永生化后细胞的生物学特性

近年来,永生化细胞技术快速发展,对细胞生物学特性的研究及其临床应用具有深远的意义。目前通过导入永生化基因SV40抗原和hTERT基因成为细胞永生化的常用方法,但存在安全性隐患。利用可逆性永生化技术,使细胞在获得永生化能力的同时去除永生化基因,使细胞恢复到原始状态。文章综述了永生化后细胞生物学特性的变化,并讨论了临床应用可能面临的问题。     

人卵巢浆液性囊腺癌永生化细胞系BUPH∶OVCA-3的建立及其生物学特性

介绍人卵巢浆液性囊腺癌永生化细胞系的建立 ,研究其生物学特性 .以卵巢浆液性乳头状囊腺癌的腹水细胞为材料 ,进行体外培养 .将永生化基因———SV4 0T抗原基因转染第 2代细胞 ,得到永生化细胞系 .通过光学显微镜、生长曲线测定、染色体分析、双层软琼脂培养、裸鼠接种、免疫组化等 ,研究其生物学特性 ,并与其来源细胞的生物学特性进行比较 .建立了一株人卵巢浆液性囊腺癌永生化细胞系 ,命名为BUPH∶OVCA 3,现已传至 6 0余代 .其生物学特性为 ,细胞生长旺盛 ;具有人体恶性细胞的核型特征 ;细胞恶性度较低 ,不具有集落形成能力及裸鼠接种致瘤性 ;除较未永生化细胞生长速率增快 ,饱和密度增加外 ,仍保留上皮细胞的分化表型 .结果表明 ,BUPH∶OVCA 3为一株恶性度较低的人卵巢浆液性囊腺癌永生化细胞系 ,保留其来源细胞的生物学特性 ,可作为研究恶性度较低的卵巢上皮癌的体外模型     

线粒体遗传疾病细胞模型的构建:永生淋巴细胞系和转线粒体细胞系

线粒体基因组突变会引发多种线粒体遗传疾病。永生淋巴细胞系和转线粒体细胞系是线粒体遗传疾病研究的重要工具之一。永生淋巴细胞系使特殊遗传信息在细胞水平得以永久保存。转线粒体细胞系技术的发展为线粒体遗传疾病的分子机制研究提供了体外细胞平台。早期转线粒体细胞系的胞质供体直接来源于未进行永生化的患者各组织细胞或血小板。本文结合永生化手段,以线粒体4401AG为例,详细介绍了从冻存全血构建永生化淋巴细胞,然后再与ρ0 206一起构建转线粒体细胞系的原理、方法和技术路线,并将两种细胞模型的构建归纳为4个步骤:(1)永生淋巴细胞构建;(2)转化;(3)筛选;(4)鉴定。为真实反应线粒体突变的功能,本文对构建的永生淋巴系和转线粒体细胞系的线粒体突变位点、拷贝数以及转线粒体细胞系的细胞核型进行了分析与鉴定,选取了各参数一致的细胞系用于贮存与分析,以减少实验误差对后续突变位点功能研究的影响。两种细胞模型在细胞水平上为诠释线粒体遗传疾病的分子机制发挥了重要作用,但在具体应用中需注意它们的局限性,尤其是组织特异性的线粒体疾病。     

子宫内膜异位细胞改良体外培养技术的研究进展

体外细胞培养是子宫内膜异位性疾病研究的重要工具.本文回顾了细胞体外培养技术在分离、纯化环节的改良以及子宫内膜异位性疾病永生化细胞系改造中的研究进展,并总结了近几年来激素及细胞因子诱导培养、细胞共培养及三维培养技术在该疾病体外机制研究中的应用,并对其发展前景进行了展望.     

肝细胞永生化策略研究进展

正常体细胞在细胞分裂过程中由于无法维持端粒的长度和染色体的稳定而衰老、死亡。建立基因稳定、无致瘤性的永生化细胞是永生化研究的目的所在。利用Cre-loxP系统构建的可恢复性永生化细胞可用于以细胞为基础的临床治疗。分化良好并具有肝脏正常合成代谢功能的永生化肝细胞在生物医学研究,尤其是在肝细胞移植、生物人工肝支持治疗以及药理学和毒理学研究方面具有广泛的应用前景。     

肝细胞永生化的研究与应用

正常体外培养的细胞在体外有一定的寿命,一般传代不超过50代,被称为有限细胞系,但有些体外培养的细胞可经过自发或外界因素的影响从凋亡危机中逃离出来,从而形成具有无限增殖能力的细胞系,成为永生化细胞系.由于肝细胞在体外增殖能力极弱,培养困难,其应用受到较大限制,而肝细胞经永生化后具有了无限增殖优势,使其在肝细胞移植,生物人工肝以及药理、毒理学等研究方面有广阔的应用前景.就近年来肝细胞永生化方法及其应用作简要的综述.     

人B细胞永生化研究进展

人源单克隆抗体具有免疫原性低、半衰期长等优势,成为了体内应用中不可或缺的生物制剂.人类抗体库为人源单克隆抗体的制备提供了丰富的来源,人B细胞永生化是获得人类抗体库的潜在有效方法,可应用于人源单克隆抗体的制备.由于各平台均有亟待解决的问题,基于人B细胞永生化的抗体制备尚局限在实验室研究阶段,且目前尚缺乏一篇系统综述以明确...     

皮肤成纤维细胞永生化的研究进展

正常体细胞的生命周期都是有限的 ,经过一定数目的分裂后 ,会进入增殖抑制状态。永生化细胞是近年来生物科学探索较多的领域之一。因为它不仅能为细胞生物学的研究提供性状稳定的研究对象 ,还为人类实现器官再生开辟了新方向。所以皮肤成纤维细胞的永生化对于皮肤疾病以及皮肤组织工程的研究都具有非常深远的意义。就皮肤成纤维细胞的永生化的研究作一阐述 ,并讨论其应用前景和可能面临的问题     

转基因诱导永生化鸡细胞系的建立

传统上从鸡胚中分离病毒用于疫苗的生产常常不能满足需求,研究从体外培养的细胞中分离病毒的途径成为当前疫苗生产领域的迫切需要。本研究利用体细胞诱导重编程技术建立永生化细胞系,为应用于疫苗制备等研究和生产奠定基础。通过慢病毒载体转染转录调控因子(NANOG, LIN28和C-MYC)重编程鸡成纤维细胞,并稳定培养至100代,获得永生化的细胞,而后逐步去除细胞因子、血清等添加物,优化细胞系培养体系,并对细胞驯化实现悬浮生长,以获得单位体积最大密度的细胞。研究结果表明:通过转基因将NANOG,LIN28和C-MYC 3个因子整合入细胞中表达,细胞系对碱性磷酸酶染色呈阳性反应,端粒逆转录酶(cTERT)基因在细胞系中显著上调,并稳定培养至100代,使得这些细胞具有自我更新特性和永生化的潜能。确定了培养基中的血清替代物KSR浓度为20%,并撤除了培养基中bFGF等生长因子,为细胞大规模培养应用提供了可能。永生细胞实现悬浮生长,细胞生长倍增时间为21.71 h,最大密度为1.3×106 cells/m L。因此,我们通过重编程技术建立了一株稳定的永生化细胞系,并且使它能在低浓度KSR中悬浮培养,这为疫苗制备等研究和生产提供科学依据。     

EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白1诱导人鼻咽上皮细胞端粒酶的表达

上皮细胞逃避老化期是细胞永生化过程中一个重要分子事件,端粒酶活性表达是维持人染色体端粒长度、抑制细胞进入老化期的关键因素之一.我们利用最新的端粒酶PCR-ELISA半定量技术,检测永生化早期阶段人胚鼻咽上皮细胞中端粒酶表达的情况,探讨EB病毒在人胚鼻咽上皮细胞永生化过程中的分子机制.结果表明,EB病毒诱导老化前期人胚鼻咽上皮细胞端粒酶表达,从而促使人胚鼻咽上皮细胞逃避老化期、进入永生化早期阶段.此外,我们还首次发现,人胚鼻咽上皮细胞表达端粒酶活性依赖于EB病毒LMP1蛋白的表达水平和LMP1分子的完整性,LMP1可能通过诱导端粒酶活性表达促进人鼻咽上皮细胞永生化.我们的实验为进一步探讨EB病毒诱导人胚鼻咽上皮细胞永生化的作用机制提供了实验基础.     

人乳头瘤病毒癌基因诱导细胞永生化的研究进展

永生化细胞是研究细胞增殖、分化、凋亡及衰老等的理想细胞模型。目前人类已建立多种细胞永生的方法,其中人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）癌基因（E6和E7）被广泛用于永生化细胞研究。E6蛋白和E7蛋白主要通过灭活p53通路和pRb通路,从多个水平提高端粒酶的表达和活性,使细胞逃过细胞复制衰老而继续增殖,实现细胞永生化。综述人乳头瘤病毒癌基因E6和E7的最新研究进展,探讨未来研究的趋势和研究方向。     

Mammalian cells acquire epigenetic hallmarks of human cancer during immortalization

Progression to malignancy requires that cells overcome senescence and switch to an immortal phenotype. Thus, exploring the genetic and epigenetic changes that occur during senescence/immortalization may help elucidate crucial events that lead to cell transformation. In the present study, we have globally profiled DNA methylation in relation to gene expression in primary, senescent and immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Using a high-resolution genome-wide mapping technique, followed by extensive locus-specific validation assays, we have identified 24 CpG islands that display significantly higher levels of CpG methylation in immortalized cell lines as compared to primary murine fibroblasts. Several of these hypermethylated CpG islands are associated with genes involved in the MEK–ERK pathway, one of the most frequently disrupted pathways in cancer. Approximately half of the hypermethylated targets are developmental regulators, and bind to the repressive Polycomb group (PcG) proteins, often in the context of bivalent chromatin in mouse embryonic stem cells. Because PcG-associated aberrant DNA methylation is a hallmark of several human malignancies, our methylation data suggest that epigenetic reprogramming of pluripotency genes may initiate cell immortalization. Consistent with methylome alterations, global gene expression analysis reveals that the vast majority of genes dysregulated during cell immortalization belongs to gene families that converge into the MEK–ERK pathway. Additionally, several dysregulated members of the MAP kinase network show concomitant hypermethylation of CpG islands. Unlocking alternative epigenetic routes for cell immortalization will be paramount for understanding crucial events leading to cell transformation. Unlike genetic alterations, epigenetic changes are reversible events, and as such, can be amenable to pharmacological interventions, which makes them appealing targets for cancer therapy when genetic approaches prove inadequate.     

Cilia containing 9 ＋ 2 structures grown from immortalized cells

Cilia depend on their highly differentiated structure, a 9 ＋ 2 arrangement, to remove particles from the lung and to transport reproductive cells. Immortalized cells could potentially be of great use in cilia research. Immortalization of cells with cilia structure containing the 9 ＋ 2 arrangement might be able to generate cell lines with such cilia structure. How- ever, whether immortalized cells can retain such a highly differentiated structure remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that （1） using Ela gene transfection, tracheal cells are immortalized; （2） interestingly, in a gel culture the immortalized cells form spherical aggregations within which a lumen is developed; and （3） surprisingly, inside the aggregation, cilia containing a 9 ＋ 2 arrangement grow from the cell＇s apical pole and protrude into the lumen. These results may influence future research in many areas such as understanding the mechanisms of cilia differentiation, cilia generation in other existing cell lines, cilia disorders, generation of other highly differentiated structures besides cilia using the gel culture, immortalization of other ciliated cells with the Ela gene, development of cilia motile function, and establishment of a research model to provide uniform ciliated cells.     

EB病毒感染人胎鼻咽上皮细胞逃避老化期过程中抑制p16INK4a表达

细胞周期调控紊乱是细胞永生化进程中一个重要的分子事件,本文利用Western blotting和S-P法分别检测p16~(INK4a)、p53、p21~(WAF1/CIP1)和E2F1的蛋白表达,试图从细胞周期调控的角度,探讨EB病毒诱导人胎鼻咽上皮细胞逃避老化期的分子机制。结果表明,EB病毒通过抑制p16~(INK4a)表达而阻断p16~(INK4a)/Rb途径,上调转录因子E2F1,而对p53、p21~(WAF1/CIP1)表达无明显的影响。结果初步揭示,EB病毒介导的p16~(INK4a)/Rb/E2F1细胞周期调控紊乱参与了人胎鼻咽上皮细胞逃避老化期过程,为进一步探讨鼻咽癌发病机制提供了科学依据。     

EB病毒感染人胎鼻咽上皮细胞逃避老化期过程中抑制p16^INK4a表达

细胞周期调控紊乱是细胞永生化进程中一个重要的分子事件,本文利用Western blotting和S-P法分别检测p16^INK4a、p53、p21^WAF1／CIP1和E2F1的蛋白表达,试图从细胞周期调控的角度,探讨EB病毒诱导人胎鼻咽上皮细胞逃避老化期的分子机制。结果表明,EB病毒通过抑制p16^INK4a表达而阻断p16^INK4a／Rb途径,上调转录因子E2F1,而对p53、p21^WAF1／CIP表达无明显的影响。结果初步揭示,EB病毒介导的p16^INK4a／Rb／E2F1细胞周期调控紊乱参与了人胎鼻咽上皮细胞逃避老化期过程,为进一步探讨鼻咽癌发病机制提供了科学依据。     

端粒酶及其抑制剂的研究进展

细胞分裂中染色体因其末端的DNA不能完全复制而短缩,使细胞逐渐失去增殖能力,导致细胞衰老、死亡。端粒酶的活化可延长染色体的末端DNA,维护基因组的稳定。端粒酶活性的异常表达,又会使细胞永生化或转化成癌细胞。因此,端粒酶在控制细胞寿命方面有重要作用,端粒酶活性抑制剂有望成为治疗肿瘤的新药物。     

Immortalization of murine B cells in vitro with oncogene-containing retroviral vectors.

A large panel of oncogene-containing retroviral vectors has been constructed and used to infect activated murine splenic B cells to determine whether particular oncogenes are capable of directly mediating B cell immortalization. Mature B cell lines have been consistently established with some of these retroviral vectors. These B cell lines arose at a low frequency, indicating that more genetic events were required in addition to infection with the retroviral vector for immortalization to occur. All such lines were LPS-dependent and non-tumorigenic. All lines secrete IgG and express surface IgG, but not IgD or IgM. In addition, they are CD11b+ and CD23-. These cells may be derived from the CD5 "lineage" or a related B cell subset and appear to be more susceptible to immortalization than conventional B cells.     

Efficient Immortalization of Primary Nasopharyngeal Epithelial Cells for EBV Infection Study

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is common among southern Chinese including the ethnic Cantonese population living in Hong Kong. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is detected in all undifferentiated type of NPC in this endemic region. Establishment of stable and latent EBV infection in premalignant nasopharyngeal epithelial cells is an early event in NPC development and may contribute to its pathogenesis. Immortalized primary nasopharyngeal epithelial cells represent an important tool for investigation of EBV infection and its tumorigenic potential in this special type of epithelial cells. However, the limited availability and small sizes of nasopharyngeal biopsies have seriously restricted the establishment of primary nasopharyngeal epithelial cells for immortalization. A reliable and effective method to immortalize primary nasopharyngeal epithelial cells will provide unrestricted materials for EBV infection studies. An earlier study has reported that Bmi-1 expression could immortalize primary nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. However, its efficiency and actions in immortalization have not been fully characterized. Our studies showed that Bmi-1 expression alone has limited ability to immortalize primary nasopharyngeal epithelial cells and additional events are often required for its immortalization action. We have identified some of the key events associated with the immortalization of primary nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. Efficient immortalization of nasopharyngeal epithelial cells could be reproducibly and efficiently achieved by the combined actions of Bmi-1 expression, activation of telomerase and silencing of p16 gene. Activation of MAPK signaling and gene expression downstream of Bmi-1 were detected in the immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelial cells and may play a role in immortalization. Furthermore, these newly immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelial cells are susceptible to EBV infection and supported a type II latent EBV infection program characteristic of EBV-infected nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The establishment of an efficient method to immortalize primary nasopharyngeal epithelial cells will facilitate the investigation into the role of EBV infection in pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.