多元自动化基因组工程

基因组编辑技术在基因组工程研究中应用广泛,其中位点特异性核酸酶编辑技术和CRISPR/Cas系统在单基因编辑方面贡献卓越,但由于基因组的庞大,这些技术又有一定的局限性。多元自动化基因组工程(MAGE)是一种新型基因组编辑技术,可同时作用于多个基因,具有快速、高效的特点,已被用于大肠杆菌的基因敲除和基因替换。主要介绍了MAGE的原理、具体操作流程及技术进展,并结合MAGE技术的应用,讨论其发展趋势。     

基因组工程在微生物细胞工厂构建中的应用进展

微生物细胞工厂是以可再生资源为原料,通过微生物细胞转化制备人类所需的能源、药物、化工原料等等,或者利用微生物治理日益恶化的环境。应用基因组工程改造目标微生物可以进一步提升其应用潜力,更好地解决当今所面临的健康、能源和环保等问题。简述了目前主要的基因组改造技术及其在构建大肠杆菌、酵母、链霉菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和乳酸菌细胞工厂中的应用研究进展。     

基因编辑技术在大肠杆菌中的应用

利用基因编辑技术对大肠杆菌基因组进行改造可以研究基因功能,或改变其代谢途径大量生产原本成本较高的产物,从而获得可以生产特定产物的遗传稳定性工程菌株.目前可以对细菌基因组编辑的方法有Red同源重组、CRISPR/Cas9技术等.Red同源重组是比较传统的基因编辑技术,应用广泛,但编辑效率受整合片段大小的限制,基因编辑过程...     

大肠杆菌最小基因组分析和删减进展

大肠杆菌是基础研究最透彻、应用广泛的微生物,构建含减小甚至是最小基因组的大肠杆菌将为合成生物学的研究和应用提供理想的底盘生物。介绍了大肠杆菌最小基因组的生长与繁殖必需基因的生物信息学分析和实验鉴定,基因组敲除技术,以及删减基因组的大肠杆菌菌株的构建和应用等方面的研究进展。     

大肠杆菌基因组图谱研究进展

大肠杆菌分布广泛,是微生物遗传学和分子遗传学重要的研究对象,对大肠杆菌遗传学研究的许多重要发现,加学了我们在分子水平上对生物遗传机制的理解;同时由于我们对大肠杆菌遗传背景有较深的了解,大肠杆菌在基因工程研究中占据着不可替代的重要地位。本文拟将大肠杆菌基因组图谱研究方向的进展作一简要综述。 大肠杆菌基因组是由超螺旋的环状DNA分子所组成,其长度为4710.4千碱基对(kb)。大肠杆菌基因组图谱有下列三种表现形式。     

Red同源重组在大肠杆菌基因组修饰中的应用

Red同源重组技术发展迅速,已广泛应用于大肠杆菌基因组修饰,在点突变、基因敲除、序列整合等方面发挥着重要作用。简要综述了Red同源重组的重组机制和操作策略等研究进展,并介绍了Red同源重组在大肠杆菌基因组减小及多基因代谢途径优化方面的应用情况。     

大肠杆菌无痕重组的策略与应用

Red同源重组技术发展迅速,已经广泛应用于大肠杆菌基因的敲除、插入与替换。与传统的DNA有痕重组技术相比,基于Red重组原理的DNA无痕重组技术,能够更为精确、快速、高效地修饰大肠杆菌基因组中的目标基因,且在基因组中不残留任何外源片段,因此不会影响后续的基因操作与基因表达。从Red同源重组的原理出发,简要综述了近年来在大肠杆菌中广泛使用的无痕重组技术的原理及操作策略,并对比分析了各种方法的优势与不足;同时,还介绍了DNA无痕重组技术在大肠杆菌基因修饰中的应用情况。     

2017基因组编辑专刊序言

基因组编辑技术,作为一项生物医学领域的革新技术,已经在动物、植物和微生物基因组改造中得到了广泛的应用。以CRISPR/Cas9为主导的基因组编辑技术掀起了基因组编辑的浪潮,在功能基因组学、遗传改良育种、遗传病治疗等研究中展示出其极大的价值与潜力。本专刊报道了基因组编辑技术的总体状况、在相关领域的基础与应用研究、该技术当前存在的优缺点以及未来展望等。     

腐生葡萄球菌M36耐有机溶剂脂肪酶基因的克隆与原核表达

脂肪酶是重要的工业用酶,在食品加工、生物柴油的合成等领域具有广泛的应用。但是在应用中有机溶剂对脂肪酶具有一定的毒性,因此获得耐有机溶剂的脂肪酶基因并实现高效表达是脂肪酶规模化应用的前提。本研究应用PCR技术首次从耐有机溶剂脂肪酶产生菌腐生葡萄球菌M36基因组DNA中扩增得到脂肪酶Ⅲ基因lip3(GenBank AccessionNo.FJ979867),其编码区长度为741bp,编码247个氨基酸,推测蛋白分子量大小为31.6kD。它与腐生葡萄球菌lip3推测的基因(GenBank AccessionNo.AP008934)只有83%的同源性。将该基因与大肠杆菌表达载体pET-DsbA连接,转化大肠杆菌EscherichiacoliBL21(DE3)获得重组菌株BL21(DE3)/pET-DsbA-lip3,在pH8、25oC条件下,OD600为1.0时用0.4mmol/LIPTG诱导12h酶活达到25.8U/mL。重组酶在甲醇、正己烷、异辛烷、正庚烷等有机溶剂中具有较好的耐性。lip3基因的克隆及在大肠杆菌中有效表达的研究为进一步进行基因工程改造和脂肪酶应用奠定了基础。     

工程大肠杆菌合成游离脂肪酸的研究进展

游离脂肪酸作为一种重要的平台化合物,其衍生产品被广泛应用到能源、化学工业中。作为更加可持续、绿色的生产策略,利用工程微生物合成游离脂肪酸是以石油基和动植物为原料生产脂肪酸类产品的重要补充。大肠杆菌作为经典的模式微生物,通过对其进行代谢工程改造,脂肪酸的积累已经从痕量提高到了约9g/L,展示了其作为脂肪酸合成菌株的巨大应用潜力。随着合成生物学技术的涌现,“感应-调控器”、体外重构、β氧化逆循环、异源合成途径的整合等思路的引入极大地加快了工程大肠杆菌脂肪酸合成的进化速率,并赋予大肠杆菌合成多种脂肪酸产品的能力。对近年来通过代谢工程和合成生物学手段改造大肠杆菌合成游离脂肪酸的研究进展进行综述,对其发展前景进行展望。     

Engineering genomes in multiplex

Efficiently engineering robust complex traits is a key challenge facing metabolic engineering efforts to synthesize valuable products in vivo. Recent advances in genome engineering confront this barrier and significantly enhance the ability to map functional changes targeted throughout the genome and combinatorially optimize complex (multigenic) traits using multiplex recombineering. We describe a framework for efficiently searching genome-wide combinatorial space to optimize complex traits and highlight recent advances in genome engineering that enable this approach.     

A Simple and Effective Method for Construction of Escherichia coli Strains Proficient for Genome Engineering

Multiplex genome engineering is a standalone recombineering tool for large-scale programming and accelerated evolution of cells. However, this advanced genome engineering technique has been limited to use in selected bacterial strains. We developed a simple and effective strain-independent method for effective genome engineering in Escherichia coli. The method involves introducing a suicide plasmid carrying the λ Red recombination system into the mutS gene. The suicide plasmid can be excised from the chromosome via selection in the absence of antibiotics, thus allowing transient inactivation of the mismatch repair system during genome engineering. In addition, we developed another suicide plasmid that enables integration of large DNA fragments into the lacZ genomic locus. These features enable this system to be applied in the exploitation of the benefits of genome engineering in synthetic biology, as well as the metabolic engineering of different strains of E. coli.     

Genome-scale genetic engineering in Escherichia coli

Genome engineering has been developed to create useful strains for biological studies and industrial uses. However, a continuous challenge remained in the field: technical limitations in high-throughput screening and precise manipulation of strains. Today, technical improvements have made genome engineering more rapid and efficient. This review introduces recent advances in genome engineering technologies applied to Escherichia coli as well as multiplex automated genome engineering (MAGE), a recent technique proposed as a powerful toolkit due to its straightforward process, rapid experimental procedures, and highly efficient properties.     

Tracking genome engineering outcome at individual DNA breakpoints

Site-specific genome engineering technologies are increasingly important tools in the postgenomic era, where biotechnological objectives often require organisms with precisely modified genomes. Rare-cutting endonucleases, through their capacity to create a targeted DNA strand break, are one of the most promising of these technologies. However, realizing the full potential of nuclease-induced genome engineering requires a detailed understanding of the variables that influence resolution of nuclease-induced DNA breaks. Here we present a genome engineering reporter system, designated 'traffic light', that supports rapid flow-cytometric analysis of repair pathway choice at individual DNA breaks, quantitative tracking of nuclease expression and donor template delivery, and high-throughput screens for factors that bias the engineering outcome. We applied the traffic light system to evaluate the efficiency and outcome of nuclease-induced genome engineering in human cell lines and identified strategies to facilitate isolation of cells in which a desired engineering outcome has occurred.     

从碱基到人造生命——基因组的从头合成

人工方法合成基因可通过DNA化学合成,这也是基因获取的手段之一,是密码子优化、蛋白质工程、代谢工程及基因组工程等方面不可缺少的技术。本文从寡核苷酸的合成开始,对短片段DNA的合成、基因长度的DNA合成、基因组长度的DNA合成、长片段及基因组水平的DNA组装、基因组DNA的移植等方面的技术和问题进行了阐述。     

Rapid and highly efficient genomic engineering with a novel iEditing device for programming versatile extracellular electron transfer of electroactive bacteria

The advances in synthetic biology bring exciting new opportunities to reprogram microorganisms with novel functionalities for environmental applications. For real-world applications, a genetic tool that enables genetic engineering in a stably genomic inherited manner is greatly desired. In this work, we design a novel genetic device for rapid and efficient genome engineering based on the i ntron-encoded homing-endonuclease empowered genome editing (iEditing). The iEditing device enables rapid and efficient genome engineering in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, the representative strain of the electroactive bacteria group. Moreover, combining with the Red or RecET recombination system, the genome-editing efficiency was greatly improved, up to approximately 100%. Significantly, the iEditing device itself is eliminated simultaneously when genome editing occurs, thereby requiring no follow-up to remove the encoding system. Then, we develop a new extracellular electron transfer (EET) engineering strategy by programming the parallel EET systems to enhance versatile EET. The engineered strains exhibit sufficiently enhanced electron output and pollutant reduction ability. Furthermore, this device has demonstrated its great potential to be extended for genome editing in other important microbes. This work provides a useful and efficient tool for the rapid generation of synthetic microorganisms for various environmental applications.     

In the fast lane: large-scale bacterial genome engineering

The last few years have witnessed rapid progress in bacterial genome engineering. The long-established, standard ways of DNA synthesis, modification, transfer into living cells, and incorporation into genomes have given way to more effective, large-scale, robust genome modification protocols. Expansion of these engineering capabilities is due to several factors. Key advances include: (i) progress in oligonucleotide synthesis and in vitro and in vivo assembly methods, (ii) optimization of recombineering techniques, (iii) introduction of parallel, large-scale, combinatorial, and automated genome modification procedures, and (iv) rapid identification of the modifications by barcode-based analysis and sequencing. Combination of the brute force of these techniques with sophisticated bioinformatic design and modeling opens up new avenues for the analysis of gene functions and cellular network interactions, but also in engineering more effective producer strains. This review presents a summary of recent technological advances in bacterial genome engineering.     

Recent advances and versatility of MAGE towards industrial applications

The genome engineering toolkit has expanded significantly in recent years, allowing us to study the functions of genes in cellular networks and assist in over-production of proteins, drugs, chemicals and biofuels. Multiplex automated genome engineering (MAGE) has been recently developed and gained more scientific interest towards strain engineering. MAGE is a simple, rapid and efficient tool for manipulating genes simultaneously in multiple loci, assigning genetic codes and integrating non-natural amino acids. MAGE can be further expanded towards the engineering of fast, robust and over-producing strains for chemicals, drugs and biofuels at industrial scales.     

Serine recombinases as tools for genome engineering

The serine recombinases differ mechanistically from the tyrosine recombinases and include proteins such as ?C31 integrase which, unlike Cre and Flp, promote unidirectional reactions. The serine recombinase family is large and includes many other proteins besides ?C31 integrase with the potential to be widely used in genome engineering. Here we review the details of the mechanism of the reactions promoted by the serine recombinases and discuss how these not only limit the utility of this class of recombinase but also creates opportunities for the engineering of new enzymes. We discuss the unanswered questions posed by genome engineering experiments in a variety of systems in which the serine recombinases have been used and finally describe more recently discovered serine recombinases that have the potential to be used in genome engineering.