纤维素微球色谱介质制备、孔结构调控及聚合物改性

作为色谱技术的核心,高效色谱介质的研制与开发是提高生物大分子纯化效率的重要手段之一.纤维素微球是最早应用于生物分离的色谱介质之一.这主要是因为纤维素的基本结构为多糖化合物,表面含有大量羟基,易于修饰功能配基,且非特异性吸附弱,特别适合不稳定生物大分子的分离纯化.本文综述了纤维素微球色谱介质的研究新进展.首先简要介绍了纤...     

圆二色谱在糖类化合物结构研究中的应用

本文综述了糖类化合物的圆二色谱(CD)的特点以及CD在糖类化合物结构研究方面的应用状况。     

凝胶色谱法制备寡糖

采用已知结构的多糖,控制其水解条件,使之产生所需寡糖片断。用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶色谱(BiO-6el P-4)分离,对中性糖可以分离到含十一个糖残基的寡糖。对氨基糖可分离到含七个糖残基的寡糖。用薄层色谱和快原子轰击质谱鉴定了它们的纯度。     

牡丹皮化学成分系统化色谱分离方法研究

以牡丹皮为研究对象,探索中药复杂成分系统化色谱分离方法。通过对牡丹皮甲醇提取物进行系统溶剂萃取,TLC、HPLC分析化合物组成变化,确定牡丹皮化学成分色谱分离的前处理方法;以系统化TLC方法筛选确定了牡丹皮Fr1.3组分制备色谱分离条件;预测了台阶梯度洗脱条件下待分离物质的保留体积。结果显示:牡丹皮甲醇提取物经正己烷、乙酸乙酯依次萃取是有效的色谱分离前处理方法,减少了分离样品复杂性;建立的系统化TLC方法可以快速选定制备柱色谱的分离条件;台阶梯度洗脱分离情况下,分离目标化合物在初始洗脱溶剂下,其0.10Rf≤0.65时,多阶梯梯度预测方法准确预测了Fr1.3组分制备柱分离各化合物的保留体积;选定台阶梯度洗脱条件下,1/3理论上样量、理论上样量、最大上样量的三次制备柱色谱分离实践表明,Fr1.3组分中的6个化合物均得到TLC单点的纯化合物,其中3个化合物的HPLC纯度在95%以上。该方法也可用于其它中药成分的系统化分离。     

功能糖的抗肿瘤和防治肝病作用

糖类药物研究是基于糖生物学取得的重要进展,以生命体内糖链信息分子的结构、功能为依据,基于细胞粘附和细胞表面糖链识别为靶标的研究。主要研究方向是：新的寡糖化学合成的方法和策略：重要生物活性寡糖的合成及其活性评价;糖苷酶、糖基转移酶抑制剂的设计、合成、评价,以及对天然产物中分离得到的糖类药物进行鉴定和评价。而今已有一些功能糖作为糖类药物在抗肿瘤和防治肝病中得到了一定的应用,并且这种应用正在被人们逐步认知和接受。     

中药中寡糖分离分析方法研究进展CSCD

糖链结构与功能研究是未来糖生物学研究的重要方向,必将为人类疾病的研究和治疗带来新的希望。随着对糖类研究的不断深入,寡糖因其所具有的多种药理活性受到了国内外学者的广泛关注。寡糖结构受连接位点、糖环结构和分支等因素的影响而呈现复杂性和多样性,这为其提取,纯化、分离分析以及结构表征带来巨大了挑战。本文综述了近年来国内外在中药寡糖提取纯化、分离分析以及结构表征这三方面的研究内容,以期为寡糖的现代药物研究和临床应用以及功效产品创制提供科学参考。     

膜分离技术在寡糖制备与分离中的应用*

寡糖是多糖经过降解后得到的小分子活性物质,具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗病毒和免疫调节等多种生物活性,是功能食品开发领域研究的热点。目前,寡糖的分离和制备主要采用离子交换色谱、凝胶渗透色谱以及两者联用的方法,分离时间长、制备成本高,难以实现寡糖的规模化分离和制备。膜分离技术(membrane separation technology,MST)是一种利用膜的选择性渗透作用,实现两组分或者多组分分离的技术,具有操作简单、分离效果好、高效节能等优点,特别是能够直接放大应用于规模化的分离工程,因此在寡糖等小分子的分离和制备等方面具有巨大的应用潜力。系统总结了膜分离技术在寡糖分离与制备领域的最新进展,综述了用于分离和制备寡糖的膜分离技术分类、分离工艺及其应用现状,并对目前膜分离技术用于大规模分离和制备寡糖过程中面临的挑战进行了讨论。     

糖类和蛋白质的相互作用

(一)糖类和蛋白质相互作用的重要性糖类是生物体内除了蛋白质和核酸外的又一类重要的生物分子,但和蛋白质或核酸相比,糖类研究还处于落后的状态。糖类在生物体内的重要性近几年中越来越为人们所认识,与此同时也注意到糖类的生物合成、降解和利用乃至生物功能的发挥无不与蛋白质有关。而且糖类的分离纯化以及结构研究也都离不开有关的蛋白质。     

我国生物分离介质自主产业化进展

生物技术产业是21世纪最具发展潜力的行业。在生物技术产业化过程中,色谱技术已经成为下游纯化过程中公认的关键环节。决定着药物产品的生产成本．而支撑色谱技术的核心是色谱填料,即生物分离介质。因此．生物分离介质的制备及应用研究一直是生物技术产品从实验室走向应用的关键技术和核心技术。然而．多年来我国实验室研究、     

高压液相色谱法分离寡糖的对氨基苯甲酸乙脂衍生物

寡糖的对氨基苯甲酸乙酯衍生物,以及它的全乙酰化产物具有紫外吸收基团适合HPLC分离,研究了氨基柱和十八烷基柱对寡糖混合物的分离性能及检测灵敏度。从免疫球蛋白M中分离到的寡糖组分,衍生后用HPLC进一步分离提纯出另一些含量较少的糖链。     

The carbohydrate moieties of human urinary ribonuclease UL

Ribonuclease UL purified from pooled human urine contains approximately 20.7% of neutral sugar and 7.8% of aminosugar. All sugars were quantitatively released as oligosaccharides on hydrazinolysis. The oligosaccharides were converted to tritium-labeled oligosaccharides on reduction with NaB3H4. The radioactive oligosaccharide fraction was separated into a neutral and an acidic fraction on paper electrophoresis. All oligosaccharides in the acidic fraction could be converted to neutral oligosaccharides with the release of one sialic acid residue by sialidase digestion. Both fractions were shown to be mixtures of more than fourteen oligosaccharides by gel permeation chromatography. Structural studies on these oligosaccharides involving sequential exoglycosidase digestion in combination with methylation analysis revealed that ribonuclease UL contains sialylated and non-sialylated mono, bi-, tri-, and tetraantennary complex type sugar chains with N-acetyllactosamine outer chains, and tri- and tetraantennary complex type sugar chains with various numbers of Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----3Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----outer chains. An important finding was that all sialic acid residues in the acidic oligosaccharides only occur as the Sia alpha 2----6Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----2Man alpha 1----3 group. Both fucosylated and non-fucosylated trimannosyl cores were found among the asparagine-linked sugar chains of ribonuclease UL.     

Enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides and neoglycoconjugates

Oligosaccharides involved in glycoconjugates play important roles in a number of biological events. To elucidate the biological functions of oligosaccharides, sufficient quantities of structurally defined oligosaccharides, are of limited availability by traditional purification methods, are required. Hence, chemical and enzymatic syntheses of oligosaccharides are becoming increasingly important in glycobiology and glycotechnology. In addition, oligosaccharides often occur as glycoconjugates attached to proteins or lipids. Hence, the development of simple and effective methods for synthesizing neoglycoconjugates such as neoglycoprotein and neoglycolipids is essential for an understanding of the biological function of these molecules. Here we review the most recent developments in the enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides and neoglycoconjugates.     

Glycosyltransferase-catalyzed synthesis of bioactive oligosaccharides

Mammalian cell surfaces are all covered with bioactive oligosaccharides which play an important role in molecular recognition events such as immune recognition, cell-cell communication and initiation of microbial pathogenesis. Consequently, bioactive oligosaccharides have been recognized as a medicinally relevant class of biomolecules for which the interest is growing. For the preparation of complex and highly pure oligosaccharides, methods based on the application of glycosyltransferases are currently recognized as being the most effective. The present paper reviews the potential of glycosyltransferases as synthetic tools in oligosaccharide synthesis. Reaction mechanisms and selected characteristics of these enzymes are described in relation to the stereochemistry of the transfer reaction and the requirements of sugar nucleotide donors. For the application of glycosyltransferases, accepted substrate profiles are summarized and the whole-cell approach versus isolated enzyme methodology is compared. Sialyltransferase-catalyzed syntheses of gangliosides and other sialylated oligosaccharides are described in more detail in view of the prominent role of these compounds in biological recognition.     

Identification of a novel mechanism for the removal of glucose residues from high mannose-type oligosaccharides.

The role of glucosylated oligosaccharides in the biogenesis of the glycoprotein (G protein) of vesicular stomatitis virus was studied in PhaR2.7, a mouse lymphoma cell line deficient in glucosidase II activity. As expected, the great majority of cell-associated G protein remained glucosylated in PhaR2.7, and the G protein was rapidly deglucosylated in BW5147, the parental cell line. Despite these differences in glucosylation, the rates of G protein trimerization and transport to the cell surface were as rapid and efficient in the PhaR2.7 mutant as in BW5147. Surprisingly, greater than 73% of the oligosaccharides on G proteins recovered from released virions were complex-type units. The efficient processing of the G protein oligosaccharides coincided with the efficient removal of glucose residues from its oligosaccharides. After treatment with deoxynojirimycin, an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) glucosidases I and II, the total percentage of G protein-associated high mannose-type oligosaccharides increased more in the parental cells than in the mutant cells. Furthermore, when the G protein was retained in the ER of PhaR2.7 cells by depletion of the cellular ATP pools with carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, its oligosaccharides remained glucosylated. Under identical conditions, BW5147 cells removed the glucose residues from > 90% of the retained G protein's oligosaccharides. Thus, PhaR2.7 cells efficiently remove glucose residues from high mannose-type oligosaccharides of selected proteins using a deoxynojirimycin-insensitive enzyme located in a post-ER compartment. The existence of a second mechanism for the deglucosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides provides evidence for the important role of glucose removal in glycoprotein maturation.     

Evolution of milk oligosaccharides and lactose: a hypothesis

Mammalian milk or colostrum contains up to 10% of carbohydrate, of which free lactose usually constitutes more than 80%. Lactose is synthesized within lactating mammary glands from uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-Gal) and glucose by a transgalactosylation catalysed by a complex of β4-galactosyltransferase and α-lactalbumin (α-LA). α-LA is believed to have evolved from C-type lysozyme. Mammalian milk or colostrum usually contains a variety of oligosaccharides in addition to free lactose. Each oligosaccharide has a lactose unit at its reducing end; this unit acts as a precursor that is essential for its biosynthesis. It is generally believed that milk oligosaccharides act as prebiotics and also as receptor analogues that act as anti-infection factors. We propose the following hypothesis. The proto-lacteal secretions of the primitive mammary glands of the common ancestor of mammals contained fat and protein including lysozyme, but no lactose or oligosaccharides because of the absence of α-LA. When α-LA first appeared as a result of its evolution from lysozyme, its content within the lactating mammary glands was low and lactose was therefore synthesized at a slow rate. Because of the presence of glycosyltransferases, almost all of the nascent lactose was utilized for the biosynthesis of oligosaccharides. The predominant saccharides in the proto-lacteal secretions or primitive milk produced by this common ancestor were therefore oligosaccharides rather than free lactose. Subsequent to this initial period, the oligosaccharides began to serve as anti-infection factors. They were then recruited as a significant energy source for the neonate, which was achieved by an increase in the synthesis of α-LA. This produced a concomitant increase in the concentration of lactose in the milk, and lactose therefore became an important energy source for most eutherians, whereas oligosaccharides continued to serve mainly as anti-microbial agents. Lactose, in addition, began to act as an osmoregulatory molecule, controlling the milk volume. Studies on the chemical structures of the milk oligosaccharides of a variety of mammalian species suggest that human milk or colostrum is unique in that oligosaccharides containing lacto-N-biose I (LNB) (Gal(β1 → 3)GlcNAc, type I) predominate over those containing N-acetyllactosamine (Gal(β1 → 4)GlcNAc, type II), whereas in other species only type II oligosaccharides are found or else they predominate over type I oligosaccharides. It can be hypothesized that this feature may have a selective advantage in that it may promote the growth of beneficial colonic bacteria, Bifidobacteria, in the human infant colon.     

Massive in vitro synthesis of tagged oligosaccharides in 1-benzyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside treated HT-29 cells

Permanent exposure of differentiated HT-29 cells to the sugar analogue, 1-benzyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside (GalNAcalpha- O -bn) leads to marked effects upon the phenotypic properties of mucin-secreting or enterocyte-like HT-29 cells: an inhibition in the secretion of mucins, a blockade in the apical targeting of membrane brush border glycoproteins and a swelling of cells with intracellular accumulation of numerous vesicles. Folch extraction and partition of treated enterocyte-like HT-29 cells revealed a very important accumulation of orcinol and/or resorcinol reactive material in the upper phase (usually containing gangliosides), as compared with untreated HT-29 cells and with treated and untreated Caco-2 cells. Structural analysis indicated the accumulation of a series of GalNAcalpha- O -bn derived oligosaccharides, most of them with the common core Galbeta1-3GalNAcalpha- O -bn. These oligosaccharides contained residues of GlcNAc, Gal, Neu5Ac, or Fuc. In particular, the tagged sialyl-Lewis(x)was identified, as well as more complex sialylated derivatives, including the sialyl-Lewis(x)substituted by an additional Neu5Ac residue. The benzylated oligosaccharides were not significantly detected in the culture medium except for Galbeta1-3GalNAcalpha- O -bn. Upon reversion of the treatment, these derivatives dis-appeared from the cells within few days, however were not recovered as such in the culture medium. Intracellular degradation occurred with desialylation and defucosylation as the first steps. The spectacular accumulation of benzylated oligosaccharides in HT-29 cell, permanently exposed to GalNAcalpha- O -bn very likely plays an important role in the alterations of cellular processes previously described in this cell line. The HT-29 cell culture system also appears to be an efficient source of several tagged oligosaccharides.     

Recognition of mucin components by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa remains one of the most important bacterial pathogens in lung diseases and especially in Cystic fibrosis. This unusual predilection is best explained by the existence of defects in host defense mechanisms as resulting from the genetic lesion and the presence of a specific colonization niche within the lungs. The niche has been identified as the mucus layer wherein mucin glycoproteins provide a substrate for binding and allows the persistence of this organism in this milieu by a number of possible mechanisms. While this organism is capable of binding to non CF mucins, it is perhaps a combination of factors e.g. increased binding and decreased mucociliary clearance that is responsible for this marked state of colonization in CF. The organism uses chiefly proteins of its flagellar apparatus to initiate this binding and recognizes a variety of oligosaccharides that have been identified in mucins. Among these are both, neutral oligosaccharides and several forms of acidic oligosaccharides derived from the Lewis antigens. There are more than likely a larger repertoire of receptors than those identified and certainly more adhesins present than those currently known. However, the information gathered to date provides an excellent example of the specificity of bacterial interactions with mucins that will certainly be expanded as we study more pulmonary pathogens.     

Evolutionary glycomics: characterization of milk oligosaccharides in primates

Free oligosaccharides are abundant components of mammalian milk and have primary roles as prebiotic compounds, in immune defense, and in brain development. A mass spectrometry-based technique is applied to profile milk oligosaccharides from apes (chimpanzee, gorilla, and siamang), new world monkeys (golden lion tamarin and common marmoset), and an old world monkey (rhesus). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the patterns of primate milk oligosaccharide composition from a phylogenetic perspective to assess the extent to which the compositions of HMOs derives from ancestral primate patterns as opposed to more recent evolutionary events. Milk oligosaccharides were quantitated by nanoflow liquid chromatography on chip-based devices. The relative abundances of fucosylated and sialylated milk oligosaccharides in primates were also determined. For a systematic and comprehensive study of evolutionary patterns of milk oligosaccharides, cluster analysis of primate milk was performed using the chromatographic profile. In general, the oligosaccharides in primate milk, including humans, are more complex and exhibit greater diversity compared to the ones in nonprimate milk. A detailed comparison of the oligosaccharides across evolution revealed nonsequential developmental pattern, that is, that primate milk oligosaccharides do not necessarily cluster according to the primate phylogeny. This report represents the first comprehensive and quantitative effort to profile and elucidate the structures of free milk oligosaccharides so that they can be related to glycan function in different primates.     

Role of N-glycans in growth factor signaling

Secreted proteins and membrane proteins are frequently post-translationally modified by oligosaccharides. Therefore, many glycoproteins are involved in signal transduction. One example is growth factor receptors, which are membrane proteins that often contain oligosaccharides. The oligosaccharides in those growth factor receptors play crucial roles in receptor functions. An analysis of glycosyltransferase-transfectants revealed that the branching structures of oligosaccharide also serve as important determinants. For example, N-glycans of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are involved in receptor sorting, ligand binding and dimerization. The addition of a bisecting GlcNAc to N-glycans increases the endocytosis of EGFR. N-glycans of Trk, a high affinity nerve growth factor receptor, also affect its function. Thus, oligosaccharides play an important role in growth factor signaling.     

Lignocellulose derived functional oligosaccharides: production,properties, and health benefits

Abstract

Lignocellulosic biomass (LB) is the renewable feedstock for the production of fuel/energy, feed/food, chemicals, and materials. LB could also be the versatile source of the functional oligosaccharides, which are non-digestible food ingredients having numerous applications in food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical industries, and others. The burgeoning functional food demand is expected to be more than US$440 billion in 2022. Because of higher stability at low pH and high temperature, oligosaccharides stimulate the growth of prebiotic bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria. Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are major constituents of oligosaccharides consisting of 2–7 xylose monomeric units linked via β-(1,4)-linkages. XOS can be obtained from various agro-residues by thermochemical pretreatment, enzymatic or chemoenzymatic methods. While thermochemical methods are fast, reproducible, enzymatic methods are substrate specific, costly, and produce minimum side products. Enzymatic methods are preferred for the production of food grade and pharmaceutically important oligosaccharides. XOS are potent prebiotics having antioxidant properties and enhance the bio-adsorption of calcium and improving bowel functions, etc. LB can cater to the increasing demand of oligosaccharides because of their foreseeable amount and the advancements in technology to recover oligosaccharides. This paper summarizes the methods for oligosaccharides production from LB, classification, and benefits of oligosaccharides on human health.