城市水体对热岛的缓冲性能沿河岸距离的变化规律

城市水体包括城区内的自然水体和人工水体两大类。作为城市生态系统的重要组成部分,水体在缓解城市热岛效应(Urban Heat Island, UHI)上具有重要作用。研究城市热岛效应的现状,探讨水体对城市热岛的缓冲效应,为改善城市热岛效应和生态环境,并对城市进行合理的改造和规划提供理论依据。以长沙市中心城区为研究区域,以南北向贯穿长沙市的湘江河道作为主要研究对象,基于长沙市2016年7月Landsat 8 TIRS遥感影像采用大气校正法反演地表温度(Land Surface Temperature, LST),利用监督分类法获取其同步的城市化进程和土地利用类型,分析市区内地表温度及热岛效应的空间分布特征。同时,通过在湘江两侧建立多个尺度的缓冲区,并将其与地表温度分布及土地利用类型叠置,分析湘江为主的水体对长沙市热环境及各缓冲区的缓冲效应,结果表明:(1)长沙市城市建设格局与热岛效应空间分布基本相似,建筑用地热岛效应更高,极端地表温度达到53.8℃;水体、绿地和裸地的热岛效应相对较低,最低地表温度为16.0℃;(2)湘江对长沙市热岛效应具有缓冲作用,对长沙市热岛效应的平均缓冲距离为400 ...     

Predicting urban outdoor thermal comfort by the Universal Thermal Climate Index UTCI—a case study in Southern Brazil

Recognising that modifications to the physical attributes of urban space are able to promote improved thermal outdoor conditions and thus positively influence the use of open spaces, a survey to define optimal thermal comfort ranges for passers-by in pedestrian streets was conducted in Curitiba, Brazil. We applied general additive models to study the impact of temperature, humidity, and wind, as well as long-wave and short-wave radiant heat fluxes as summarised by the recently developed Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) on the choice of clothing insulation by fitting LOESS smoothers to observations from 944 males and 710 females aged from 13 to 91 years. We further analysed votes of thermal sensation compared to predictions of UTCI. The results showed that females chose less insulating clothing in warm conditions compared to males and that observed values of clothing insulation depended on temperature, but also on season and potentially on solar radiation. The overall pattern of clothing choice was well reflected by UTCI, which also provided for good predictions of thermal sensation votes depending on the meteorological conditions. Analysing subgroups indicated that the goodness-of-fit of the UTCI was independent of gender and age, and with only limited influence of season and body composition as assessed by body mass index. This suggests that UTCI can serve as a suitable planning tool for urban thermal comfort in sub-tropical regions.     

Transient response of the human-clothing system

1. 1. A transient clothing model which considers the effects of adsorption and thermal capacitance on the dynamic thermal response of clothing was developed.

2. 2. Moisture adsorption and desorption by the fabric are the major factors that affect the transient response of clothing.

3. 3. This moisture can come from evaporated sweat or from the environment.

4. 4. The clothing model was combined with a modified version of the two-node thermal model of the human body.

5. 5. The combined model shows that, during transients, the mix of latent and sensible heat flow from the skin may differ considerably from the corresponding heat flows from the clothing surface to the environment.

6. 6. The alteration of the heat flows can have a significant impact on the thermal response of the body by changing the sweat rate required to achieve the heat loss necessary to maintain thermal balance.

Effect of urban function and landscape structure on the urban heat island phenomenon in Beijing,China

Rapid urbanization has aggravated the urban thermal risk and highlighted the urban heat island (UHI) effect. To improve understanding on the effect of urbanization on the UHI effect, it is essential to determine the relationship between the UHI effect and the complexities of urban function and landscape structure. For this purpose, 5116 urban function zones (UFZs), representing the basic function units of urban planning, were identified in Beijing. Land cover and land surface temperature (LST) values were extracted based on remote sensing data. UFZ, land cover, and LST were used to represent the urban function, landscape, and UHI characteristics, respectively. Then, the effects of urban function and landscape structure on the UHI effect were examined. The results indicated that the urban thermal environment exhibited obvious spatiotemporal heterogeneity due to the variation of urban function and landscape complexity: (1) UFZs showed significantly different LST characteristics for different functions and seasons, and the mean LST gap among different types of UFZ can reach 1.72–3.85 °C. (2) During warm seasons, the UHI region is mainly composed of residential, industrial, and commercial zones, while recreational zones contribute as an important UHI source region during cold seasons. (3) Urban developed land and forest are the most important landscape factors contributing to the UFZ effect in the urban thermal environment. These findings have useful implications for urban landscape zoning to mitigate the UHI effect.

     

Review of the physiology of human thermal comfort while exercising in urban landscapes and implications for bioclimatic design

This review comprehensively examines scientific literature pertaining to human physiology during exercise, including mechanisms of heat formation and dissipation, heat stress on the body, the importance of skin temperature monitoring, the effects of clothing, and microclimatic measurements. This provides a critical foundation for microclimatologists and biometeorologists in the understanding of experiments involving human physiology. The importance of the psychological aspects of how an individual perceives an outdoor environment are also reviewed, emphasizing many factors that can indirectly affect thermal comfort (TC). Past and current efforts to develop accurate human comfort models are described, as well as how these models can be used to develop resilient and comfortable outdoor spaces for physical activity. Lack of suitable spaces plays a large role in the deterioration of human health due to physical inactivity, leading to higher rates of illness, heart disease, obesity and heat-related casualties. This trend will continue if urban designers do not make use of current knowledge of bioclimatic urban design, which must be synthesized with physiology, psychology and microclimatology. Increased research is required for furthering our knowledge on the outdoor human energy balance concept and bioclimatic design for health and well-being in urban areas.     

Thermal parameters for assessing thermal properties of clothing

1. The thermal parameters for describing clothing were summarized first (i.e., clo and tog unit, permeability index, evaporative transmissibility, permeation efficiency factor, index of water permeability). Their applications were then outlined for the calculation of heat exchange between human body and its environment, and for the prediction of the physiological variables under heat stress conditions.2. Nevertheless, the human body is not frequently exposed under steady-state condition, instead it is subjected to changes in environmental variables, clothing and activity. The transient thermal response of the human-clothing system plays a major role during transients. The heat exchange between the body and the environment may be affected significantly by the dynamic response of the clothing. The thermal comfort property of a clothing system during dynamic conditions should be assessed based on moisture vapor pressure alteration within the clothing, surface temperature of the clothing and heat loss from the body.3. There is a trend to develop overall thermal parameter to describe the transient thermal and moisture transfer properties of clothing system.     

城市热环境风险预测及时空格局分析

人类活动改变土地利用/覆被所诱发的城市热环境风险成为影响城市化进程和城市生态环境可持续发展的重大阻碍。但是,当前热环境风险识别、评估和预控技术和方法缺失使得城市热环境安全防范和调控措施相对滞后。构建城市热环境风险预测模型:(1)将不同时期的地表温度进行正规化分级;(2)构建基于MARKOV-CA的城市热环境时空过程预测模型并验证其精度;(3)建立城市热环境风险评判规则并分析城市热环境风险时空格局特征。通过2005—2015年夏季MODIS地表温度产品及1∶10万土地利用现状遥感监测数据预测2015—2020年北京市城市热环境风险时空格局并分析其特征。北京市城市热环境风险呈增加趋势,其中极高风险区面积比例从9.66%上升到12.08%,极高风险等级区域主要分布于东西城区、朝阳区、丰台区、石景山区、海淀区东部、大兴区西北部,并逐渐向东西方向延伸,斑块数量增加,聚合程度也有所提高。城市热环境风险预测模型可对通过城市空间规划调控和防范城市热岛效应提供理论和技术支撑。     

20世纪90年代上海市热环境变化及其社会经济驱动力

城市化过程导致地表水分蒸腾减少、径流加速、显热的存储和传输增加以及水质降低等一系列生态环境效应,其中最典型的特征就是城市热岛的出现。城市热环境动态主要驱动力可以概括为两大方面:地表覆被的变化与人类社会经济活动。论文采用Landsat的TM/ETM+为基本数据源,先定量反演了每个像元内的陆地表面温度,以此探讨了20世纪90年代上海市主城区热环境的动态演化和社会经济驱动力。研究结果揭示,20世纪90年代上海市主城区热岛范围显著扩大,但中心城区的热岛强度在下降,空间格局也趋于复杂;通过分析,城市热环境空间格局动态演变是不同尺度上、相互嵌套、相互影响的多种驱动力的综合作用结果。其中,城市建成区的快速扩展是热岛范围不断扩展的最显性驱动力;中心城区人口密度显著下降是热岛中心强度降低的一个综合性驱动因子,而以重化工业为代表的能耗布局改变则是中心城区热岛强度降低的一个主要驱动力;通过增加绿化面积布局等人为措施改变热辐射和存储模式,对缓解城市热环境来说是最有意义的因素。由于多种驱动力相互嵌套、交互作用,因此建立城市热环境演变驱动机制的定量模型还十分困难,但是研究结果对于制定城市热环境改善政策和编制合理的城市规划等都具有一定的借鉴意义。     

UTCI—Why another thermal index?

Existing procedures for the assessment of the thermal environment in the fields of public weather services, public health systems, precautionary planning, urban design, tourism and recreation and climate impact research exhibit significant shortcomings. This is most evident for simple (mostly two-parameter) indices, when comparing them to complete heat budget models developed since the 1960s. ISB Commission 6 took up the idea of developing a Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) based on the most advanced multi-node model of thermoregulation representing progress in science within the last three to four decades, both in thermo-physiological and heat exchange theory. Creating the essential research synergies for the development of UTCI required pooling the resources of multidisciplinary experts in the fields of thermal physiology, mathematical modelling, occupational medicine, meteorological data handling (in particular radiation modelling) and application development in a network. It was possible to extend the expertise of ISB Commission 6 substantially by COST (a European programme promoting Cooperation in Science and Technology) Action 730 so that finally over 45 scientists from 23 countries (Australia, Canada, Israel, several Europe countries, New Zealand, and the United States) worked together. The work was performed under the umbrella of the WMO Commission on Climatology (CCl). After extensive evaluations, Fiala’s multi-node human physiology and thermal comfort model (FPC) was adopted for this study. The model was validated extensively, applying as yet unused data from other research groups, and extended for the purposes of the project. This model was coupled with a state-of-the-art clothing model taking into consideration behavioural adaptation of clothing insulation by the general urban population in response to actual environmental temperature. UTCI was then derived conceptually as an equivalent temperature (ET). Thus, for any combination of air temperature, wind, radiation, and humidity (stress), UTCI is defined as the isothermal air temperature of the reference condition that would elicit the same dynamic response (strain) of the physiological model. As UTCI is based on contemporary science its use will standardise applications in the major fields of human biometeorology, thus making research results comparable and physiologically relevant.     

Effects of thermal environment on sleep and circadian rhythm

ABSTRACT: The thermal environment is one of the most important factors that can affect human sleep. The stereotypical effects of heat or cold exposure are increased wakefulness and decreased rapid eye movement sleep and slow wave sleep. These effects of the thermal environment on sleep stages are strongly linked to thermoregulation, which affects the mechanism regulating sleep. The effects on sleep stages also differ depending on the use of bedding and/or clothing. In semi-nude subjects, sleep stages are more affected by cold exposure than heat exposure. In real-life situations where bedding and clothing are used, heat exposure increases wakefulness and decreases slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep. Humid heat exposure further increases thermal load during sleep and affects sleep stages and thermoregulation. On the other hand, cold exposure does not affect sleep stages, though the use of beddings and clothing during sleep is critical in supporting thermoregulation and sleep in cold exposure. However, cold exposure affects cardiac autonomic response during sleep without affecting sleep stages and subjective sensations. These results indicate that the impact of cold exposure may be greater than that of heat exposure in real-life situations; thus, further studies are warranted that consider the effect of cold exposure on sleep and other physiological parameters.     

Prediction of air temperature for thermal comfort of people in outdoor environments

Current thermal comfort indices do not take into account the effects of wind and body movement on the thermal resistance and vapor resistance of clothing. This may cause public health problem, e.g. cold-related mortality. Based on the energy balance equation and heat exchanges between a clothed body and the outdoor environment, a mathematical model was developed to determine the air temperature at which an average adult, wearing a specific outdoor clothing and engaging in a given activity, attains thermal comfort under outdoor environment condition. The results indicated low clothing insulation, less physical activity and high wind speed lead to high air temperature prediction for thermal comfort. More accurate air temperature prediction is able to prevent wearers from hypothermia under cold conditions.     

北京平原造林后景观格局与热场环境的耦合分析

在人类积极的土地利用调控下(植树造林),研究景观格局变化对城乡热场环境的影响,可为今后的城市造林工程建设与优化提供参考,并为未来景观格局与热场环境的相关研究提供新视角.本研究以北京平原区百万亩造林项目为背景,运用遥感技术和地理信息系统,利用矩阵转移及耦合分析,评估平原造林对城市热场环境的实际作用,探究因城市造林工程引起的景观格局变化与城市地表温度变化的相关关系.结果表明: 北京平原造林工程后,森林和公园的面积比例分别增加了7.6%和0.5%;平原区有19.2%区域热场强度降低,其中,城郊有23.3%区域的热场强度减弱,但仍有23.5%的城市区域存在热场增强的情况;在城乡尺度上,森林和公园面积比例、森林和湿地的平均斑块面积(MPS)与地表亮温(LST)变化呈显著负相关;在城市市区,森林的面积加权平均形状指数(AWMSI)与LST变化呈显著正相关;在城郊区域,森林的MPS和AWMST与LST变化均呈显著负相关,而公园则相反.北京实施平原造林工程后,增加的城市森林和公园对城市热场的缓解有一定作用,但范围有限,主要集中在城郊区的造林点周围,且森林与湿地越集中,越有利于热场的缓解;受研究粒度、时相、地形、人类活动等因素影响,土地利用结构调控引起的景观格局变化与地表温度变化之间存在非线性相关.     

基于移动测量的城市空间形态对夏季午后城市热环境影响研究

城市空间形态是城市特殊微气候形成的主要因素之一。本研究旨在通过分析2016年及2017年武汉和郑州夏季移动实测数据,探讨不同气候区（夏热冬冷地区和寒冷地区）、不同用地属性（商业和住宅）以及不同城市空间形态指标（天空开阔度、绿化覆盖率、建筑高度和建筑密度）对夏季午后城市热环境形成的影响机理,并基于非线性回归分析,研究城市空间形态各项指标与夏季午后气温的相关性。结果显示,在夏季午后,建筑的遮阴效果是对城市气温影响最为关键性的因素。特别是在郑州,建筑密度和天空开阔度2个因素最为关键,具有显著的相关性。相比之下,武汉气温值与建筑遮阴效果的相关性低于郑州,说明干热环境下太阳辐射对气温的高低起决定性因素,而湿热环境下却并不显著。     

基于景观安全格局的建设用地管制分区

旨在探索如何构建一种生态与经济发展兼顾的建设用地管制分区工作体系.以扬州市为例,选择防洪、水土保持、生物保护、乡土文化保护和游憩安全5个要素构建区域多层次综合生态安全格局,利用神经网络CA模型模拟无生态约束下的区域城镇建设用地扩展格局,将二者耦合得到优先建设区、有条件建设区、调整建设区、限制建设区和禁止建设区,并为每类管制区编制相应的管制规则.结果表明:①利用景观安全格局与城镇建设用地扩展格局耦合来进行建设用地管制区划分,优先考虑生态环境保护,再进行建设用地的安排,实现了生态与经济的双赢;②通过调整建设区的划定,为地方政府提供了新增建设用地适宜调整的区域,在建设用地管制的基础上,给予地方政府充分的自主权.     

武汉城市圈县域空间横向碳生态补偿研究——基于土地利用碳收支差异

认识和探讨区域土地利用碳收支并构建碳生态补偿模式,对于引导区域低碳协调发展、促进实现碳中和目标具有重要理论和现实意义。探究基于土地利用碳收支的碳生态补偿原理,并以武汉城市圈县域为实证研究对象,依据区域土地利用碳收支差异,在碳中和目标下估算城市圈各县(市、区)的碳生态补偿标准,明确碳生态补偿支付或受偿次序。结果表明：(1)研究期内城市圈各县(市、区)土地利用净碳排放空间差异显著。土地利用净碳排放呈现“西高东低,南北低中心高”的空间分布特点,且该空间分布特征逐渐强化;(2)武汉城市圈有14个碳生态补偿支付区,大多位于城市圈中部和西部地区,其中包括5个优先支付区、6个次级支付区、3个潜在支付区;(3)武汉城市圈有25个碳生态补偿受偿区,大多位于城市圈东部及外围地区,其中包括5个优先受偿区、9个次级受偿区、11个潜在受偿区,并针对不同类型支付和受偿区提出差别化的低碳发展对策建议。     

城市热岛“源-汇”景观识别及降温效率

快速城市化背景下,不同景观降温效率的差异是深入理解景观格局对城市热岛效应影响机理的基础。现有城市热岛研究多以土地利用或土地覆被替代热岛效应的源与汇,往往忽略景观的热特征与相邻景观的热关系,造成信息偏差。需要从景观热特征的视角,探讨面向城市热岛效应的景观分类方法,并分析不同特征景观的降温效率差异。基于"源-汇"景观理论,以深圳市西部为研究区,构建面向城市热岛的景观分类方法,通过2010年TM遥感影像提取NDVI、NDMI及ISA等地表特征及地表温度特性,叠加划分16类城市景观,分析不同地表特征的景观等距离梯度下的温度变化关系,识别城市热岛的"源-汇"景观。在此基础上,分析"源-汇"景观的结构特征,构建以面积和温度为影响因素的景观降温效率指数,结合景观格局指数,分析不同面积与形状的"汇"景观降温效率。结果表明,在16类景观中,5类景观被识别为城市热岛汇景观,面积约533 km²,占研究区总面积的45.5%。降温效率结果表明,"汇"景观的降温效率为1.54,其中绿色空间及阴影景观的降温效率贡献率较高。通过面积与形状的景观格局分析发现,降温效果随两个指数的增加,均呈先升后...     

基于MSPA模型的新型城市热景观连通性分析

基于土地利用景观格局对城市热岛效应的影响研究较多,但准确识别对城市热岛效应具有重要影响的关键斑块和节点方面的研究亟待开展。以新型中小城市株洲云龙示范区为例,以城市热岛网络构建为切入点,应用形态学空间格局分析(Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis, MSPA)与景观连通性模型识别城市发展进程中核心热景观斑块和关键节点,并分析其时空演变特征。研究结果表明：(1)2007—2018年云龙示范区热岛斑块趋于集中,热岛面积较研究初期有明显增加,从地表温度空间分布上体现为城区与周边农村的温度对比更加鲜明,表明城市化进程中建设用地呈聚集扩散趋势。(2)研究期间热岛核心区占热景观面积比最大,且比例有明显上升趋势。而边缘、支线、孤岛、桥接、环线以及孔隙形态类型面积占比均呈现出不同程度的下降趋势,表明热岛斑块之间聚集程度不断提高。(3)识别出景观连通度重要性值较高的前20热景观斑块,其中前3斑块的重要性值和面积占比较大,属于极重要与重要两个热岛核心斑块重要性等级,值得重点关注与优化。(4)对重要性值高的热岛核心区域可优先采取降温措施,可以打断节点之间连接减缓整个区域...     

城镇用地扩张对城市热环境的影响

以快速城市化的典型区域广东省东莞市为例,以Landsat/TM、ETM~+为主要数据源,采用单窗算法反演地表温度,提出多时相数据标准化处理方法,构建相对热效应指数、热贡献指数、冷贡献指数,定量研究城镇用地扩张对城市热环境的影响.结果表明:1990-2005年,东莞市城镇用地扩张迅猛,高温区由岛状向带状再向面状扩张.城镇用地的相对热效应指数先增大后减小,1990年为0.6,2000年为1.0,2005年为0.6;热贡献指数持续增长,1990年为4.5%、2000年为38.4%,2005年为62.9%;冷贡献指数逐步增长,1990年为1.2%,2000年为1.8%,2005年为6.8%.

Abstract：

Taking the rapidly urbanized Dongguan City of Guangdong as a ease, and by using Landsat/TM and ETM~+ data, the land surface temperature (LST) was retrieved via mono-win-dow algorithm. A standardized method for treating the LST was proposed, and three thermal envi-ronment indices (relative thermal effect index, heat contribution index, and cold contribution in-dex) were built to quantitatively study the effects of urban land expansion on urban thermal envi-ronment. In 1990-2005, the urban land area in Dongguan had a rapid expansion, and the high temperature zone expanded from island-shape to belt-shape and then to lamina-shape. The rela-tive thermal effect index of urban land decreased after an initial increase, being 0. 6 in 1990,1.0 in 2000, and 0. 6 in 2005. The heat contribution index increased persistently, which was 4. 5% in 1990, 38.4% in 2000, and 62.9% in 2005, and the cold contribution index increased gradually, which was 1.2% in 1990, 1.8% in 2000, and 6. 8% in 2005.     

2003-2011年夏季北京城市热景观变化特征

自北京城市总体规划(2004—2020年)以来,城市化快速发展,强烈的人类活动改变了城市的热环境。基于2003年、2007年和2011年夏季同时期的TM遥感卫星影像,采用遥感反演地温的方法,运用RS、GIS以及景观分析工具,对北京城市六环内的热场和热岛变化特征进行了分析。分析结果表明,2003—2011年北京城市六环内的热场分布特征发生了很大变化,2003年城市各环线内的植被覆盖度最低,但是夏季城市的地表辐射亮温分布差异相对较小,热岛特征也并不十分明显,随着城市建设规模扩大和用能的增加,到2011年,尽管城市植被覆盖度提高很快,但城市和城郊的温差达到最大,城市热岛在不断增强,热场向城市中心集聚趋势明显。通过城市热岛等级类型的景观指数分析表明,2011年的高等级的热岛斑块分布范围和强度都明显提高,而且城市五环内高等级的热岛范围基本连成一片。由于城市人类活动的加剧各热岛等级斑块的形状更加复杂。在景观水平上的分析显示,2007年的热景观斑块类型多,在六环内的分布均匀,破碎化程度高,至2011年,景观斑块的蔓延度逐渐下降,低等级的热岛斑块优势度逐渐降低。研究结论可以为城市管理决策部门制定有效的热岛效应缓解措施提供理论依据。     

Thermal bioclimatic conditions and patterns of behaviour in an urban park in Göteborg,Sweden

People in urban areas frequently use parks for recreation and outdoor activities. Owing to the complexity of the outdoor environment, there have only been a few attempts to understand the effect of the thermal environment on people's use of outdoor spaces. This paper therefore seeks to determine the relationship between the thermal environment, park use and behavioural patterns in an urban area of Sweden. The methods used include structured interviews, unobtrusive observations of the naturally occurring behaviour and simultaneous measurements of thermal comfort variables, i.e., air temperature, air humidity, wind speed and global radiation. The thermal environment is investigated through the mean radiant temperature (T_mrt) and the predicted mean vote (PMV) index. The outcome is compared to the subjective behaviour and thermal sensation of the interviewees. It is found that the thermal environment, access and design are important factors in the use of the park. In order to continue to use the park when the thermal conditions become too cold or too hot for comfort, people improve their comfort conditions by modifying their clothing and by choosing the most supportive thermal opportunities available within the place. The study also shows that psychological aspects such as time of exposure, expectations, experience and perceived control may influence the subjective assessment. Comparison between the thermal sensation of the interviewees and the thermal sensation assessed by the PMV index indicates that steady-state models such as the PMV index may not be appropriate for the assessment of short-term outdoor thermal comfort, mainly because they are unable to analyse transient exposure.