外源NO对UV-B胁迫下红豆杉抗氧化系统的影响

为探讨一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)对紫外线-B( UV-B)辐射胁迫下植物抗氧化系统的影响,以盆栽5年生南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis var.mairei)幼苗为材料,硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)为外源NO供体,设置CK(对照)、SNP(+0.1 mmol·L-1SNP)、UV-B(+4.22 kJ·m-2·d-1 UV-B)及UV-B+ SNP(+0.1 mmol·L-1 SNP+4.22 kJ·m-2·d-1UV-B)4个处理,研究外源NO对UV-B胁迫下南方红豆杉幼苗针叶过氧化氢(H2O2)含量、脂质过氧化程度及抗氧化物质含量的影响.结果表明:UV-B胁迫显著提高了南方红豆杉针叶H2O2及MDA含量(P＜0.05),施加外源NO降低UV-B胁迫下针叶H2O2及MDA含量,提高紫杉醇、类黄酮及类胡萝卜素等抗氧化物质含量(P＜0.05);各处理对抗氧化酶活性影响不同,SNP处理显著提高针叶中CAT和POD活性(P＜0.05),UV-B和SNP+UV-B处理均提高针叶中POD活性,降低CAT活性和APX活性(P＜0.05).本研究证实,外源NO可提高UV-B胁迫下植物抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量,降低其H2O2含量及脂质过氧化程度,从而在一定程度上缓解UV-B胁迫对植物的伤害.     

2种杨树光合色素和抗氧化系统对UV-B与NaCl胁迫的响应

以胡杨和俄罗斯杨(黑杨杂交种)为材料,通过设置增强UV-B辐射、NaCl胁迫(100mmol/L NaCl)、复合胁迫(增强UV-B辐射+100mmol/L NaCl)及对照(不额外施加NaCl和UV-B)4组处理,研究2种杨树对UV-B辐射、NaCl胁迫及其复合胁迫的生理响应及其种间差异。结果显示:(1)增强UV-B辐射、NaCl胁迫及其复合胁迫下,2种杨树的叶绿素含量降低,叶绿素a/b比值减小,类胡萝卜素含量升高;叶片中的膜脂过氧化产物(MDA)和H2O2含量均显著升高;但在复合胁迫下,俄罗斯杨MDA含量要明显低于各单一胁迫处理,而胡杨MDA含量和2种杨树H2O2含量均介于2种单一胁迫处理之间。(2)在3种不同胁迫条件下,俄罗斯杨和胡杨叶片中过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性比对照显著升高,且POD活性在复合胁迫下最高。(3)2种杨树叶片中渗透调节物质(脯氨酸、甜菜碱、可溶性蛋白)含量在各胁迫条件下均比对照明显升高,且脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量在复合胁迫下最高;胡杨甜菜碱含量在3种胁迫条件下的升高幅度均远大于俄罗斯杨,而俄罗斯杨可溶性蛋白含量升高的幅度在增强UV-B辐射和复合胁迫下却明显高于胡杨。研究表明,增强UV-B辐射、NaCl胁迫及其复合处理对2种杨树生长均造成不同程度的胁迫伤害,但2种杨树在复合胁迫下表现出的抗氧化保护能力比在2种单一胁迫下更强,因而复合胁迫对2种杨树的伤害更小,UV-B辐射可能与NaCl胁迫相互拮抗最终减缓了对植物的伤害。     

UV-B辐射增强和O3浓度升高对大豆叶片内源激素和抗氧化能力的影响

揭示大豆叶片内源激素对UV-B和臭氧胁迫的代谢机制和响应方式,为从分子水平研究植物内源激素对UV-B(Ultraviolet-B)和O3(Ozone)胁迫的适应机制奠定基础。以大豆(Glycine max.)为试验材料,利用开顶式气室研究UV-B(0.32W/m2)和O3((110±10)nmol/mol)复合胁迫对大豆叶片内源激素含量及活性氧代谢系统的影响。结果表明:在大豆整个生育期内,与对照相比,UV-B胁迫使大豆叶片ABA(Abscisic acid)含量、ZR(Zeatin riboside)含量和IAA(Indoleacetic acid)含量显著降低,IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA、(IAA+ZR)/ABA比值升高,O·-2(Superoxide anion free radical,O·-2)产生速率和MDA(Malonaldehyde)含量升高,SOD(Superoxide dismutase)、CAT(Catalase)和POD(Peroxidase)活性显著降低;高浓度O3胁迫下,大豆叶片ABA和IAA含量显著下降、ZR含量显著增加,IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA、(IAA+ZR)/ABA值显著升高,O·-2产生速率和MDA含量增加,SOD、CAT和POD活性显著降低;UV-B和O3复合胁迫下,大豆叶片ABA含量、ZR含量和IAA含量降低,ZR/ABA、(IAA+ZR)/ABA值下降,而IAA/ABA值升高,O·-2产生速率和MDA含量显著增加,SOD、CAT和POD活性显著降低。UV-B辐射增强和O3浓度升高单一及复合作用使大豆叶片内源激素间平衡改变,进而影响大豆叶片的代谢水平。持续胁迫下,植株抗氧化能力下降,对大豆表现为伤害效应。UV-B和O3复合胁迫比单独胁迫时的影响有所加深,但是小于两者单独作用时影响的简单累加。     

Hg~(2+)对苜蓿叶片的毒害效应

研究了Hg2 + 对苜蓿叶片的毒害效应。结果表明 :随着Hg2 + 浓度的增加和处理时间的延长 ,叶绿素含量下降 ,电导度上升 ;低Hg2 + 浓度及短时间处理 ,超氧阴离子自由基 (O·2 )和丙二醛 (MDA)含量增加 ,SOD、POD和CAT等保护酶活性升高 ,表明膜系统受到了伤害 ;高Hg2 +浓度及长时间处理 ,O·2 和MDA含量下降 ,SOD、POD和CAT等保护酶活性降低 ,表明细胞结构和功能受到了不可逆的伤害。     

He-Ne激光对增强UV-B辐射小麦细胞膜的影响

采用He-Ne激光 5mW·mm-2 辐照方法,对增强UV-B 10.08kJ·m-2·d-1 辐射小麦细胞膜损伤进行修复的研究.结果表明:经He-Ne激光和UV-B复合处理后,小麦细胞膜表面电荷的电泳速度高于UV-B处理组,小麦的MDA含量比单独UV-B辐射后的低,SOD酶的活性增强.说明He-Ne激光和增强UV-B辐射复合处理后可使小麦的氧化酶活性增强,从而使MDA的浓度降低,小麦细胞膜损伤得到了一定程度的修复.     

外源亚精胺对Hg2+胁迫下凤眼莲抗氧化系统的影响

通过Hoagland溶液培养实验,研究了外源亚精胺(Spd)(0.1 mmol?L-1)对Hg2+(0、10、20、30和40μmol?L-1)胁迫下凤眼莲叶片细胞内叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量及抗氧化系统的调节作用.结果显示,(1)随Hg2+处理浓度的升高,各处理凤眼莲叶片叶绿素a(Chl a)和叶绿素b(Chl b)含量均先升后降,并均在10μmol?L-1时达到最高值,但外源Spd处理组显著高于相应对照.(2)各处理凤眼莲叶片可溶性蛋白含量随Hg2+处理浓度的升高也呈先升后降趋势,而可溶性糖含量则呈持续上升趋势,但外源Spd处理亦明显高于相应对照.(3)随Hg2+处理浓度的升高,抗氧化物质AsA和GSH含量及抗氧化酶SOD、CAT、POD、APX及GR活性也均呈先升后降的变化趋势,而外源Spd处理植株的含量和活性均显著高于相应对照.(4)各处理凤眼莲叶片的H2O2、MDA含量及O2?-产生速率随Hg2+处理浓度的升高均持续上升,但在外源Spd处理后均比对照组下降.研究表明,Hg2+胁迫使凤眼莲生长受到严重伤害,外源Spd可大幅度地提高其抗氧化物质含量和保护酶活性,从而增强凤眼莲抗Hg2+胁迫的能力.     

CO_2加富对UV-B辐射胁迫下亚心形扁藻光合作用和膜脂过氧化以及抗氧化酶活性的影响(英文)

在CO2浓度分别为当今CO2浓度(360 mL/L)和加富浓度(5 000 mL/L)条件下,研究了UV-B胁迫对亚心形扁藻(Platymonas subcordiformis (Wille) Hazen)的光合作用、膜脂过氧化和抗氧化酶活性的影响。实验结果表明:(1) UV-B单独作用下,亚心形扁藻的干重、光合速率、叶绿素a (Chl a)和类胡萝卜素(Car.)含量显著降低,CO2加富单独作用下,亚心形扁藻的干重和光合速率显著升高,叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素含量与对照相比没有显著变化,而UV-B与CO2共同作用则使亚心形扁藻的干重和光合速率与对照相比没有显著变化,叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素含量显著降低。(2) UV-B单独作用和CO2加富单独作用都使可溶性蛋白含量显著降低,UV-B与CO2共同作用下的可溶性蛋白含量比UV-B单独作用的要高。高CO2对藻的可溶性蛋白含量的变化在很大程度上归因于Rubisco蛋白的降低。(3)UV-B单独作用下,O2-. 产生速率、H2O2 含量和MDA含量显著升高,而CO2加富单独作用下,O2-. 产生速率、H2O2 含量和MDA含量显著降低,与UV-B单独作用相比,UV-B与CO2共同作用使O2-. 产生速率、H2O2 含量和MDA含量显著降低。说明CO2加富可以减少活性氧对亚心形扁藻的氧化胁迫,同时减少UV-B对亚心形扁藻的膜脂过氧化伤害。(4) UV-B单独作用下,SOD、POD、CAT、GR和GPX活性显著升高,高CO2     

UV-B辐射引起的绿豆幼苗叶片Rubisco量降低与H2O2含量升高有关

为了探讨UV-B辐射引起的Rubisco含量降低的可能机制,研究了两个绿豆品种(秦豆-20和中绿-1)幼苗在UV-B辐射下叶片Rubisco含量、蛋白水解酶活性和H2O2含量的变化.结果表明:UV-B辐射显著加速了两个绿豆品种幼苗叶片H2O2含量和蛋白水解酶活性上升,使Rubiscco含量下降.秦豆-20品种在UV-B辐射下H2O2含量和蛋白水解酶活性的上升程度明显大于中绿-1,相应其Rubisco含量的下降程度也大于中绿-1.抗坏血酸处理能明显降低UV-B辐射下两品种幼苗叶片H2O2含量,同时明显抑制蛋白水解酶活性的上升及Rubisco含量的下降.结果说明UV-B辐射诱导Rubisco含量的降低可能通过提高H2O2水平从而加强蛋白水解酶系统的活化而加速了Rubisco的降解.     

氯化镉胁迫下葡萄根、叶内源一氧化氮和活性氧的生成

以‘泽香’葡萄扦插苗为试材,在水培条件下,研究了氯化镉(CdCl2)处理下葡萄根系和叶片内源一氧化氮(NO)、活性氧(ROS)的生成规律,以及根系丙二醛(MDA)含量与根系活力的变化.结果表明:在0～1 mmol.L-1范围内,随着CdCl2处理浓度的增加,葡萄扦插苗根系和叶片NO含量、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性和根系活力先升高后下降;CdCl2浓度为0.01mmol.L-1时,根系NO含量和NOS活性分别提高51%和63%,超过0.1 mmol.L-1时则显著下降;CdCl2浓度为0.01和0.05 mmol.L-1时,叶片NO含量和NOS活性显著提高.0.5和1.0 mmol.L-1的CdCl2处理显著提高了根系O2.-产生速率、H2O2含量和MDA含量;同浓度CdCl2处理下,叶片中O2.-产生速率明显低于根系O2.-,而H2O2含量明显高于根系.     

CO2加富对UV-B辐射胁迫下亚心形扁藻光合作用和膜脂过氧化以及抗氧化酶活性的影响

在CO2浓度分别为当今CO2浓度(360 μL/L)和加富浓度(5 000 μL/L)条件下,研究了UV-B胁迫对亚心形扁藻(Platymonas subcordiformis(Wille)Hazen)的光合作用、膜脂过氧化和抗氧化酶活性的影响.实验结果表明:(1)UV-B单独作用下,亚心形扁藻的干重、光合速率、叶绿素a(Chl a)和类胡萝卜素(Car.)含量显著降低,CO2加富单独作用下,亚心形扁藻的干重和光合速率显著升高,叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素含量与对照相比没有显著变化,而UV-B与CO2共同作用则使亚心形扁藻的干重和光合速率与对照相比没有显著变化,叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素含量显著降低.(2)UV-B单独作用和CO2加富单独作用都使可溶性蛋白含量显著降低,UV-B与CO2共同作用下的可溶性蛋白含量比UV-B单独作用的要高.高CO2对藻的可溶性蛋白含量的变化在很大程度上归因于Rubisco蛋白的降低.(3)UV-B单独作用下,O-.2产生速率、H2O2含量和MDA含量显著升高,而CO2加富单独作用下,O-.2产生速率、H2O2含量和MDA含量显著降低,与UV-B单独作用相比,UV-B与CO2共同作用使O-.2产生速率、H2O2含量和MDA含量显著降低.说明CO2加富可以减少活性氧对亚心形扁藻的氧化胁迫,同时减少UV-B对亚心形扁藻的膜脂过氧化伤害.(4)UV-B单独作用下,SOD、POD、CAT、GR和GPx活性显著升高,高CO2单独作用使SOD、POD和GR活性显著降低,而CAT和GPx活性与对照相比稍有所降低,但降低不明显,而UV-B与CO2共同作用则使SOD、POD、CAT、GR和GPx活性比UV-B单独作用少得多.结果表明,高CO2对UV-B胁迫所造成的氧化胁迫具有一定的改善作用,因此CO2浓度升高可能对增强海洋微藻的抗逆能力有利.     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Effect of soil salinity and water stresses on growth and content of nitrogen,chloride and phosphate of wheat and triticale

Summary Three wheats and one triticale were grown, up to flowering stage, in pots on calcareous soil adjusted to a range of salinities (S₁=3.5, S₂=6, S₃=8.5, and S₄=11 mmhos/cm, 20°C, soilpaste extract) by adding solution consisting of 3∶2∶1 of Na-, Ca- and Mg chlorides in chemical equivalent amounts. Moisture in the pots was kept at 100% (W₁), 40% (W₂) and 20% (W₃) of the available water. The vegetative growth, nitrogen and phosphate were affected by S and W treatments, chloride was affected only by S. The interaction S×W affected only dry weight. Varietal effect was observed between wheat as a group and triticale. Multiple quadratic regression equations of these properties on salinity and water revealed that the higher the available water the wider the range of tolerable salinity. Triticale was relatively more tolerant to water stress. Salinity increases Cl and decreases N, whereas water stress enhances N accumulation to a certain extent. However, in triticale at S₃ and S₄ the effect of water stress on N was overshadowed by the excessive salinity. This did not occur for the wheat (Florence). P trends were described. R² for P was low (0.7435–0.3603) which made interpretations rather difficult.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.