于不同基质持水力和营养的差异,沙中生长的幼苗随地下水位的降低地上部分表现出显著的生长抑制,而沙土和壤土中的幼苗在中等水位生长最好;沙中幼苗根状茎的长度显著低于沙土和壤土,而随水位的降低,沙土和壤土根茎长度显著下降。由此可以推论,互花米草种群扩张强度因生境而异,在沙土和壤土基质中互花米草可能表现出更强的入侵性和扩散能力。     

盐度变化条件下芦苇对互花米草的化感效应

以芦苇凋落物为试材,采用溶液浸提法和厌氧腐解法,获得水提物和腐解产物两种浸提物母液;在5‰和10‰盐浓度下以两种浸提物母液和25%母液分别处理互花米草种子、刚萌发的幼苗以及互花米草滩涂中特有的互花米草益生菌,考察盐度变化对互花米草种子的萌发、幼苗生长以及菌落生长的影响.结果表明：盐处理能够显著促进互花米草种子的萌发、幼根以及互花米草益生菌的生长(P＜0.05).较高的盐浓度(10‰)下,芦苇水提物对互花米草的萌发、生长和互花米草益生菌的生长呈促进作用;当盐浓度降低至5‰时,该促进作用消失.在较低的盐浓度(5‰)下,芦苇腐解产物对互花米草萌发产生显著的抑制作用;在较高盐浓度(10‰)时,则对互花米草益生菌产生显著促进作用(P＜0.05);在试验的任一盐浓度下,芦苇腐解产物对互花米草幼苗和幼根的生长均存在显著的抑制效果(P＜0.05).     

养分条件对互花米草表型可塑性的影响

通过栽培实验研究了高、中、低不同养分水平对外来入侵种互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)表型可塑性的影响。结果表明:随着养分含量的增加,互花米草分枝强度不断增加,低养分处理与中、高养分处理间差异显著;间隔子长度随着养分含量的增加而增加,但分枝角度不受养分含量的影响;互花米草生物量分配格局显著受养分水平的影响,随着养分的降低,互花米草对地上部分(茎和叶)的生物量投资减小,而对地下部分(根和根茎)的生物量投资增加。这些结果说明,养分水平对互花米草的克隆生长有显著影响,互花米草对不同的养分条件表现出较强的可塑性。     

水淹对互花米草生长及生理的影响

研究了互花米草在不同没顶水淹时间处理下,株高、叶面积等生长指标以及叶片光合速率与色素、脯氨酸、可溶性糖和蛋白质含量等生理指标变化情况。结果表明,随着水淹时间延长,米草株高和叶面积呈下降趋势,叶片光合速率下降;叶片中自由水/束缚水、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量、可溶性糖在不同水淹时长处理之间也存在显著差异;但可溶性蛋白质和游离脯氨酸含量在各处理间差异无显著性。     

外来种互花米草对盐沼土壤微生物多样性的影响——以江苏滨海为例

研究了江苏滨海外来种互花米草的生长对潮间带土壤微生物特征的影响,结果显示:与原有光滩相比,互花米草的大面积生长,使当地潮间带土壤微生物量增加,并随植被的生长状况发生变化,潮间带土壤微生物对碳和营养物质的利用相对较少;同时微生物生理功能群中占优势的活动组分发生了变化,组成可能更复杂。土壤微生物群落生理功能多样性(CLPP)分析结果显示,潮间带土壤微生物群落对碳源底物的利用能力不高,所利用碳源以糖类、氨基酸类、羧酸类占优势;其中互花米草盐沼微生物利用的碳源种类多于光滩,并且不同季节土壤微生物群落碳源利用类型存在差异;潮间带土壤微生物在不同的季节中其生理功能群组成发生着变化,互花米草盐沼的土壤微生物在植被生长减弱时具有与光滩相近的代谢类群,在生理功能上具有一定的相似性;当植被生长旺盛时,其代谢类群增多,代谢强度升高,微生物群落功能多样性增加。外来种互花米草在滨海潮间带的大面积生长,改善了土壤理化性质,为该处土壤微生物提供了不同的碳源,增强了土壤微生物的活动,改变了土壤微生物群落生理功能结构。     

互花米草入侵对土壤生态系统的影响

互花米草是全球海岸滩涂湿地生态系统最成功的入侵植物之一,对中国沿海湿地土壤生态系统也产生了重大影响.本文主要从入侵地土壤生态系统的结构组分(土壤微生物和土壤动物)与物质循环(土壤碳循环、氮循环、磷循环和重金属元素)两大方面,综述了近年来国内外互花米草入侵对沿海滩涂与河口地区土壤生态系统的影响.此外,本文还指出了未来互花米草的研究方向,包括加强互花米草对入侵地土壤微生物的影响的研究,整合互花米草对地上、地下资源竞争和生态过程影响的研究,以及互花米草在全球变化大背景下入侵动态预测.     

Geographic structure, genetic diversity and source tracking of Spartina alterniflora

Aim To examine the distribution and structure of genetic variation among native Spartina alterniflora and to characterize the evolutionary mechanisms underlying the success of non‐native S. alterniflora. Location Intertidal marshes along the Atlantic, Gulf and Pacific coasts of North America. Methods amova , parsimony analysis, haplotype networks of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences, neighbour‐joining analysis, Bayesian analysis of population structure, and individual assignment testing were used. Results Low levels of gene flow and geographic patterns of genetic variation were found among native S. alterniflora from the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of North America. The distribution of cpDNA haplotypes indicates that Atlantic coast S. alterniflora are subdivided into ‘northern’ and ‘southern’ groups. Variation observed at microsatellite loci further suggests that mid‐Atlantic S. alterniflora are differentiated from S. alterniflora found in southern Atlantic and New England coastal marshes. Comparisons between native populations on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts and non‐native Pacific coast populations substantiate prior studies demonstrating reciprocal interspecific hybridization in San Francisco Bay. Our results corroborate historical evidence that S. alterniflora was introduced into Willapa Bay from multiple source populations. However, we found that some Willapa Bay S. alterniflora are genetically divergent from putative sources, probably as a result of admixture following secondary contact among previously allopatric native populations. We further recovered evidence in support of models suggesting that S. alterniflora has secondarily spread within Washington State, from Willapa Bay to Grays Harbor. Main conclusions Underlying genetic structure has often been cited as a factor contributing to ecological variation of native S. alterniflora. Patterns of genetic structure within native S. alterniflora may be the result of environmental differences among biogeographical provinces, of migration barriers, or of responses to historical conditions. Interactions among these factors, rather than one single factor, may best explain the distribution of genetic variation among native S. alterniflora. Comprehensive genetic comparisons of native and introduced populations can illustrate how biological invasions may result from dramatically different underlying factors – some of which might otherwise go unrecognized. Demonstrating that invasions can result from several independent or interacting mechanisms is important for improving risk assessment and future forecasting. Further research on S. alterniflora not only may clarify what forces structure native populations, but also may improve the management of non‐native populations by enabling post‐introduction genetic changes and the rapid evolution of life‐history traits to be more successfully exploited.     

The influence of arsenic chemical form and concentration on Spartina patens and Spartina alterniflora growth and tissue arsenic concentration

Arsenic (As) uptake by two perennial coastal marsh grasses growing in hydroponic conditions was studied in relation to the chemical form and concentration of As added to nutrient solution. A 4×3×2 factorial experiment was conducted with treatments consisting of four As chemical forms [arsenite, As(III); arsenate, As(V); monomethyl arsonic acid, MMAA; and dimethyl arsinic acid, DMAA], three As concentrations (0.2, 0.8, and 2.0 mg As L^-1) and two plant species (Spartina patens and Spartina alterniflora). Arsenic phytoavailability and phytotoxicity were primarily determined by the As chemical form present in the nutrient solution, though As concentration also influenced both As availability and toxicity. Application of As(V) increased root, shoot and total dry matter production; this positive plant growth response may be linked with P nutrition. Organic arsenicals and As(III) were the most phytotoxic species to both marsh grasses when plant growth was considered. Arsenic uptake and transport in plant were species-specific. Phytoavailability of As followed the trend DMAA MMAA As(V) < As(III). Root and shoot As concentrations significantly increased with increasing As application rates to the rooting medium, regardless of the As chemical form. Upon absorption, inorganic arsenicals and MMAA were mainly accumulated in the root system, while DMAA was readily translocated to the shoot.     

长江口九段沙湿地不同生境中大型底栖动物群落结构特征分析

2004年10月至2005年1月对九段沙湿地大型底栖动物的群落分布特征及环境因子进行了调查。选取6种主要生境的57个样方,分析大型底栖动物的种类、密度、生物量、多样性指数及均匀度指数等群落特征。共记录到28种大型底栖动物,主要由甲壳动物、环节动物、软体动物及昆虫幼体组成,优势种为谭氏泥蟹(Ilyrplaxdeschampsi)、光滑狭口螺(Stenothyraglabra)、堇拟沼螺(Assimineaviolacea)、绯拟沼螺(A.latericea)和霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodriuhoffmeisteri)。6种生境类型中以低潮位光滩大型底栖动物种类最为丰富,但其密度最低;海三棱藨草(Scirpusmariqueter)带底栖动物密度最高,并且其均匀度与其他生境存在显著差异;互花米草(Spartinaalterniflora)带下底栖动物的种类组成与其他生境有一定差异,但种类数、密度和多样性处于平均水平,总体群落结构没有显著差异。     

Effect of Salt Stress on Seed Germination and EmbryoGrowth of Spartina alterniflora (Gramineae)

In this paper , the effect of NaCl concentration ( 1× 104 - 6× 104 mg/L) on the seed germination of smooth cordgrass ( Spartina alterniflora) was investigated using 1/2 Hoagland as the basic culture solution. The results indicated that the coleoptile and embryonal axis grew before the radicle and plumule in the stage of germination . Salinity level had no influence on the seed germination percentage when the salt concentration didn′t exceed 3×104 mg/L. The optimal salinity level for seed germination and embryo growth was 1×104 mg/L . The inhibit effect of salt concentration on the growth of embryo′s different part was different, and the length of radicle and plumule decreased significantly with the increase of salt concentration. However , the lesser inhibition on the embryonal axis and coleoptile was observed under the higher salt concentration, and thus the seedlings out of soil were ensured and the species was quickly adapted to the environment of inter- tidal zone .