糖类研究的几个问题

糖类是自然界中存在的一类具有广谱化学结构和生物功能的有机化合物 ,几乎所有的动物、植物和微生物体内都含有。对糖类的研究已愈百年 ,许多研究结果表明 :糖类是生物体内除蛋白质和核酸之外的又一类重要的生物大分子 ,尤其是作为一类重要的信息分子 ,它在受精、发生、发育、分化、神经系统和免疫系统衡态的维持等方面起着重要作用 ;在炎症和自身免疫疾病、老化、癌细胞的异常繁殖和转换、病原体感染、植物和病原体相互作用、植物与根瘤菌共生等生理和病理过程中都存在糖类的介导。近年来 ,随着糖类结构和功能关系研究的突飞猛进 ,人们日益…     

糖组学:全面了解生命基础的重要一环

<正>糖类物质是组成生物体的基本物质之一,在各种生命活动中发挥着重要作用.目前还没有一种生命体能离开糖类物质而存在,糖类不仅是细胞能量的主要来源,而且在细胞的构建、细胞的生物合成和细胞生命活动的调控中,均扮演着重要的角色.糖组学是从分析和破解一个生物或一个细胞特定阶段全部糖类物质所含信息的角度入手,研究糖类物质的分子结构、微观不均一性、表达调控、与识别分子的相互作用和功能多样性以及其与疾病之间关     

功能糖的抗肿瘤和防治肝病作用

糖类药物研究是基于糖生物学取得的重要进展,以生命体内糖链信息分子的结构、功能为依据,基于细胞粘附和细胞表面糖链识别为靶标的研究。主要研究方向是：新的寡糖化学合成的方法和策略：重要生物活性寡糖的合成及其活性评价;糖苷酶、糖基转移酶抑制剂的设计、合成、评价,以及对天然产物中分离得到的糖类药物进行鉴定和评价。而今已有一些功能糖作为糖类药物在抗肿瘤和防治肝病中得到了一定的应用,并且这种应用正在被人们逐步认知和接受。     

多糖构效关系研究进展

随着化学和生物技术的飞速发展,多糖已经成为生命科学研究的热点领域之一,其结构和生物活性的关系对于新药的研发显得尤其重要.本文从多糖结构与其三大活性抗肿瘤、抗病毒、抗凝血的角度,具体阐述多糖的结构如主链结构、取代基修饰、分子量、聚合度等对生物功能的影响,为定向合成设计糖类药物和先导化合物的改造提供参考.     

病毒颗粒:药物靶向传递领域中的新型载体

由于具有高效靶向药物传递的潜力,病毒颗粒已成为药物和生命科学领域的研究焦点.病毒颗粒具有病毒性载体和非病毒性载体的优点,同时克服了两者的局限性.病毒颗粒药物传递系统具有无毒、生物相容性、生物可降解性和非自动免疫等特点.研究表明,病毒颗粒能够在细胞间转运多种具有生物活性的分子,例如核酸或者基因、多肽、蛋白质以及其它抗癌药物等,因此在疾病治疗方面可能具有重要作用.如何制备携带有生物活性材料和治疗试剂的病毒颗粒和确定病毒颗粒药物的最佳剂型是目前该领域中挑战性的课题.本文综述了病毒颗粒技术多方面的特征及应用前景.     

生物活性物的生物制造：现状、挑战和发展趋势

生物活性物的生物制造是指利用包括细胞、微生物和酶在内的生物系统生产具有生物活性的天然或合成分子的过程。这些分子可用于制药、化妆品、农业和食品工业等领域,对提高生命质量、延长生命长度具有重要意义。在合成生物学和自动化等技术的推动下,生物制造领域迅速发展,为创造新产品和替代传统产品提供了绿色可持续的生产模式,为生物经济的增长、创新作出了重要贡献。本文结合生物活性物研发及生产情况,简要梳理并分析了国内外生物活性物的现有市场和未来发展。生物制造作为一种绿色、可持续的生产方式,将在生物经济发展中持续发挥重要作用。     

对ERP非专业成员有用的遗传术语词汇表（4）

免疫受损 动物的免疫系统由于疾病、应激、药物、营养不良或基因修饰而受损。 体外 ‘Invitro’拉丁文字面意思为“在玻璃中”,指发生在有生命的机体以外的生物或生物化学过程。体外实验指在试管或培养皿中而非在有生命的动物或由机体内进行的实验。 体内 ‘Invitro’拉丁文字面意思为“在玻璃中”,指在有生命的有机体内发生的生物或生物化学过程。体内实验指在整个活体动物或生物体内进行的实验。 等基因 等基因动物有相同的遗传背景,是经过多次传代得到。比如,由C57BL／6J传代得到的所有小鼠有几乎相同的基因组,因此称其为等基因小鼠。     

GPR50在肥胖及相关疾病中的作用研究进展

G蛋白偶联受体家族(GPCRs)是真核细胞膜表面最大的一类膜蛋白受体,能够被细胞外的多肽、糖类、脂类、离子、生物胺等激活,被认为参与了80％以上的细胞信号转导过程,是细胞信号转导中重要的蛋白质.GPCRs广泛参与生殖、发育、内分泌以及代谢等多种生理过程,同时与免疫性疾病、中枢神经系统疾病、糖尿病、心脏病、癌症等疾病的发...     

新书介绍

<正>生物药物分析(第二版)化学工业出版社出版ISBN 978-7-122-19003-1主编:何华副主编:焦庆才戚雪勇定价:69.00元开本:16开出版日期:2014年3月本书围绕微生物药物、基因工程药物、动植物细胞组织提取的药物等生物药物的质量研究、监控等编写。以各种生物学检测方法的原理、基本知识和操作技术为主,同时介绍多种物理化学的分析方法。本书系统总结了当前各种生物药物分析方法的原理、技术及应用进展,内容包括生物药物分析的信息获取,药物分析方法的选择、建立和认证,光谱技术,酶法分析,电泳法分析,免疫分析法,高效液相色谱法,生物质谱法,生物核磁共振法,氨基酸、多肽和蛋白质类药品检验,酶类药品检验,糖类、脂类和核酸类药品检验,基因工程药物质量控制,生物药物研发和药物分析,生物药物分析进展和动态。     

发展我国的免疫学研究

正免疫是机体识别外源性异物(包括病原微生物及外源移植物等),产生免疫应答以清除这些外源性异物,从而维持自身内环境的稳定和健康的生命过程和现象。免疫学的研究内容包括免疫系统发育、免疫识别、免疫应答与免疫调节、免疫相关疾病等的基本特征和规律,以及免疫学技术在疾病诊治与预防中的应用等。过去100年中,免疫学快速发展,已经成为生命科学与医学领域中一门重要的基础和前沿分支学科,对了解和治疗多种重大疾病如传染、     

The current concepts on the absorption of monosaccharides, amino acids and peptides in the mammalian small intestine

The review is mainly devoted to the development of ideas about absorption, or transport, of basic nutrients in the small intestine in humans and higher animal. The absorption processes have been characterized on the example of such substances, vital for organism, as carbohydrates and proteins. The review considers a molecular structure of transporters--protein molecules, which take part in a transfer of the products of lumenal and membrane digestion of carbohydrates (glucose, galactose, fructose) and proteins (amino acids, oligopeptides) across the enterocyte membranes. An information is presented about genetic disturbances of transport of certain amino acids during such diseases as Hartnup disease, cystinuria, and iminoglycineuria.     

甲壳素及其衍生物在防病抗衰中的应用研究

甲壳素及其衍生物具有独特的生物学特性和生物保健功能,现已作为辅助药物,被广泛应用于肿瘤、糖尿病、骨关节炎和心脑血管等老年相关性疾病的治疗,也具有增强机体免疫、清除自由基、延缓机体衰老等功能.现逐渐被用作为继蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素和矿物质之后人体的第6生命要素.     

Skeletal modifications in mucopolysaccharidoses: an overview

The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of rare diseases characterized by deficiencies in different enzymes required for degradation of complex carbohydrates. The enzymatic deficiencies lead to lysosomal accumulation of dermatan sulphate, heparan sulphate, and keratan sulphate in different tissue resulting in multi-system complications. Six different principal types are described. Most MPS types, with the exception of MPS III, are associated with widespread skeletal abnormalities and joint disease. Authors analyzed clinical pathological and radiographical features of mucopolysaccharidoses focusing on pelvic and spine pathologies that generally limit activity and normal life so they have to be treated at the beginning of their manifestations in order to avoid major complication and improve quality of life.     

Agronomic approach: cropping systems and plant diseases

This paper deals with the effects of agronomic practices on parasite life cycles, and the design of integrated crop protection strategies. Cropping systems have a large effect on the size of the primary inoculum and its localisation, on the development and spread of epidemics, and on the coordination of the life cycle of cultivated plants and that of their parasites. They can disrupt ecological equilibria, either favouring or disfavouring the pathogens. By combining information concerning the effects of agricultural techniques on diseases and the physiological effects of diseases on growth and crop production, it is now possible to develop new crop management systems, in which the use of non-chemical methods for preventing diseases is a priority. However, the current knowledge need to be completed by studies on other scales, particularly of the effect of cropping systems on the genetics of disease populations integrating more completely the 'long-term' dimension of sustainable agriculture.     

Molecular modelling of MHC class I carbohydrates

In this article we present the results of molecular modelling of four complex carbohydrates which have been found in the MHC class I proteins. Though these proteins show diversity in their sequences, the glycosylation sites are highly conserved indicating a possible structural/functional role of the glycan chain. Similar glycan chains have been found linked with other proteins of completely different function, such as IgG, and erythropoeitin. Thus, the molecular modelling of these carbohydrates will not only provide structural/dynamic information of these complex molecules but will also provide conformational information which can be utilised to build the glycoprotein models. The results presented here indicate that although several linkages show less conformational flexibility, terminal linkages can be quite flexible.     

Chemical composition and nutritional function of olive (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Olea europaea</Emphasis> L.): a review

The olive (Olea europaea L.) is a widely-distributed plant that originated in the Mediterranean region. Its fruit is commonly used to produce olive oil, table olives, and other by-products. The main nutrient of the olive fruit is fat, predominantly monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). Olives are also rich in carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. Increasing numbers of investigations show that the health benefits of the ‘Mediterranean diet’ are associated with lower incidences of chronic degenerative diseases and higher life expectancy. These benefits have been attributed to the dietary consumption of olive oil. Furthermore, epidemiological data suggest that phenolic components and other antioxidants in olive oil are responsible for some of these benefits. Remarkably, these minor components play significant roles in reducing the incidences of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, and certain types of cancer. We reviewed the main olive products and the nutritional composition of olive oil focusing on fatty acids, phenolic compounds, and other antioxidants. We also discuss the chief chemical constituents relevant to the biological activity of olive oil, the metabolism and bioavailability of olive oil phenolic compounds, and the antioxidant activity of metabolites. Finally, we outline recent advances, potential applications, and limitations of developments in the olive oil industry, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for further research and to broaden the prospect of its application to healthy diets.     

植物非结构性贮藏碳水化合物的生理生态学研究进展

非结构性碳水化合物是参与植物生命过程的重要物质。蔗糖不仅是植物体内碳水化合物运输的主要形式,而且可以在基因表达水平上对细胞内的代谢进行调节。果聚糖是植物营养组织碳水化合物的主要暂贮形式;淀粉是植物主要的长期贮存物质之一。植物体内非结构性碳水化合物的代谢在很大程度上影响着植株的生长发育和对环境因子的响应。综述了植物非结构性贮藏碳水化合物的生理生态学研究进展,着重介绍了蔗糖,果聚糖和淀粉代谢的生理过程及对环境因子（温度和水分）和人为因素的响应机制。     

Influence of subculturing some phytopathogenic bacteria on their carbohydrate utilizing profile

The capability of carbohydrate utilization shown by some freshly-isolated phytopathogenic bacteria (i.e. Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, Ps.s. pv. actinidiae, Ps.s. pv. lachrymans Ps. cichorii, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris ) was assessed by means of the API system and compared with that shown by the same isolates when they were subsequently subcultured for I week and for 1 month on nutrient agar and on the medium B of King et al. All isolates showed a differential capability of utilization during the subcultures of the laboratory culture media. In some cases, the utilization of some carbohydrates was not shown during the in vitro growth. On the other hand, the life on bacterial culture media induced the capability to utilize other carbohydrates. The need for standardization of recent techniques for the assessment of organic compound utilization is stressed.     

Proteomic research: potential opportunities for clinical and physiological investigators

Proteomics is the comprehensive and systematic study of proteins, which are functional molecules. Although proteins are products of gene expression, there are more proteins than genes due to the posttranslational modifications of proteins, making the study of proteins difficult. Protein expression is tissue specific, and its function is modulated by variety of factors, including other proteins, phosphates, sulfates, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as other metabolites. Because of the dynamic nature of protein expression and posttranslational modifications, identification and quantification of proteins alone are not sufficient to understand functional changes. Emerging technologies will allow investigators to perform a combination of metabolic labeling and identification as well as quantification and measurement of the synthesis rates of a large number of proteins in a tissue. This offers the opportunity to better understand the regulation of tissue functions. Rapid advances in mass spectrometry, protein purification techniques, isotope labeling of proteins, and bioinformatics are likely to improve our understanding of physiological states and altered functions in diseased states. Such mechanistic information will improve the ability to perform early diagnosis of tumors and other diseases and develop prognostic indexes and novel therapies.     

糖、糖、“糖”——什么是糖?

糖类是自然界中最常见的一类生物分子,但是糖类因不同的人群可以有三种不同的理解.一是科学上的糖类,二是生活中的糖类,三是作为甜味剂的"糖"类.因为甜味是一个生理上的感觉,凡能与甜味受体相互作用的均是甜味剂,其中有些是糖的"糖",也有不是糖的"糖".