乳腺癌相关的细胞内信号通路

乳腺癌是女性中常见的恶性肿瘤之一.乳腺癌的发生、发展、转移及耐药性的产生与细胞内的信号通路密切相关,其中雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)信号通路、胰岛素样生长因子受体（insulin-like growth factor receptor,IGFR)信号通路和表皮生长因子受体（epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR）信号通路尤为重要．深入了解ER、IGFR和EGFR三条信号通路的作用机制及它们之间的交叉对话对于寻找新的更有效的肿瘤治疗靶点至关重要．本文综述了近年来有关ER、IGFR和EGFR三条信号通路研究进展及这三条通路与乳腺癌关系．     

NKG2D免疫受体及其配体的作用

受到感染或损伤的细胞通过中间受体将信号传导至机体的免疫系统,NKG2D即是这样一种典型的具有较高免疫原性的免疫受体,它的主要作用是传导受损伤细胞产生的信号,诱导机体产生免疫应答。该文总结了近期关于NKG2D和其配体的多样性,以及NKG2D和其配体在信号传导,刺激免疫细胞产生,肿瘤细胞的监督和疾病预防方面的新发现。     

模式识别受体在白念珠菌感染中的作用

白念珠菌感染机体后,机体首先通过固有免疫系统来发挥抗真菌作用,模式识别受体是固有免疫细胞用于识别PAMPs的分子,其中Toll样受体和C型凝集素家族是识别白念珠菌的主要PRR。这两类受体被激活后,会通过信号通路启动机体固有免疫和适应性免疫系统,诱导相关细胞因子的产生,募集巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞等吞噬细胞来杀灭白念珠菌,同时,还可传递相关信号诱导Th1、Th2、Th17和Treg等适应性免疫细胞的活化,通过体液免疫和细胞免疫来发挥抗真菌作用,对模式识别受体与白念珠菌相互作用机制的研究对临床真菌病的免疫调节和治疗具有重要意义。     

动物的痛觉和痒觉感受机制(3)

动物要感知对身体的伤害和潜在伤害且及时做出反应,发展出了痛感和痒感。各种伤害性刺激,包括机械损伤、极端温度、极端酸/碱环境等,都会引起痛的感觉,这些损伤性刺激主要由TRP离子通道感知,再由别的离子通道放大。各种对身体有潜在伤害的刺激则引起痒的感觉,这些刺激主要由G蛋白偶联受体感知,再由别的离子通道加以放大。痛觉和痒觉通过不同的神经通路传递至大脑,因此痒不是"微痛"。     

动物的痛觉和痒觉感受机制(1)

动物要感知外界对身体的伤害和潜在伤害且及时做出反应,发展出了痛感和痒感。各种伤害性刺激,包括机械损伤、极端温度、极端酸碱环境等,都会引起痛觉,这些损伤性刺激主要由TRP离子通道感知,再由其他离子通道放大。各种对身体有潜在伤害的刺激则引起痒的感觉,这些刺激主要由与G蛋白偶联的受体感知,再由其他离子通道加以放大。痛觉和痒觉通过不同的神经通路传递至大脑,因此痒不是"微痛"。     

动物的痛觉和痒觉感受机制(2)

动物要感知对身体的伤害和潜在伤害且及时做出反应,发展出了痛感和痒感。各种伤害性刺激,包括机械损伤、极端温度、极端酸/碱环境等,都会引起痛的感觉,这些损伤性刺激主要由TRP离子通道感知,再由别的离子通道放大。各种对身体有潜在伤害的刺激则引起痒的感觉,这些刺激主要由G蛋白偶联受体感知,再由别的离子通道加以放大。痛觉和痒觉通过不同的神经通路传递至大脑,因此痒不是"微痛"。     

多糖调控巨噬细胞免疫应答机制的研究进展

多糖是一类来源广泛且具有多种生物学活性的天然大分子物质,能增强机体先天性和适应性免疫系统。近来研究发现,生物活性多糖能通过巨噬细胞表面多种受体诱导复杂而又交叉的信号转导,调控细胞功能和相关细胞因子的表达,但对于相关的研究缺乏系统的归纳分析。该文综述了生物多糖对巨噬细胞的免疫调节作用、刺激信号通路以及多糖结构与受体关系,旨在为相关领域的研究提供参考。     

侧臂旁核与痒觉中枢神经通路北大核心CSCD

痒觉（itch sensation）,是机体重要感觉之一,作为一种激发搔抓欲望的不快感;痒觉其实亦为一种重要的保护反应,其可被多种因素诱发,如感染、干燥、虫咬、皮损、及系统疾病等;由于痒觉可为诸多重大疾病的征兆,因此,其成为医学界热点之一。痒觉具有独特神经传导通路,并经由该通路,启动搔抓行为（scratching behavior）。近年来,对痒觉神经传导通路的研究多集中于脊髓传导层面,并已在背根神经节和脊髓,鉴定出痒觉特异神经元,然而,其中枢神经通路,却知之甚少。     

协同刺激因子B7家族成员的抑制性受体与负向免疫调节

维持淋巴细胞的正常功能需要正负向协同刺激信号的同时参与。两种信号决定了T、B细胞对抗原特异性刺激的敏感性和应答方式。二者的平衡使机体在避免对自身抗原产生不适当反应的同时,又能对外来抗原显示足够强的应答能力。多年来有关协同信号的研究,对相关分子结构和功能的认识已大大深化,特别是其中的B7分子及其受体家族。该家族的负向调控作用是通过其抑制性受体来实现的。目前已发现3种抑制性受体：细胞毒性T细胞相关分子(CTLA-4)、程序性死亡分子(PD-1)和B、T细胞弱化因子(BTLA)。对其效应机制的研究,将对免疫调节以及自身免疫、肿瘤免疫和移植免疫产生深远影响。     

Toll样受体信号通路的负调控

综述了Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)介导炎症反应信号通路的负调控机理．TLRs可以被病原体激活并迅速启动炎症反应,对先天性和获得性免疫反应起着重要调节作用．TLRs介导的免疫反应必须受到严格的调控,持续激活状态可长时间高表达炎症因子,导致机体产生慢性炎症、自身免疫紊乱和其他TLRs相关疾病．正常生理状态下,机体存在着多种TLRs的负调控机制,以维持免疫反应的平衡．该领域的研究近年来取得了重要进展,为许多免疫相关疾病的治疗提供了线索．     

The neurobiology of itch

The neurobiology of itch, which is formally known as pruritus, and its interaction with pain have been illustrated by the complexity of specific mediators, itch-related neuronal pathways and the central processing of itch. Scratch-induced pain can abolish itch, and analgesic opioids can generate itch, which indicates an antagonistic interaction. However, recent data suggest that there is a broad overlap between pain- and itch-related peripheral mediators and/or receptors, and there are astonishingly similar mechanisms of neuronal sensitization in the PNS and the CNS. The antagonistic interaction between pain and itch is already exploited in pruritus therapy, and current research concentrates on the identification of common targets for future analgesic and antipruritic therapy.     

The complex role of NOTCH receptors and their ligands in the development of hepatoblastoma,cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma

The NOTCH signalling pathway is one of the key molecular pathways of embryonic development and adult tissues homeostasis in mammals. Mammals have four NOTCH receptors and various ligands that modulate their activity. Many cell disorders, whose genesis involves the NOTCH signalling pathway, have been discovered, including cancer. The mechanisms by which these receptors and their ligands affect liver cell transformation are not yet well understood, and they seem to behave as both oncogenes and tumour‐suppressor proteins. In this review, we discuss the published data regarding the role of these proteins in the development of hepatoblastoma, cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma malignancies. The alteration of the NOTCH signalling pathway may be one of the main drivers of hepatic neoplastic growth. However, this signalling pathway might also modulate the development of specific liver tumour features. The complexity of the function of NOTCH receptors and their ligands may be due to their interactions with many other cell signalling pathways. Furthermore, the different levels of expression and activation of these receptors could be a reason for their distinct and sometimes contradictory effects.     

CC趋化因子偶联受体信号途径

Thechemokinesareafamilyofproinflammatorycytokinesthatactthroughcellsurfacereceptorstoregulatenumerousroutinephysiologicalandpathophysiologicalprocesses,includinghematopoiesis,T cellactivation ,angiogenesis,inflammatorydiseasesaswellasHIV 1infection[1,2 ].Thesesmallpeptidesaretypicallycomposedof 70 - 1 30aminoacidsandarecharacterizedbythepresenceoftwodisulphidebondsformedbetweenfourconservedcysteineresidues.Chemokinesareclassifiedintofoursubfamiliesaccordingtothepatternofconservedcysteinesinth…     

The CholecystokininB Receptor Is Coupled to Two Effector Pathways Through Pertussis Toxin-Sensitive and -Insensitive G Proteins

Previous binding studies have suggested the existence of two affinity states for type B cholecystokinin receptors (CCK(B)R), which could correspond to different coupling states of the receptor to G proteins. To test this hypothesis, we have further investigated signal transduction pathways coupled to rat CCK(B)R stably transfected in Chinese hamster ovary cells. We show that CCK(B)R are coupled to two distinct transduction pathways involving two different G proteins, a pertussis toxin-insensitive/phospholipase C pathway leading to the production of inositol phosphate and arachidonic acid, and a pertussis toxin-sensitive/phospholipase A2 pathway leading to the release of arachidonic acid. We further demonstrate that the relative degree of activation of each effector pathway by different specific CCK(B)R agonists is the same, and that a specific CCK(B)R antagonist, RB213, can differentially antagonize the two signal transduction pathways elicited by these agonists. Taken all together, these data could be explained by the recently proposed theory assuming that the receptor can exist in a three-state model in which two active conformations corresponding to the complex formed by the receptor with two different G proteins coexist. According to this model, agonists or antagonists could recognize preferentially either conformation of the activated receptor, leading to variable behavior in a system containing a single receptor type.     

Dual Signalling by the Adenosine A2a Receptor Involves Activation of Both N- and P-Type Calcium Channels by Different G Proteins and Protein Kinases in the Same Striatal Nerve Terminals

Abstract: Many G_s-linked receptors have been reported to use multiple signalling pathways in transfected cells but few in their normal cell environment. We show that the adenosine A_2a receptor uses two signalling pathways to increase the release of acetylcholine from striatal nerve terminals. One pathway involves activation of G_s, adenylyl cyclase, protein kinase A, and P-type calcium channels; the other is mediated by a cholera toxin-insensitive G protein, protein kinase C, and N-type calcium channels. The effects of these two pathways are not additive, the second pathway being inhibited by the first; but they are equally sensitive to the A_2a receptor antagonist KF17837. This demonstrates that the A_2a receptor activates two signalling systems in striatal cholinergic neurons.     

Ligand unbinding pathways from the vitamin D receptor studied by molecular dynamics simulations

Molecular dynamics simulation techniques have been used to study the unbinding pathways of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ from the ligand-binding pocket of the vitamin D receptor (VDR). The pathways observed in a large number of relatively short (<200 ps) random acceleration molecular dynamics (RAMD) trajectories were found to be in fair agreement, both in terms of pathway locations and deduced relative preferences, compared to targeted molecular dynamics (TMD) and streered molecular dynamics simulations (SMD). However, the high-velocity ligand expulsions of RAMD tend to favor straight expulsion trajectories and the observed relative frequencies of different pathways were biased towards the probability of entering a particular exit channel. Simulations indicated that for VDR the unbinding pathway between the H1–H2 loop and the β-sheet between H5 and H6 is more favorable than the pathway located between the H1–H2 loop and H3. The latter pathway has been suggested to be the most likely unbinding path for thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) and a likely path for retinoic acid receptor. Ligand entry/exit through these two pathways would not require displacement of H12 from its agonistic position. Differences in the packing of the H1, H2, H3 and β-sheet region explain the changed relative preference of the two unbinding pathways in VDR and TRs. Based on the crystal structures of the ligand binding domains of class 2 nuclear receptors, whose members are VDR and TRs, this receptor class can be divided in two groups according to the packing of the H1, H2, H3 and β-sheet region. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Neutrophil influx during non-typhoidal salmonellosis: who is in the driver's seat?

A massive neutrophil influx in the intestine is the histopathological hallmark of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium-induced enterocolitis in humans. Two major hypotheses on the mechanism leading to neutrophil infiltration in the intestinal mucosa have emerged. One hypothesis suggests that S. enterica serovar Typhimurium takes an active role in triggering this host response by injecting proteins, termed effectors, into the host cell cytosol which induce a proinflammatory gene expression profile in the intestinal epithelium. The second hypothesis suggests a more passive role for the pathogen by proposing that bacterial invasion stimulates the innate pathways of inflammation because the pathogen-associated molecular patterns of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium are recognized by pathogen recognition receptors on cells in the lamina propria. A review of the current literature reveals that, while pathogen recognition receptors are clearly involved in eliciting neutrophil influx during S. enterica serovar Typhimurium infection, a direct contribution of effectors in triggering proinflammatory host cell responses cannot currently be ruled out.     

Anti-apoptotic action of macrophage stimulating protein (MSP)

MSP is a serum protein belonging to the plasminogen-related kringle domain protein family. In addition to macrophages, epithelial cells are also MSP targets. MSP is a multifunctional factor regulating cell adhesion and motility, growth and survival. MSP mediates its biological activities by activating a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase called RON in humans or SKT in mice. MSP can protect epithelial cells from apoptosis by activating two independent signals in the PI3-K/AKT or the MAPK pathway. The MAPK pathway mediates the MSP anti-apoptotic effect only if additional signaling pathways are activated through adhesion. This indicates that MSP receptors and integrins, the receptors mediating cell-matrix-dependent adhesion, can collaborate in promotion of cell survival. This adhesion-dependent pathway, which is essential for the MAPK-mediated anti-apoptotic effect, remains to be identified. A hypothesis that Stat3 might represent a key component of the adhesion-induced anti-apoptotic pathway is presented in this review.     

Interactions between the exocytic and endocytic pathways in polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells

The compartments involved in polarized exocytosis of membrane proteins are not well defined. In this study we hypothesized that newly synthesized polymeric immunoglobulin receptors are targeted from the trans-Golgi network to endosomes prior to their appearance on the basolateral cell surface of polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. To examine this hypothesis, we have used an assay designed to measure the meeting of newly synthesized receptors with a selective population of apical or basolateral endosomes loaded with horseradish peroxidase. We found that in the course of basolateral exocytosis, the wild-type polymeric immunoglobulin receptor is targeted from the trans-Golgi network to apical and basolateral endosomes. Phosphorylation of a Ser residue in the cytoplasmic tail of the receptor is implicated in this process. The biosynthetic pathway of apically sorted polymeric immunoglobulin receptor mutants similarly traversed apical endosomes, raising the possibility that apical receptors are segregated from basolateral receptors in apical endosomes. The post-endocytic pathway of transcytosing and recycling receptors also passed through apical endosomes. Together, these observations are consistent with the possibility that the biosynthetic and endocytic routes merge into endosomes and justify a model suggesting that endosomal recycling processes govern polarized trafficking of proteins traveling in both pathways.     

苦味受体与甜味、鲜味受体具有不同的进化途径

通过生物信息学和系统发育学分析,研究了苦味受体和甜味／鲜味受体的进化途径。结果显示,苦味受体和甜味／鲜味受体在进化上具有远相关,并且具有不同的进化途径,提示这可能是导致这些受体具有不同功能,传导不同味觉的原因。