广东省养蛇业的现状与发展策略的研究

目的探讨广东省蛇类养殖业的现状与发展的策略方法在全省范围内按各市县养殖场逐个进行实地考查,调查蛇类养殖场的分布、规模、面积、养殖技术和投资金额以及蛇的种类、数量、来源和贸易情况,分析蛇类养殖存在的问题和经营利用的可能性。并以表格的形式搜集各养蛇场的基础资料、近年来的养殖情况及意见和建议。结果3个养殖最成功的蛇场饲养的主要蛇种类有眼镜蛇、眼镜王蛇、滑鼠蛇、乌梢蛇,目前已基本上解决了蛇类养殖的难题,掌握了蛇类冬眠和管理等关键技术,蛇类存栏量都达到10万条以上,存栏的个体都在第三代以上;养殖成本明显下降,经济效益可观。结论眼镜蛇、眼镜王蛇、滑鼠蛇、乌梢蛇是人工养殖成功的种类,提出发展我国蛇类产业的具体措施和策略,为蛇类养殖产业化、规模化和集约化提出合理化的建议。     

壶瓶山发现湖南蛇类新纪录二种——双全白环蛇和颈槽蛇

2002年6月至2008年8月,作者对湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区两栖爬行动物资源进行了10次实地调查与监测,共采集到蛇类32种.其中双全白环蛇(bycodon fasciatus)和颈槽蛇(Rhabdophisnuchalis)为湖南省蛇类新纪录.     

南岳衡山蛇类调查初报

１９８９至１９９４年作者对南岳衡山蛇类进行调查，并发现蛇类２８种，其中２４种在湖南的分布已有报道，另有滑鼠蛇、红点锦蛇、日本蝮短尾亚种和丽纹蛇甲仙埔亚种未见公开报道，应为湖南蛇类分布新纪录。所调查的种类仅竹叶青未采到标本，其它各种均采到一至数例标本。近两年的调查发现南岳衡山境内具有经济价值的蛇类数量呈明显下降趋势。     

蛇与其他常见动物的综合养殖利用初探

过去人们视治疗蛇伤的人员和蛇类养殖人员为“花子”（即要饭的人）,所谓“花子玩蛇”,道出了蛇伤防治工作者和蛇类养殖人员的艰辛。改革开放以来,从事蛇类养殖人员不断增多,都想到这个“金矿”来“淘金”,结果却是：“十个蛇场九个亏”。蛇伤防治工作人员亦无巨富者...     

湖南省发现青脊蛇

2013年5月,在湖南省怀化市鹤城区黄岩乡野外考察期间采集到1号游蛇科蛇类标本,经鉴定为青脊蛇(Achalinus ater),为湖南省蛇类新纪录种。此记录能为研究青脊蛇的形态变化和地理分布提供基础资料。     

湖南省蛇类新纪录—青脊蛇Achalinus ater

2013年5月,在湖南省怀化市鹤城区黄岩乡野外考察期间采集到1号游蛇科蛇类标本,经鉴定为青脊蛇Achalinus ater,为湖南省蛇类新纪录种。此新纪录能为研究青脊蛇的形态变化和地理分布提供基础资料。     

莽山国家级自然保护区发现罕见蛇种白头蝰及海南闪鳞蛇

莽山国家级自然保护区发现罕见蛇种白头蝰及海南闪鳞蛇陈远辉（湖南省郴州市莽山国家级自然保护区）湖南省莽山国家级自然保护区自发现新蛇种莽山烙铁头蛇以后,近两年的蛇类资源调查中,又分别发现一种白脑袋的毒蛇和一种鳞版具金属光泽,在日光和灯光下均能闪耀出多种色...     

广东象头山国家级自然保护区蛇类多样性及保护研究

目的了解广东象头山国家级自然保护区蛇类多样性现状,探讨保护区蛇类资源的有效保护对策。方法采用访问调查和野外样带调查相结合的方法。结果该保护区现已纪录蛇类有5科45种,占中国已纪录蛇类物种数的22．0％,占广东省已纪录蛇类物种数的46．4％,区系组成以东洋界华中区和华南区共有种为主,占82．2％。保护区有国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物蚺双带亚种（蟒蛇）（Python molurus bivittatus）,以及舟山眼镜蛇（Najaatra）、眼镜王蛇（Ophiophagus hannah）、灰鼠蛇（Ptyas korros）和滑鼠蛇（Ptyas mucosus）等15种重要经济蛇类。结论广东象头山国家级自然保护区蛇类物种多样性十分丰富,但长期过度猎捕和栖息地遭破坏导致保护区一些蛇类种群数量明显减少,需加强保护。本文针对保护区蛇类保护问题提出5点建议。     

我国发现新蛇种——莽山烙铁头蛇

位于湘粤交界的湖南省郴州地区莽山林管局去年捕获的特殊白尾毒蛇群,经著名蛇类专家,中国蛇协顾问、中国科学院成都生物研究所副所长赵尔宓教授鉴定:确认为国内外尚未发现和记载的新蛇种,并将这种白尾蛇正式命名为“莽山烙铁头蛇”。     

江西武夷山国家级自然保护区蛇类物种资源调查初报

目的了解江西武夷山国家级自然保护区蛇类资源现状。方法 2014年7月22日~8月4日采用样线法对江西武夷山国家级自然保护区两栖爬行动物资源展开调查。结果本次调查记录蛇类动物14种,隶属1目3科12属,以游蛇科为主,占遇见蛇类物种总数的78.6%。大眼斜鳞蛇(Pseudoxenodon macrops)为江西省蛇类新纪录。调查过程中蛇的遇见率为0.88条/km,数量较多的福建竹叶青蛇、山溪后棱蛇和黄链蛇,遇见率分别为0.31条/km、0.24条/km和0.11条/km。结论江西武夷山国家级自然保护区福建竹叶青蛇、山溪后棱蛇和黄链蛇等常见种的数量较为丰富。     

Effects of sex, body size, temperature, and location on the antipredator tactics of free-ranging gartersnakes (Thamnophis sirtalis, Colubridae)

Gartersnakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) in southern Manitoba are subject to intense predation (primarily by crows) duringtheir spring breeding season. The huge numbers of snakes providea unique opportunity to quantify behavioral traits. We simulatedpredator attacks by "pecking" more than 500 free-ranging snakes,to explore the determinants of snake response. Snakes respondedto a human finger in the same way as they did to a more realisticstimulus (a model crow). A snake's response to attack dependedon several factors, which interacted in complex ways. The primaryinfluences on response were body temperature (warmer snakes tended to flee, whereas colder snakes remained cryptic or flattenedand/or gaped and struck) and sex (males were more likely toflee). Responses also depended on microhabitat (i.e., insidethe winter den versus in adjacent grassland) and on the snake'sprior activity (e.g., courting snakes often ignored our closeapproach). These factors interacted in significant ways; for example, snakes outside the den were smaller and warmer thanthose inside, male snakes were smaller and warmer than females,and mean body temperatures were higher in larger snakes withineach sex. Thus, a snake's body size and its location affectedits defensive response indirectly (via their influence on bodytemperature). Our results differ from those of previous studiesand suggest that antipredator responses in these animals dependin a flexible and complex way upon biotic and abiotic variables.Interactions among these variables also must be consideredbefore we can identify underlying causal processes.     

Spatial subdivision within a population of tropical pythons (Liasis fuscus) in a superficially homogeneous habitat

Abstract Based on 10 years of intensive fieldwork, we describe the spatial and temporal distribution of water pythons (Liasis fuscus) on the Adelaide River floodplain, Northern Territory, Australia. Our study provides a cautionary tale, because it was only after several years’ work that we realized that our apparently panmictic study ‘population’ in fact consisted of three subpopulations that were separated during breeding activities although they intermingled for most of the year. The partitioning of the populations is due to the restricted availability and spatial separation of suitable nest-sites (varanid burrows vs root complexes of paperbark trees). Groups of snakes using each type of nest-site comprise quite separate breeding populations, because females move to these sites prior to mating. Snakes return to the same breeding sites year after year, with little dispersal between populations (even though snakes from each population often move through other breeding sites during the non-breeding period). The three subpopulations differed in many traits, including body-size distributions, age structures, the proportions of reproductive animals, survival rates, timing of reproduction, and reproductive frequencies. Thus, if our study had involved only one of the subpopulations (as would typically be the case with studies of this kind), we would have obtained a misleading view of the ‘real’ (i.e. average) ecological characteristics of our study organisms.     

Thirsty sea snakes forsake refuge during rainfall

Abstract Vertebrates living in dry or salty habitats spend significant amounts of time and energy maintaining their hydro‐mineral balance; any opportunity to drink fresh water should reduce such expenses. However, to find fresh water, individuals are generally forced to leave the safe and buffered conditions that prevail in their refuges. Therefore, they must face harsh environmental conditions and increased predation risks. We examined this trade‐off in the field, using a very large dataset gathered on amphibious sea snakes that confront periodic droughts. The study was carried out on different islets in the lagoon of New Caledonia. As expected, sea kraits remain concealed most of the time under rocks or within burrows during dry weather. They select precise time windows to move rapidly between the sea and the land, thereby minimizing the time spent in the open. Rainfall triggered massive disruptions of this rhythm: many snakes quickly forsook their shelter to drink in the open, and remained almost motionless until satiety. Interestingly, they adopted specific and unusual postures to drink. They perched on the top of rocks that were benefiting from running and less salty water during downpours. They also drank the droplets attached to vegetation during drizzle.     

Why do kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spectabilis) footdrum at snakes?

We examined alternative hypotheses for the benefits of footdrummingin the presence of snakes by the banner-tailed kangaroo rat,Dipodomys spectabitis, by testing whether the target of thesignal includes conspecifics, the predator or both. Footdrummingrecorded in the field revealed that rats altered their footdrummingsignatures when drumming at snakes. In playback tests, however,neighbors failed to show any measurable change in behavior tobroadcasts of the snake drumming pattern, but mothers footdrummedsignificantly more than nonmothen in the presence of a tetheredsnake. Gopher snakes, Pituophis melanolsucus affinis, respondedto footdrumming vibrations created by a mechanical thumper.Nonhungry snakes avoided footdrumming, while hungry snakes approachedthe seismic footdrumming. Snakes decreased stalking rates asfootdrumming increased, but they spent more time stalking drummingthan nondnimming rats. We conclude that D. spectabilis footdrumsin individual defense and in parental care, rather than to warnadult conspecfics. Footdrumming deters pursuit by informingthe snake that the rat is alert and the chances of predationare low. We find little evidence that footdrumming startles,confuses, or harasses the snake. Hungry gopher snakes, however,may locate prey by eavesdropping on territorial footdrumming     

黑龙江省蛇类物种多样性调查及保护

通过多年的野外调查和采集,共在黑龙江省31个县（市、区）获得蛇类标本592号.结合有关资料记载,证实黑龙江省蛇类隶属2科6属11种,约占我国蛇类总数的5.42%,均属于古北界物种,与国内其他省相比黑龙江省蛇类物种多样性水平较低,种群数量较少.建议加强对蛇类保护生物学的研究及其生境的保护,合理开发利用蛇类资源.     

Size-dependent predation by snakes: selective foraging or differential prey vulnerability?

I staged replicate encounters between unrestrained lizards andsnakes in outdoor enclosures to examine size-dependent predationwithin the common garden skink (Lampropholis guichenoti). Yellow-facedwhip snakes (Demansia psammophis) forage widely for activeprey and most often consumed large skinks, whereas death adders(Acanthophis antarcticus) ambush active prey and most oftenconsumed small skinks. Small-eyed snakes (Rhinoplocephalusnigrescens) forage widely for inactive prey and consumed bothsmall and large skinks equally often. Differential predationmay reflect active choice by the predator, differential preyvulnerability, or both. To test for active choice, I presentedforaging snakes with an inert small lizard versus an inertlarge lizard. They did not actively select lizards of a particularbody size. To test for differential prey vulnerability, I quantifiedvariation between small and large lizards in behavior thatis important for determining the outcome of predator—prey interactions. Snakes did not differentiate between integumentarychemicals from small and large lizards. Large lizards tendto flee from approaching predators, thereby eliciting attackby the visually oriented whip snakes. Small lizards were moremobile than large lizards and therefore more likely to passby sedentary death adders. Additionally, small skinks were more effectively lured by this sit-and-wait species and less likelyto avoid its first capture attempt. In contrast, overnightretreat site selection (not body size) determined a lizard'schances of being detected by small-eyed snakes. Patterns ofsize-dependent predation by elapid snakes may arise not becauseof active choice but as a function of species-specific predatortactics and prey behavior.     

江西蛇类多样性及其保护需求

目的为了有效保护江西的蛇类资源,对该地区蛇类的多样性、现状及其保护需求进行了总结。方法根据有关报道和我们调查的野外资料从物种多样性、分布、受胁情况等方面进行分析和比较。结果江西现有蛇类64种,占中国蛇类的31．1％,其中特有种18种;井冈山脊蛇（Achalinus jingganggensi）（Zong and Ma ,1983）是江西特有种,目前仅知分布于井冈山。有16种处于极度濒危、濒危和易危状态,占江西蛇类种数的25％;近危蛇类5种,占江西蛇类的7．8％。江西境内的武夷山是蛇类多样性最丰富的地区,其次是井冈山和庐山等。结论江西有近1／3的蛇类处于受胁状态,主要是由于过度利用和栖息地遭破坏所致。由于相当部分县、市缺乏蛇类分布等信息,建议尽快对江西蛇类资源进行全面调查。同时,提出相应的保护策略和措施。并建议建立特有珍稀蛇类繁育基地。     

Predation on snakes of Argentina: Effects of coloration and ring pattern on coral and false coral snakes

The occurrence of coral snake coloration among unrelated venomous and non‐venomous snake species has often been explained in terms of warning coloration and mimicry. In Argentina, no field tests have been conducted to confirm this mimetic association between one venomous coral species (Micrurus phyrrocryptus, Elapidae) and two non‐venomous snake species with a similar color pattern (Lystrophis pulcher and Oxyrhopus rhombifer, Colubridae). The aims of this work were to test for the possible aposematic or cryptic function of the ring pattern and coloration of coral snakes and false coral snakes from central Argentina, and to analyse whether the pattern is effective throughout the year. Predation on snakes was estimated by using non‐toxic plasticine replicas of ringed venomous and non‐venomous snakes and unbanded green snakes placed along transects in their natural habitat during the dry and rainy season. Ringed color pattern was attacked by predators despite the background color. One of the replica types was attacked more than expected during the dry season, suggesting that both shape and width of rings may influence the choice by predators. The reaction of predators towards replicas that mimic snake species with ringed patterns is independent of the geographical region, and we can conclude that mimicry characteristics are quite general when the true models are present in the area.     

尖吻蝮人工养殖灌喂技术研究

目的探讨采用灌喂器人工灌喂尖吻蝮技术的可行性。方法采用湖南京湘源蛇类养殖有限公司自主研制的灌喂器人工灌喂尖吻蝮,观察记录随机抽取的30条尖吻蝮幼蛇及30条尖吻蝮成蛇在机器灌喂后每条幼蛇的体重数据,每3个月测量1次,观察12个月统计尖吻蝮的体重增长情况,并与常规灌喂方法饲养的尖吻蝮进行比较。结果灌喂器饲养的尖吻蝮幼蛇成活率为86.67%,平均体重达（482.39±40.19）g;灌喂器饲养的尖吻蝮成蛇成活率为96.67%,平均体重达（1346.13±117.51）g。而同期常规灌喂技术饲养的尖吻蝮幼蛇全部死亡,尖吻蝮成蛇成活率为76.67%,平均体重（878.56±82.39）g。结论人工灌喂器饲养的尖吻蝮幼蛇及成蛇的体重增长快速,成活率高,值得推广。     

Development of the renal sexual segment in immature snakes: effect of sex steroid hormones

The renal sexual segment (RSS) of immature Northern and Diamondback Water Snakes and Red-Sided Garter Snakes exhibited varying responses to testosterone or 17beta-estradiol. In both male and female water snakes, kidney mass was not a reliable indicator of hormone treatment, whereas tubule diameter, epithelial height and number of sexual granules responded to hormone treatment. In male water snakes, either hormone initiated granule development by day 16; by day 23, only testosterone increased granule density. Female water snakes receiving either hormone exhibited a small number of granules by day 16; by day 23, granules increased only in Diamondback Water Snakes receiving testosterone. Hormones did not initiate RSS hypertrophy in female Red-Sided Garter Snakes. Tubule diameter and epithelial height of testosterone-treated males exhibited significant hypertrophy, while 17beta-estradiol initiated significant increases in tubule diameter. Garter snakes initiated sexual granule development in response to hormone treatment with males exhibiting a greater response than females and testosterone stimulating a greater response than 17beta-estradiol. Sex steroids appear to mimic sexual maturity in immature snakes initiating RSS development. Whereas the RSS of adult males respond to testosterone, our data suggest specific changes in the RSS of females during maturation effectively negates the effect of 17beta-estradiol evident in immature female RSS.