早熟素Ⅱ对德国小蠊生殖的影响

早熟素即昆虫的抗保幼激素,是从菊科熊耳草中分离出的氧杂萘衍生物(2,2-二甲基-6,7-二甲氧杂萘).对某些昆虫具有提前变态、成虫不育等生理效应.人们期望它能成为第四代杀虫剂. 本文以德国小蠊(Blattella germanica)为对象,观察早熟素对其生殖的影响,并对作用机理进行探索,结果如下.     

德国小蠊触角感器的扫描电镜观察

用电子显微镜观察德国小蠊Blattella germanica(L.)雌成虫、雄成虫、老熟若虫和低龄若虫的触角,发现其上分布有大量感器,为刺形感器(Ⅰ、Ⅱ型)、锥形感器、毛形感器、弧形感器、帽形感器、边缘感器和椭圆感器。其中刺形感器(Ⅰ、Ⅱ型)、锥形感器、毛形感器、弧形感器和边缘感器在各种虫态均有分布,帽形感器仅见于成虫触角鞭节上。在各种不同虫态中,雌雄成虫含有所有种类的感器,老熟若虫触角亚节数最多,低龄若虫的各类感器的感毛长度和基部横径普遍较小。     

几种杀虫剂对德国小蠊的毒力测定

德国小煤Btottellagermanica（．）是蜚镰目中分布最广,与人类有着密切关系的一种昆虫。在黑龙江、内蒙和新疆等省区市的宾馆、饭店、医院、仓库和船舶、火车等场所,德国／J‘谦为优势种群’‘’‘’。其食性复杂,除为害各种食品外,还可为害工商业原料及成品等。此外,在居民楼内也普遍发生,其体内可携带痢疾杆菌、沙门氏菌、蜡样芽胞菌、变形杆菌、霉菌、曰tor弧菌、腺病毒、埃柯病毒、脊髓灰质炎病毒、乙型肝炎病毒和寄生虫卵等多种病原体,严重威胁着人类健康［‘,’］。因此,综合防治蜚蛾,对提高工农业生产,改善人民生活环境…     

德国小蠊聚集激素的提取及其诱集效果测试

德国小镜Blattellagermanica（L．）在我国为常见的卫生害虫,目前主要的治镰办法是药剂防治和微生物防治。但由于蜚镰是被动地接触受药,从而杀灭率低,用药时间长,增加了用药次数和防治难度。吴福桢[1]提出：应用聚集素治蟑是很有前景的方法。王乔[2,3]阐述了德国小蠊后肠分泌的聚集素能引诱德国小蠊大量聚集,其随粪便排出体外而使粪便对德国小蠊产生了聚集作用。本实验选用5种常规有机溶剂,分别对德国小蠊的粪便进行了提取,并用提取液作了诱集实验,为简单有效地提取聚集素并用于蜚蠊的引诱防治作了初步探索。1材料和方法1．1供试…     

德国小蠊泛素基因的克隆及序列分析

设计一对简并引物,从德国小蠊Blattellager manica细胞中克隆了泛素基因的编码区,GenBank登录号为AY501003。序列分析表明,该编码区的长度为228 bp,编码的多肽由76个氨基酸残基组成,相对分子质量为8.47 Kd ,其等电点为5.73。同源性比较发现,德国小蠊泛素基因与其他真核生物泛素基因在氨基酸水平上具有94%以上的相似性。     

德国小蠊全基因组中微卫星分布规律

【目的】分析德国小蠊 Blattella germanica 全基因组中微卫星的数量和分布规律,并对外显子中含有微卫星的基因进行功能注释。【方法】使用微卫星搜索软件查找德国小蠊基因组中微卫星的数量、重复次数以及所有微卫星的位置信息,编写Python脚本对微卫星进行定位,并通过Blast2Go和KASS程序对外显子中含有微卫星的基因进行功能注释。【结果】共找到1~6碱基重复类型的微卫星序列604 386个,总长度15 301 255 bp,约占全基因组序列（约2.04 Gb）的0.75%,分布频率为1/3.37 kb,微卫星序列的长度主要在12~60个碱基长度范围内。不同类型的微卫星中,三碱基（226 876）重复类型微卫星数量最多,占微卫星总数的37.54%;四碱基（150 355）重复类型次之,占微卫星总数的24.88%;其余依次是单碱基（141 167）、二碱基（60 877）、五碱基（21 570）和六碱基（3 541）重复类型,分别占微卫星总数的23.36%, 10.07%, 3.57%和0.59%。出现最多的重复拷贝类别有：ATT, AAT, A, T, AAAT, ATTT和AT,共411 789个微卫星,占微卫星总数的68.13%,这7种类别的微卫星数量均大于30 000个。共有2 372个微卫星在外显子上,它们分别位于1 481个基因上。GO功能注释结果表明,其中434条归类于细胞组分(cellular component),402条归类于分子功能(molecular function),660条归类于生物学过程(biological process)。KEGG通路分析结果表明,与新陈代谢相关的基因最多（380个）,其次是与机体系统相关的（276个）,与遗传信息进程相关的基因最少（92个）。【结论】本研究为进一步系统深入分析德国小蠊微卫星功能及微卫星分子标记筛选打下了基础。     

德国小蠊通过自体切除来优化断足再生

【目的】本研究旨在明确自体切除这一现象在德国小蠊Blattella germanica发生的位点,探究自体切除与德国小蠊足再生的关系,为昆虫再生的研究提供理论依据。【方法】选取3-6龄的健康德国小蠊若虫,于右后足的跗节近体端第1节、跗节近体端第2节、跗节与胫节交接处、胫节远体端的1/3, 1/2和2/3处、胫节与腿节交接处、腿节1/2处、腿节与转节交接处、转节与基节交接处以及基节基部共11处分别进行断足处理,每日定时对处理的德国小蠊若虫进行观察,记录是否出现自体切除现象、自体切除发生的时间、部位以及蜕皮后是否再生等。以未断足的左后足长度为对照,分析比较德国小蠊自体切除与未自体切除再生足的差异,分析自体切除与断足再生的关系。【结果】在德国小蠊若虫11处断足部位中均观察到2个自体切除位点,于胫节不同部位、胫节与腿节交接处和1/2腿节处截断的处理自体切除发生在转节末端;于跗节近体端第1和2节处截断的处理自体切除发生在胫节末端;而其他部位断足处理则未曾出现自体切除现象;自体切除位点与断足部位有关,但不受若虫龄期的影响。自体切除发生位点相同的不同断足部位中,同一龄期内,断足程度与自体切除发生概率...     

7株绿僵菌防治德国小蠊的毒力筛选

本文用7个绿僵菌(Metarhizium)菌株对德国小蠊Blattella germanica(Linnaeus)进行注射生测,筛选出了一个致病菌株进行五代复壮选育.该株绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopli-ae(Metsch)Sorokin复壮前对雌雄成虫注射生测LD50依次为13.2与8.9天;复壮后对雌雄成虫背部点滴生测12天的LD50值均为1.3×105孢子/虫.通过CP包埋剂制作石蜡切片对僵虫体内菌丝核和体表孢子堆进行了观察.     

德国小蠊变应原Bla g 8的克隆表达及进化分析

通过5’-RACE获得德国小蠊变应原Bla g 8基因的全长cDNA序列,进行生物信息学分析,构建原核表达载体,诱导重组蛋白表达,建立系统进化树,为进一步研究奠定基础。通过5’-RACE技术,PCR扩增获取编码德国小蠊变应原Bla g 8蛋白的全长cDNA序列;采用生物信息学方法分析预测Bla g 8蛋白的信号肽、疏水性、跨膜区、二级结构、三级结构;建立系统进化树;构建原核表达载体pET32a-B8,IPTG诱导重组蛋白表达,并用His-tag抗体Western blotting验证。结果显示,获得编码德国小蠊变应原Bla g 8的全长cDNA序列,其完整阅读框含618个碱基,编码205个氨基酸。序列分析显示该蛋白,肌球蛋白轻链,具有EF手蛋白保守功能域。IPTG诱导获得重组蛋白。获得德国小蠊Bla g 8的完整cDNA序列,成功构建重组原核表达质粒pET32a-B8,并表达出融合蛋白。     

光周期与温度对林地德国小蠊生长发育与繁殖的影响

为弄清湖南株洲(北纬27°50′,东经112°54′)栖息于林地的德国小蠊(Blattella germanica)季节生活史策略,研究了光周期和温度对其若虫发育、龄数变异及成虫繁殖的影响。结果表明,德国小蠊的若虫发育明显受光周期的影响。长日条件(LD 16∶8h)下若虫发育最快,中间日长(LD 14∶10h)次之,短日条件(LD 12∶12h)下若虫发育最慢。将孵化后30日的若虫自长日条件向短日条件转移,则若虫发育受到明显抑制,反方向的转移,则若虫发育迅速。说明德国小蠊若虫存在滞育现象,短日条件诱导并维持滞育,长日条件解除滞育。若虫期经历的龄数受光周期和温度的影响,25℃的温度条件下,LD 16∶8h、LD 14∶10h及LD 12∶12h若虫期的龄数分别为7、8和9龄;长日条件下,30℃和25℃的若虫龄数为7龄,而20℃为9龄。根据实验室观察和林地调查结果,德国小蠊在湖南株洲1年发生1代,以滞育若虫越冬。30℃、25℃、20℃的温度条件下,卵鞘成活率分别为14.3%、90.1%和51.9%,高温和低温均不适合德国小蠊的繁殖。因此,可以认为控制若虫发育和龄数的光周期、温度反应的生态意义在于调控繁殖虫态和繁殖的适宜季节保持同步。     

Biochemical characterization of insecticide resistance in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, from Malaysia

The possible insecticide resistance mechanisms of four Malaysian field-collected strains of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (Linnaeus) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae), were characterized with biochemical assays and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Elevated esterase activity (at low to moderate frequency) and altered acetylcholinesterase (low frequency) were detected in all field strains, while elevated glutathione S-transferase levels were present in only two strains. Seven esterase bands were separated by native PAGE; a greater intensity occurred in three bands in the resistant strains compared to the susceptible strain. Inhibition studies using specific inhibitors on polyacrylamide gels suggested that the slowest of these three esterases is a cholinesterase, while the other two are carboxylesterases with a preference for beta- over alpha-naphthyl acetate.     

Synergism of chlorpyrifos against the German cockroach, Blattella germanica

Of fifteen compounds tested as synergists for chlorpyrifos against susceptible and resistant strains of Blattella germanica, the German cockroach, eleven were active against the resistant strain but only seven were synergistic against the susceptible strain. Overall, the most effective synergist was S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) followed by phenyl saligenin cyclic phosphonate (PSCP) and two substituted N,N-dimethylcarbamates: SK-102 and SK-37. The most effective synergist for overcoming chlorpyrifos resistance was SK-37 which reduced the resistance ratio by 3.2-fold. Four other synergists which reduced chlorpyrifos resistance, in order of their effectiveness, were: SK-102 > PSCP > DEF > tridiphane. The potential usefulness of these synergists for German cockroach control is discussed.     

Monitoring pyrethroid resistance in field collected Blattella germanica Linn. (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) in Indonesia

The German cockroach, Blattella germanica , is a major and the most common pest in public areas in Indonesia. Although intensive control measures have been carried out to control the populations of this pest, results have been far from successful, which is believed to be because of its resistance to insecticides. A standard World Health Organization (WHO) glass jar test was carried out to determine the resistance level of this insect to pyrethroid insecticides, the most commonly used insecticides for cockroach control in Indonesia. A susceptible S1 strain collected from Tembagapura Papua was compared with four strains collected from Bandung, West Java: strain S2, from a local restaurant; strain S3, from the Bandung train station; and strains S4 and S5, from two different hotels. All strains showed low resistance to the pyrethroid, except the S5 strain, which had a Resistance Ratio (RR)₅₀ of 95 for permethrin. The addition of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) suggests that the detoxifying enzyme mixed function oxidases (MFO) played an important role in the development of resistance to permethrin in the S5 strain, suggested by the high Synergist Ratio (SR) of 70.4. However, the low level of resistance to cypermethrin was not affected by PBO, suggesting that other mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance are involved. Our study is the first report of German cockroach resistance to permethrin in Indonesia, and the findings can be used in formulating potential strategies for cockroach resistance management.     

Insecticide susceptibility and resistance of Blattella germanica (Blattaria: Blattellidae) in Seoul, Republic of Korea, 2007

The susceptibility of Blattella germanica (L.) in the Republic of Korea (ROK) to insecticides was evaluated under laboratory conditions using 12 insecticides currently used by the local public health centers and/or pest control operators in the ROK. The insecticides included seven pyrethroids and five organophosphates. Based on their LD₅₀ values, the order of susceptibility of B. germanica adults to the insecticides was chlorpyrifos-methyl, profenofos and chlorpyrifos with values of 0.07, 0.29 and 0.88 µg/♀, respectively. The least susceptibility was obtained with tetramethrin at LD₅₀ of 7.39 µg/♀. In the comparative resistance test, the resistance ratios (RR) of 12 insecticides were compared to each other using field-collected B. germanica adults in Seoul between 1993 and 2007. Blattella germanica demonstrated higher RRs to pyrethroids such as λ-cyhalothrin, and low RRs among the organophosphates. Among the pyrethroids, λ-cyhalothrin had the highest RRs of 111- and 129-fold differences at LD₅₀ and LD₉₀ values, respectively. Among the organophosphates, profenofos was observed to have the highest RRs of 4- and 15-fold differences at LD₅₀ and LD₉₀ values, respectively. However, there were no significant differences in susceptibility to tetramethrin, chlorpyrifos and fenitrothion. Blattella germanica was more susceptible to pyridafenthion showing a 0.7-fold difference in a resistance ratio (RRLD₅₀= LD₅₀ value of 2007/LD₅₀ value of 1993). Resistance ratio of tetramethrin was low, but susceptibility was also not high.     

Juvenile Hormone inhibition in corpora allata from ovariectomized Blattella germanica

Abstract. Ovariectomy has been used to study the role of the ovary in endocrine homeostasis. Our studies on young virgin adults of the cockroach Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera, Blattellidae) show that the cytological development of the corpora allata (CA) in ovariectomized females proceeds as in intact specimens, whereas the rates of Juvenile Hormone (JH) synthesis are lower. Stimulation of the CA from ovariectomized females in vitro by mevalonolactone suggests that enzymatic mechanisms which follow mevalonate formation in the biosynthetic pathway are functional. The synthetic capabilities of these CA are also illustrated by the kinetics of JH production in vitro , because hormonal release increases with time to reach 'normal' levels after 8h of incubation. Our data suggest that the absence of ovaries leads to effective inhibition of JH biosynthesis rather than to an impairment of the developmental process in the CA cells.     

Experimental aspergillosis in the German cockroach Blattella germanica: a histopathological study

Inoculation of a spore suspension of Aspergillus flavus in the haemocoel of the German cockroach (Blatella germanica) resulted in large-scale invasion of various internal organs as seen in tissue sections stained with a fungal stain. The organs affected were the alimentary canal, fat bodies, muscle fibres, malpighian tubules and the cerebral neurosecretory cells. No invasion of the trachea and tracheoles was noted. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Insecticide Susceptibility of Field‐collected Blattella germanica (Blattaria: Blattalidae) in Busan,Republic of Korea during 2014

The susceptibility values for field‐collected (BG‐BG) and laboratory (KS‐BG) strains of German cockroaches (BS‐BG), Blattella germanica (L.) to five synthetic pyrethroid and three organophosphate insecticides were assessed by topical application. Both KS‐BG and BS‐BG strains demonstrated the highest levels of susceptibility to deltamethrin with LD₅₀ values of 0.0035 μg/female and 1.5744 μg/female, respectively. The KS‐BG strain demonstrated the lowest susceptibility level to fenthion with an LD₅₀ value of 0.0698 μg/female, while the BS‐BG field population showed the lowest susceptibility to bifenthrin with 4.6811 μg/female. The BS‐BG field population showed resistance levels of 50 to 640 fold higher against the eight pesticides evaluated compared to the KS‐BG strain. The resistance ratios (RR) of the eight pesticides were compared using populations of B. germanica that were collected from the same locality during 2007 and 2014. The field population of B. germanica collected during 2014 demonstrated significantly high resistance to an organophosphates and all pyrethroids when compared with those collected during 2007, but RR values were <10 except for chlorpyrifos‐methyl and chlorpyrifos with RR values of 74 and 104, respectively.     

An adaptive benefit of facultative coprophagy in the German cockroach Blattella germanica

1. A possible adaptive benefit of coprophagy was investigated in nymphs of the German cockroach Blattella germanica (L.). 2. Newly ecdysed first instars, given no source of food other than conspecific faeces, survived significantly longer than first instars deprived of faeces. The faeces of adult males and females may be of different quality, however, because nymphs given female faeces were more likely to moult into the second stadium than nymphs given male faeces. 3. In contrast to first instars, second instars provided adult faeces survived only slightly longer than starved counterparts. Faecal feeding is therefore stage‐specific, as is the benefit derived from it. 4. The relationship between the nutrient composition of faeces and the survival of nymphs was also examined. First instars fed the faeces of adults that had been maintained on a high (50%) protein diet, died more slowly than first instars fed the faeces of adults that had been maintained on medium (22.5%) and low (5%) protein diets. Chemical analysis of faeces showed that the concentration of protein in adult faeces increased with the level of protein in the diet. Moreover, food choice assays showed that first instars, unlike adults, ingested more of the high‐protein diets. 5. These data support the idea that coprophagy is a stage‐specific adaptive behaviour that permits first instars to moult into the second stadium with minimal foraging.     

四种植物精油对德国小蠊的驱避效果

室内测定4种蚊虫驱避效果较好的植物精油(香叶醇、芳樟醇、柠檬醛和茴香醛)对德国小蠊雄性成虫的驱避性,并与传统上常用的驱避剂DEET作对比研究,以期从中筛选出对德国小蠊驱避效果较好的驱避剂。每种植物精油设置4个剂量,即1,10,100和1000μg/cm2。结果表明,每种植物精油的驱避性均随剂量的增加而升高,4种精油的驱避性均高于DEET,驱避性最好的是芳樟醇;当剂量为100和1000μg/cm2时,每种植物精油的驱避性与对照组相比均有显著差异(P<0·05);除芳樟醇外,其余植物精油在剂量为1000μg/cm2时的驱避性与100μg/cm2的驱避性相比差异显著(P<0·05)。提示芳樟醇可能是一种很有发展前景的德国小蠊驱避剂。