Heterologous desensitization of the inhibitory A1 adenosine receptor-adenylate cyclase system in rat adipocytes. Regulation of both Ns and Ni

Adenosine, acting via A1 adenosine receptors, can inhibit adenylate cyclase activity in adipocytes. To assess the effects of chronic adenosine agonist exposure on the A1 adenosine receptor system of adipocytes, rats were infused with (-)-phenylisopropyladenosine or vehicle for 6 days and membranes were prepared. Basal as well as isoproterenol-, sodium fluoride-, and forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activities were significantly increased (approximately 2-fold) in membranes from treated animals. (-)-Phenylisopropyladenosine-mediated inhibition of forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was significantly (p = 0.0001) attenuated in membranes from treated rats (20.1 +/- 2.1% inhibition) versus controls (31.6 +/- 2.3% inhibition). Prostaglandin E1-induced inhibition of forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was also attenuated: 11.7 +/- 3.6 versus 23.2 +/- 4.6% (p = 0.001). Using the A1 adenosine receptor agonist radioligand (-)-N6-(3-[125I]iodo-4-hydroxyphenylisopropyl)adenosine, 32% fewer high affinity binding sites were detected in membranes from treated animals (p less than 0.04). Photoaffinity labeling with N6-2-(3-[125I]iodo-4-azidophenyl)ethyladenosine revealed no gross difference in receptor structure. The number of beta-adrenergic receptors as well as the percentage of receptors in the high affinity state as assessed by (-)-3-[125I]iodocyanopindolol binding were the same in both groups. In membranes from treated rats, the amount of [alpha-32P]NAD incorporated by pertussis toxin into the alpha subunit of the inhibitory guanine nucleotide regulatory protein (Ni) was decreased by 37 +/- 11%. Concurrently, the quantity of label incorporated by cholera toxin into the alpha subunit of the stimulatory guanine nucleotide regulatory protein (Ns) was increased by 44 +/- 14% in treated membranes. Finally, the capacity of Ns solubilized from treated membranes to stimulate adenylate cyclase activity when reconstituted into cyc- S49 lymphoma cell membranes was enhanced by approximately 50% compared to control. Thus, heterologous desensitization, manifested by a diminished capacity to inhibit adenylate cyclase and an enhanced responsiveness to stimulatory effectors, can be induced in the A1 adenosine receptor-adenylate cyclase system of adipocytes. A decrease in Ni alpha subunit concomitant with an increase in Ns alpha subunit quantity and activity may represent the biochemical mechanism of desensitization in this system.     

Characterization of the A1 Adenosine Receptor-Adenylate Cyclase System of Cerebral Cortex Using an Agonist Photoaffinity Ligand

Endogenous adenosine acting via A1 adenosine receptors is capable of inhibiting adenylate cyclase activity and neurotransmitter release in the brain. In this report, we describe the synthesis and attributes of a new series of A1 adenosine receptor agonists. One of these, [125I]N6-2-(4-amino-3-iodophenyl)ethyladenosine, can be used as a radioligand and another, [125I]N6-2-(4-azido-3-iodophenyl)ethyladenosine, as a photoaffinity probe. The unlabeled ligand, N6-2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyladenosine, and its iodinated product are full agonists, inhibiting cyclic AMP production in rat cerebral cortex membranes to the same extent as the prototypic A1 agonist N6-R-1-phenyl-2-propyladenosine. These new ligands are not substrates for adenosine deaminase. The new photoaffinity azide described here labels an Mr 38,000 protein that displays all the pharmacological characteristics expected of the A1 adenosine receptor. This is the same molecular-weight protein previously described using a cross-linking radioligand. This new azide compound demonstrates a 15-fold higher efficiency of incorporation, making it the photoaffinity probe of choice for tissues containing low concentrations of A1 adenosine receptors.     

Comparison of the nuclear and cytosolic forms of the Ah receptor from Hepa 1c1c7 cells: charge heterogeneity and ATP binding properties.

2-[125I]iodo-7,8-dibromo-p-dioxin ([125I]Br2DpD) and 2-[125I]iodo-3-azido-7,8-dibromo-p-dioxin ([125I]N3Br2-DpD) are both capable of binding to the Ah receptor (AhR) with a high degree of specificity in cultured Hepa 1c1c7 cells. After incubation with either [125I]N3Br2DpD or [125I]Br2DpD Hepa 1c1c7 cytosolic and high salt nuclear extracts were analyzed by sucrose density gradient analysis with the following results: (i) With both radioligands an approximately 9 S form of the AhR was observed in cytosolic extracts. (ii) Nuclear extracts labeled with [125I]N3Br2DpD revealed both approximately 6 S and approximately 9 S forms of the AhR. (iii) In contrast, analysis of nuclear extracts labeled with [125I]Br2DpD revealed only an approximately 6 S form of the AhR. The approximately 9 S [125I]N3Br2DpD-labeled AhR was preferentially extracted with 100 mM KCl from a nuclear fraction and mixed with monoclonal antibody 8D3, an anti-90-kDa heat shock protein antibody. Monoclonal antibody 8D3 was able to bind to the approximately 9 S nuclear form of the AhR and caused the receptor to sediment as a heavier complex on sucrose density gradients. This would indicate that the AhR can reside in the nucleus bound to 90-kDa heat shock protein. The [125I]N3Br2DpD-labeled approximately 6 S peak fractions were collected and subjected to denaturing two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. A comparison of [125I]N3Br2DpD-labeled cytosolic (9 S) AhR preparations with the nuclear (6 S) AhR by 2-D gel electrophoresis was performed. The cytosolic form of the AhR was present in the apparent pI range of 5.2-5.7; the nuclear form focused between 5.5 and 6.2. The [125I]N3Br2DpD-labeled nuclear extracts were incubated with ATP-agarose and 43% of the photoaffinity-labeled AhR bound to the affinity gel. In contrast, approximately threefold lower binding of [125I]N3Br2DpD-labeled receptor was obtained when GTP-, AMP-, or ADP-agarose was used. Only 2% of the [125I]N3Br2DpD-labeled cytosolic AhR was able to bind to ATP-agarose. These results suggest that after the AhR translocates into the nucleus the following biochemical changes occur: (i) The sedimentation value for the AhR changes from an approximately 9 S to an approximately 6 S species. (ii) The AhR attains the ability to bind with specificity to ATP. (iii) The AhR undergoes a shift to a more basic pI.     

Hydrodynamic properties of adenosine Ri receptors solubilized from rat cerebral-cortical membranes.

Adenosine Ri receptors and inhibitory guanine-nucleotide-regulatory components were solubilized from rat cerebral-cortical membranes with sodium cholate. (-)-N6-Phenylisopropyl[2,8-3H]adenosine [( 3H]PIA) binds with high affinity to the soluble receptors, which retain the pharmacological specificity of adenosine Ri receptors observed in membranes. The binding is regulated by bivalent cations and guanine nucleotides. Bivalent cations increase [3H]PIA binding by increasing both the affinity and the apparent number of receptors. Guanine nucleotides decrease agonist binding by increasing the dissociation of the ligand-receptor complex. Adenosine agonists stabilize the high-affinity form of the soluble receptor. The hydrodynamic properties of the adenosine receptor were determined with cholate extracts of membranes that were treated with [3H]PIA. Sucrose-gradient-centrifugation analysis indicates that the receptor has a sedimentation coefficient of 7.7 S. The receptor is eluted from Sepharose 6B columns with an apparent Stokes radius of 7.2 nm. Labelling of either sucrose-gradient or gel-filtration-column fractions with pertussis toxin and [32P]-NAD+ reveals that both the 41,000- and 39,000-Mr substrates overlap with the receptor activity. These studies suggest that the high-affinity adenosine-receptor-binding activity in the cholate extract represents a stable R1-N complex.     

Adenosine receptors in rat brain membranes: characterization of high affinity binding of [3H]-2-chloroadenosine

1. [3H]-2-chloroadenosine has been found to be a suitable ligand for the study of adenosine receptors in rat brain synaptic membranes. 2. Binding sites labelled by [3H]-2-chloroadenosine had a high affinity with a KD value of 23.5 nM. 3. Binding is heat sensitive, pH dependent and probably involves protein molecules. 4. The IC50 values for 2-chloroadenosine, adenosine, L-N6-phenylisopropyladenosine and D-N6-phenylisopropyladenosine, N6-cyclohexyladenosine and adenosine-5'-N-ethyl-carboxamide inhibition of [3H]2-chloroadenosine binding are in good agreement with the values obtained in studies of the ability of these compounds to inhibit adenylate cyclase, suggesting that [3H]-2-chloroadenosine binding sites reported here are comparable to the adenosine A1 receptor site. 5. There are regional differences in [3H]-2-chloroadenosine binding to brain membranes. 6. This difference is probably due to the discrepancies in the number of binding sites, and is probably not caused by changing affinities of receptors to the ligand.     

Properties of beta-adrenergic receptors of cultured mammalian cells. Interaction of receptors with a guanine nucleotide-binding protein in membranes prepared from L6 myoblasts and from wild-type and cyc- S49 lymphoma cells

The radiolabeled agonist [3H]hydroxybenzylisoproterenol ([3H]HBI) and antagonist [125I]iodopindolol ([125I]IPIN) were used to investigate the properties of beta-adrenergic receptors on membranes prepared from L6 myoblasts and S49 lymphoma cells. The high affinity binding of (-)-[3H]HBI to membranes prepared from L6 myoblasts was stereoselectively inhibited by the active isomers of isoproterenol and propranolol. The density of receptors determined with (-)-[3H]HBI was less than that determined with [125I]IPIN. The binding of (-)-[3H]HBI was inhibited by guanine nucleotides, suggesting an agonist-mediated association of the receptor with a guanine nucleotide-binding protein, presumably the stimulatory guanine nucleotide-binding protein (Ns) of adenylate cyclase. Results obtained in studies with membranes prepared from wild-type S49 lymphoma cells and the adenylate cyclase-deficient variant (cyc-) were similar to those obtained in experiments carried out with membranes prepared from L6 myoblasts. Thus, the high affinity binding of (-)-[3H]HBI to membranes prepared from wild-type and cyc- S49 lymphoma cells was stereoselectively inhibited by the active isomers of isoproterenol and propranolol, and was inhibited by GTP. Moreover, the density of sites determined with (-)-[3H]HBI was less than that determined with [125I]IPIN. These results suggest either that cyc- cells contain a partially functional Ns, or alternatively, that the inhibitory guanine nucleotide-binding protein (Ni) is capable of interacting with beta-adrenergic receptors.     

5'-N-ethylcarboxamide[3H]adenosine binding sites of mouse mastocytoma P815 cell membranes: characterization and solubilization

Mouse mastocytoma P815 cell membranes were found to possess adenosine binding sites as assessed by using the adenosine agonist [3H]5'-N-ethylcarboxamideadenosine (NECA). The Kd and Bmax for the [3H]NECA binding at 0 degrees C were 380 nM and 17 pmol/mg of protein, respectively. The rank order of potency for inhibition of [3H]NECA binding was NECA greater than 5'-N-cyclopropylcarboxamideadenosine greater than 2-chloroadenosine greater than 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine greater than isobutylmethylxanthine greater than theophylline greater than N6-[(R)-1-methyl-2-phenylethyl]adenosine = N6-[(S)-1-methyl-2- phenylethyl]adenosine. Thermodynamic analyses of the adenosine receptor agonist and antagonist binding showed that all such ligands displayed negative values of both enthalpy and entropy which suggested that the driving force for the binding was enthalpic. [3H]NECA binding sites of P815 cell membranes were solubilized with sodium cholate and retaining the same ligand-binding characteristics as those of the membrane-bound form. By gel filtration on a Sepharose CL-6B column, the adenosine binding site was estimated to have a Stokes radius of approximately 6.7 nm.     

Adenosine analogs: potentiation of bradykinin-induced plasma exudation in rat skin and prevention by caffeine and theophylline

Adenosine and various analogs potentiated plasma exudation elicited by bradykinin in rat skin using 125I-labelled bovine serum albumin (125I-BSA) as a tracer. L-N6-Phenylisopropyladenosine (L-PIA) was much more effective than D-PIA, adenosine, N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) and 2-chloroadenosine, all of which were comparable in activity. Adenosine 5'-cyclopropylcarboxamide was the least effective analog. Caffeine and theophylline had no effect on basal or bradykinin-elicited plasma exudation, while inhibiting plasma exudation elicited by L-PIA, CHA or a combination of bradykinin and L-PIA. 8-Phenyltheophylline was more potent than caffeine or theophylline versus the bradykinin and L-PIA combination. 2',5'-Dideoxyadenosine, a P-site inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, had no effect on plasma exudation elicited by bradykinin, L-PIA or a combination of bradykinin and L-PIA, but did inhibit plasma exudation elicited by prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) or a bradykinin-PGE1-combination. The antihistamine cyproheptadine slightly reduced plasma exudation elicited by a bradykinin-PGE1 combination. The results suggest that adenosine potentiates bradykinin-induced plasma exudation via an adenosine receptor and that histamine may be involved to some extent in the phenomenon.     

Adenosine Inhibits Histamine-Induced Phosphoinositide Hydrolysis Mediated via Pertussis Toxin-Sensitive G Protein in Human Astrocytoma Cells

The effect of adenosine on phosphoinositide hydrolysis was examined in 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells. Adenosine, L-N6-phenylisopropyladenosine (L-PIA), and 5'-(N-ethylcarboxamido)adenosine (NECA) inhibited histamine-stimulated accumulation of inositol phosphates in a concentration-dependent manner. The potency order of adenosine analogues for inhibition of inositol phosphate accumulation was L-PIA greater than adenosine greater than NECA, a finding indicating that A1-class adenosine receptors are involved in the inhibition. The reduction in inositol phosphate accumulation by L-PIA was blocked by an adenosine receptor antagonist, 8-phenyltheophylline. Stimulation of A1-class adenosine receptors inhibited isoproterenol-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation as well as histamine-induced inositol phosphate accumulation. Both inhibitory effects were blocked by pretreatment of the cells with pertussis toxin [islet-activating protein (IAP)]. L-PIA also inhibited guanosine 5'-(gamma-thio)triphosphate (GTP gamma S)-stimulated accumulation of inositol phosphates in membrane preparations, and 8-phenyl-theophylline antagonized the inhibition. L-PIA could not inhibit GTP gamma S-induced accumulation of inositol phosphates in IAP-treated membranes. Gi/Go, purified from rabbit brain, inhibited GTP gamma S-stimulated accumulation of inositol phosphates in a concentration-dependent manner in membrane preparations. These results suggest that stimulation of A1-class adenosine receptors interacts with the IAP-sensitive G protein(s), resulting in the inhibitions of phospholipase C as well as adenylate cyclase in human astrocytoma cells.     

Interactions of the bovine brain A1-adenosine receptor with recombinant G protein alpha-subunits. Selectivity for rGi alpha-3

The ability of the bovine brain A1-adenosine receptor to discriminate between different G protein subtypes was tested using G protein alpha-subunits synthesized in Escherichia coli (rG alpha-subunits). When combined with a 3-fold molar excess of beta gamma-subunit purified from bovine brain and used at high concentrations, all three subtypes of rGi alpha (rGi alpha-1, rGi alpha-2, and rGi alpha-3) and rGo alpha were capable of reconstituting guanine nucleotide-sensitive high-affinity binding of the agonist radioligand (-)-N6-3-[125I] (iodo-4-hydroxyphenylisopropyl) adenosine ([125I]HPIA) to the purified A1-adenosine receptor (Kd approximately 1.2 nM). Titration of the A1-adenosine receptor with increasing amounts of rG alpha revealed a approximately 10-fold higher affinity for rGi alpha-3 compared with rGi alpha-1, rGi alpha-2, and rGo alpha. This selectivity was also observed in the absence of beta gamma. Other alpha-subunits (rGs alpha-s, rGs alpha-L, rGs alpha PT, and rGz alpha) did not promote [125I]HPIA binding to the purified receptor. In N-ethylmaleimide-treated bovine brain membranes, rGi alpha-3 was the only rG alpha-subunit capable of reconstituting high-affinity agonist binding. Similarly, rGi alpha-3 competed potently with rGo alpha for activation by the agonist-liganded A1-adenosine receptor, whereas a approximately 50-fold molar excess of rGo alpha was required to quench the receptor-mediated release of [alpha-32P]GDP from rGi alpha-3. Hence, in spite of the extensive homology between alpha-subunits belonging to the Gi/Go group, the A1-adenosine receptor appears to discriminate between the subtypes. This specificity is likely to govern transmembrane signaling pathways in vivo.     

Purification and characterization of bovine cerebral cortex A1 adenosine receptor

A1 adenosine receptors (A1AR) acting via the inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding protein inhibit adenylate cyclase activity in brain, cardiac, and adipose tissue. We now report the purification of the A1AR from bovine cerebral cortex. This A1AR is distinct from other A1ARs in that it displays an agonist potency series of N6-R-phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA) greater than N6-S-phenylisopropyladenosine greater than (S-PIA) greater than 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) compared to the traditional potency series of R-PIA greater than NECA greater than S-PIA. The A1AR was solubilized in 1% 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (Chaps) and then purified by chromatography on an antagonist [xanthine amine congener (XAC)]-coupled Affi-Gel 10 followed by hydroxylapatite chromatography. Following purification, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a single protein of Mr 36,000 by silver staining, Na125I iodination with chloramine T and photoaffinity labeling with [125I]8-[4-[[[[2-(4-aminophenyl acetylamino) ethyl] carbonyl] methyl] oxy]-phenyl]-1,3- dipropylxanthine. This single protein displayed all the characteristics of the A1AR, including binding an antagonist radioligand [( 3H]XAC) with high affinity (Kd = 0.7 nM) and in a saturable manner (Bmax greater than 4500 pmol/mg). Agonist competition curves demonstrated the expected bovine brain A1AR pharmacology: R-PIA greater than S-PIA greater than NECA. The overall yield from soluble preparation was 7%. The glycoprotein nature of the purified A1AR was determined with endo- and exoglycosidases. Deglycosylation with endoglycosidase F increased the mobility of the A1AR from Mr 36,000 to Mr 32,000 in a single step. The A1AR was sensitive to neuraminidase but resistant to alpha-mannosidase, suggesting the single carbohydrate chain was of the complex type. This makes the bovine brain A1AR similar to rat brain and fat A1AR in terms of its carbohydrate chains yet the purified A1AR retains its unique agonist potency series observed in membranes.     

Study of stereoisomers of N6-phenylisopropyladenosine on the secretion of pancreatic glucagon

This work was designed to characterize the adenosine receptor (A1 or A2) involved in glucagon secretion. The most potent adenosine analogues on A1 receptors are the N6 substituted compounds, among them N6-phenylisopropyladenosine (PIA); furthermore L-PIA is 50 to 100 times more potent than D-PIA on the A1 receptor, whereas it is 3 to 5 times more potent on the A2 receptor; thus the A1 receptor shows a much higher stereoselectivity. The effects of L-PIA and D-PIA were studied on glucagon secretion from the isolated perfused rat pancreas. 1) L-PIA at 1.65 microM induced a transient glucagon secretion which was not greater than that induced by the same concentration of adenosine. 2) D-PIA at a 3 fold higher concentration (4.95 microM) elicited a secretion of glucagon comparable to that induced by L-PIA 1.65 microM; thus the involved receptor does not present a high stereoselectivity for L-PIA. These results support the fact that the receptor involved in glucagon secretion is not of the A1 type.     

Monoclonal antibodies to adenosine receptor by an auto-anti-idiotypic approach

Monoclonal antiadenosine receptor antibodies have been raised by an auto-anti-idiotypic approach. BALB/c mice were immunized with adenosine 6-aminocaproyl-bovine serum albumin. Hybridoma cell lines were raised and lines that secreted antibodies that bound to rabbit antiadenosine antibodies were obtained. Two such monoclonal antibodies, AA18 and AA21, were studied in detail and found to be directed at adenosine receptors by the following criteria. They inhibited the binding of [3H] adenosine to rabbit antiadenosine antibodies that had binding characteristics similar to those of adenosine receptors. They bound to rat brain membranes and binding could be inhibited by N6-cyclohexyladenosine and L-N6-phenylisopropyladenosine, both adenosine receptor agonists. They also inhibited the binding of [3H]L-N6-phenylisopropyladenosine to rat brain membranes. In functional assays, they inhibited adenylate cyclase of rat brain membranes, but had no effect on adenylate cyclase of rat hepatic membranes, indicating that they mimic agonists of the A1 receptor, therefore, carrying an "internal image" of the adenosine molecule. When adenosine receptors of rat brain membranes were solubilized with 1% cholic acid, partially purified on an adenosine 6-aminocaproyl AH-Sepharose column and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting, both AA18 and AA21 recognized a 62,000 band under nonreducing conditions, and a major band of 36,000 under reducing conditions. We conclude that the auto-anti-idiotypic route has yielded specific antibodies that recognize the A1 adenosine receptor.     

Chemical cross-linking of the cytosolic and nuclear forms of the Ah receptor in hepatoma cell line 1c1c7.

Both cytosolic and high salt nuclear extracts were isolated from Hepa 1c1c7 cells incubated with 2-azido-3[125I]iodo-7,8-dibromo-dibenzo-p-dioxin ([125I]N3Br2DpD). The [125I]N3Br2DpD-labeled cytosolic fraction was subjected to chemical cross-linking with dimethyl pimelimidate and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Chemical cross-linking of the cytosolic form of the AhR revealed monomeric (97 kDa), dimeric (185 kDa), trimeric (281 kDa), and tetrameric (327 kDa) complexes. In a time course of exposure to the cross-linking reagent, the largest form given above became the predominant AhR form observed in the cytosolic extracts. The 327 kDa cytosolic species apparently consists of a 97 kDa AhR, an approximately 88 kDa protein, an approximately 96 kDa protein, and an approximately 46 kDa protein. Nuclear extracts from [125I]N3Br2DpD-labeled Hepa 1c1c7 cells were applied to sucrose density gradients. The 6 S nuclear receptor peak fractions were pooled and subjected to chemical cross-linking. Analysis by SDS-PAGE revealed a monomeric (97 kDa) ligand binding protein and a dimeric (182 kDa) complex. This would suggest that the nuclear 6 S AhR consists of a 97 kDa AhR and an approximately 85 kDa protein. These findings would indicate that the AhR exists in cytosol as a tetrameric species, while in the nucleus the AhR exists as a heterodimer.     

Preparation of an affinity chromatography matrix for the selective purification of the dopamine D2 receptor from bovine striatal membranes

A ligand affinity matrix has been developed and utilized to purify the dopamine D2 receptor approx. 2100 fold from bovine striatal membranes. 3-[2-Aminoethyl]-8-[3-(4-fluorobenzoyl)propyl]-4-oxo-1-phenyl-1,3,8- triazaspiro[4.5]decan-4-one (AES) was synthesized and used to prepare the affinity matrix by coupling to epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B (AES-Sepharose). AES (Ki approximately 1.7 nM) is similar in potency to the parent compound, spiperone (Ki approximately 0.8 nM), in competing for [3H]spiperone-binding activity. AES has no significant potency in competing for the dopamine D1 receptor as assessed by competition for [3H]SCH23390 binding (Ki greater than 1 microM). Covalent photoaffinity labeling of the dopamine D2 receptor in bovine striatal membranes with N-(p-azido-m-[125I]iodophenethyl)spiperone [( 125I]N3-NAPS) was prevented by AES at nanomolar concentrations. The dopamine D2 receptor was solubilized from bovine striatal membranes using 0.25% cholate in the presence of high ionic strength, followed by precipitation and subsequent treatment with 0.5% digitonin. Nearly 100% of the [3H]spiperone-binding activity in the cholate-digitonin solubilized preparation was absorbed at a receptor-to-resin ratio of 2:1 (v/v). Dopamine D2 receptor was eluted from the affinity resin using a competing dopaminergic antagonist molecule, haloperidol. Recovery of dopamine D2 receptor activity from the affinity matrix was approx. 9% of the activity adsorbed to the resin. The [3H]spiperone-binding activity in AES-Sepharose affinity purified preparations is saturable and of high affinity (0.2 nM). Affinity-purified preparations maintain the ligand-binding characteristics of a dopamine D2 receptor as assessed by agonist and antagonist competition for [3H]spiperone binding.     

Comparison of [125I]Iodolysergic Acid Diethylamide Binding in Human Frontal Cortex and Platelet Tissue

The human platelet contains a functional 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor that appears to resemble the 5-HT2 subtype. In this study, we have used the iodinated derivative [125I]iodolysergic acid diethylamide ([125I]iodoLSD) in an attempt to label 5-HT receptors in human platelet and frontal cortex membranes under identical assay conditions to compare the sites labelled in these two tissues. In human frontal cortex, [125I]iodoLSD labelled a single high-affinity site (KD = 0.35 +/- 0.02 nM). Displacement of specific [125I]iodoLSD binding indicated a typical 5-HT2 receptor inhibition profile, which demonstrated a significant linear correlation (r = 0.97, p less than 0.001, n = 17) with that observed using [3H]ketanserin. However, [125I]iodoLSD (Bmax = 136 +/- 7 fmol/mg of protein) labelled significantly fewer sites than [3H]ketanserin (Bmax = 258 +/- 19 fmol/mg of protein) (p less than 0.001, n = 6). In human platelet membranes, [125I]iodoLSD labelled a single site with affinity (KD = 0.37 +/- 0.03 nM) similar to that in frontal cortex. The inhibition profile in the platelet showed significant correlation with that in frontal cortex (r = 0.96, p less than 0.001, n = 16). We conclude that the site labelled by [125I]iodoLSD in human platelet membranes is biochemically similar to that in frontal cortex and most closely resembles the 5-HT2 receptor subtype, although the discrepancy in binding capacities of [125I]iodoLSD and [3H]ketanserin raises a question about the absolute nature of this receptor.     

Ontogeny of endothelin and its receptors in rat brain.

The ontogeny of endothelin (ET) system in rats was studied in preterm (18 days of gestation), term (21 days of gestation) and 1 week post term rats. Brains were dissected out and (1) processed for the estimation of endogenous ET-1 by RIA and (2) membranes were prepared for radioreceptor binding. Receptor characteristics, affinity (Kd) and density (Bmax) were determined using [125I] ET-1 and [125I] SRT 6b (which is structurally similar to ET) and cold ET-1 or SRT 6b as displacer. ET levels were found to be 25.66 +/- 3.18 pg/g protein in preterm, 47.37 +/- 5.31 pg/g protein in term and 48.30 +/- 1.90 pg/g protein in post term rats. ET levels were significantly lower in preterm as compared to term and post term rats. Preterm, term and post term rats showed single high affinity binding site for both [125I] ET-1 and [125I] SRT 6b. The Kd values for [125I] ET-1 and [125I] SRT 6b binding were similar in preterm, term and post term rats. The Bmax values of both [125I] ET-1 and [125I] SRT 6b binding were found to be similar in preterm and term rats while they were significantly higher in post term rats. In adult (4 month old) rats the Kd values were similar to neonatal rats while the Bmax values were significantly lower than the post term neonatal rats. It is concluded that ET and its receptors are developmentally regulated and there is a possibility that endogenous ET is involved in the regulation of ET receptor density.     

High affinity interaction of endothelin-3 with recombinant ETA receptors

Pharmacological evidence has suggested that endothelin-3 (ET-3) may act via a novel form of ET receptor that is shared by ETA receptor antagonists but not by ETB receptor selective agonists. This study analyses the properties of interaction of ET-3 with recombinant bovine ETA receptor. Apparent Kd(ET-3) values as low as 50 nM were defined from [125I]ET-1 binding experiments performed at low (5 microg/ml) protein concentrations in the assays. Larger (up to 1 microM) values were artefactually obtained in experiments performed at larger protein concentrations. The three monoiodo ET-3 derivatives were synthetized. ([125I]Y14)ET-3 did not recognize ETA receptors. ([125I]Y6)ET-3 labelled 18% of [125I]ET-1 binding sites with a Kd value of 320 pM. ([125I]Y13)ET-3 labelled 44% of [125I]ET-1 binding sites with a Kd value of 130 pM. High affinity ([125I]Y6)ET-3 and ([125I]Y13)ET-3 bindings were prevented by ET-1 (Kd = 5-7 pM), ET-3 (Kd = 70-250 pM), BQ-123 (Kd = 2 nM) and FR139317 (Kd = 2 nM) but not by low concentrations of 4-AlaET-1, sarafotoxin S6c or IRL1620. The three monoiodo ET-3 derivatives bound to recombinant rat ETB receptors with a pM affinity. The results suggest that ET-3, ([125I]Y6)ET-3 and ([125I]Y13)ET-3 should not be considered as ETB receptor specific ligands.     

Characterization of Adenosine Receptors in the PC 12 Pheochromocytoma Cell Line Using Radioligand Binding: Evidence for A-2 Selectivity

Examination of the binding characteristics of the adenosine agonist radioligands [3H]N6-cyclohexyladenosine [( 3H]CHA), [3H]cyclopentyladenosine [( 3H]CPA), and [3H]5'-N-ethylcarboxamido adenosine [( 3H]NECA) to membranes prepared from PC12 cells showed that the A-1-selective ligands (CHA and CPA) had minimal binding, which was not amenable to analysis using curve-fitting programs. However, [3H]NECA, a nonselective A-1/A-2 agonist, gave reproducible binding, which was enhanced by removal of endogenous adenosine, using the catabolic enzyme adenosine deaminase. This binding was of high affinity (KD = 4.7 nM) with limited capacity (263 fmol/mg of protein). Specific binding of [3H]NECA was unaffected by the presence of either CPA (50 nM) or MgCl2 (10 mM) but was sensitive to guanylylimidodiphosphate (100 microM), a finding suggesting involvement of an N-protein mechanism in the coupling of the adenosine receptor labeled by [3H]NECA to other components of the receptor complex. Binding of [3H]NECA to PC12 cell membranes was stereo-selective, with the R isomer of N6-phenylisopropyladenosine (PIA) being approximately 12 times more active than S-PIA. The A-1-selective agonist CPA was a weak inhibitor of [3H]NECA binding (Ki = 251 nM). The rank order of activity of adenosine agonists in displacing specific [3H]NECA binding was NECA greater than or equal to 2-chloroadenosine greater than CHA greater than or equal to 5'-N-methylcarboxamido adenosine greater than or equal to R-PIA greater than CPA greater than S-PIA. Binding was also displaced by the marine adenosine agonist 1-methylisoguanosine and by a series of xanthine antagonists with the activity order being 1,3-dipropyl-8-(2-amino-4-chloro)phenylxanthine greater than 8-phenyltheophylline greater than 8-p-sulfophenyltheophylline.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Identification of the glucose transporter in mammalian cell membranes with a 125I-forskolin photoaffinity label.

The glucose transporter has been identified in a variety of mammalian cell membranes using a photoactivatable carrier-free radioiodinated derivative of forskolin, 3-[125I]iodo-4-azidophenethylamido-7-O-succinyldeacetylforskoli n ([125I]IAPS-forskolin) at 1-3 nM. The membranes that were photolabelled with [125I]IAPS-forskolin were human placental membranes, rat cortical and cerebellar synaptic membranes, rat cardiac sarcolemmal membranes, rat adipocyte plasma membranes, smooth-muscle membranes, and S49 wild-type (WT) lymphoma-cell membranes. The glucose transporter in plasma membranes prepared from the insulin-responsive rat cardiac sarcolemmal cells, rat adipocytes and smooth-muscle cells were determined to be approx. 45 kDa by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Photolysis of human placental membranes, rat cortical and cerebellar synaptic membranes, and WT lymphoma membranes with [125I]-IAPS-forskolin, followed by SDS/PAGE, indicated specific derivatization of a broad band (43-55 kDa) in placental membranes and a narrower band (approx. 45 kDa) in synaptic membranes and WT lymphoma membranes. Digestion of the [125I]IAPS-forskolin-labelled placental and WT lymphoma membranes with endo-beta-galactosidase showed a reduction in the apparent molecular mass of the radiolabelled band to approx. 40 kDa. The membranes that were photolabelled with [125I]IAPS-forskolin and trypsin-treated produced a radiolabelled proteolytic fragment with an apparent molecular mass of 18 kDa. [125I]IAPS-forskolin is a highly effective probe for identifying low levels of glucose transporters in mammalian tissues.