鸟氨酸脱羧酶与肿瘤

多胺是广泛存在于哺乳类组织细胞中的小分子有机化合物,参与细胞的生长和分化等重要的生理过程,也是肿瘤细胞的快速生长所必需。鸟氨酸脱羧酶（omithine decarboxylase,ODC）是多胺合成代谢途径中的第一个限速酶,ODC活性的异常会引起包括肿瘤在内的一系列疾病的发生,由此该酶成为近年来研究的热点。简要综述了ODC与肿瘤关系的研究进展。     

抗酶的研究进展

抗酶（antizyme）是当细胞内多胺水平升高时刺激机体合成的一种小分子量调节蛋白,能特异性地与鸟氨酸脱羧酶（omithine decarboxylase,ODC）结合,经泛素非依赖途径被26S蛋白酶体降解,从而使多胺合成减少;抗酶还可以调节多胺转运,以稳定细胞内多胺水平。近年来随着生物技术的不断发展,对抗酶的认识也逐步深入,本文综述了抗酶家族、合成、作用及定位等方面的研究进展。     

人鸟氨酸脱羧酶抗酶1突变基因的克隆与原核表达

克隆人鸟氨酸脱羧酶抗酶1(Homo sapiensornithine decarboxylase antizyme 1,HOAZ1)开放性阅读框+1核糖体移码位点缺失的突变基因,构建突变基因的原核表达质粒,分离纯化其原核表达的重组蛋白。采用巢式-PCR和重叠延伸-PCR技术,从人非小细胞肺癌细胞株A549的cDNA中获得人类鸟氨酸脱羧酶抗酶1开放性阅读框+1核糖体移码(+1RF)位点缺失突变的基因序列(DM-HOAZ1)。将该序列克隆到原核表达载体pET-28a(+)后,转化表达菌Rosseta(DE3)感受态细胞。阳性克隆用IPTG诱导重组蛋白表达,然后在尿素变性条件下经Ni-NTA树脂亲和层析纯化重组HOAZ1。原核表达和纯化的HOAZ1重组蛋白用Western Blot鉴定。结果显示,成功获得HOAZ1开放阅读框中+1RF位点缺失的突变基因和该突变基因的原核表达质粒pET-28a(+)/DM-HOAZ1;用pET-28a(+)/DM-HOAZ1转化大肠杆菌后,HOAZ-1可被IPTG诱导性高表达,且表达量随诱导时间延长递增;原核表达的HOAZ1可用Ni-NTA树脂亲和层析有效纯化。建立了原核表达和分离纯化HOAZ1蛋白的试验方法,为进一步研究HOAZ1的功能和临床应用奠定了基础。     

细菌鸟氨酸脱羧酶作用的研究进展

多胺是生物体内广泛存在的一类具有多种生物活性的低分子化合物,其合成的关键限速酶是鸟氨酸脱羧酶,鸟氨酸脱羧酶和多胺共同参与生物生长发育等重要生理过程。细菌鸟氨酸脱羧酶在结构上和真核生物略有不同,但是功能类似,其能通过促进多胺的产生发挥对细菌的调节作用。研究发现,细菌鸟氨酸脱羧酶也参与细菌对其他物种的作用,但对人体的作用尚不明确。因此,本文综述了国内外关于细菌鸟氨酸脱羧酶在促进细菌生长、适应环境、抗生素抗性和生物膜形成等方面的作用及相关机制,希望能对细菌鸟氨酸脱羧酶及其作用的后续研究提供一些信息与参考。     

皮质酮对大鼠再生肝鸟氨酸脱羧酶及抗酶基因表达的影响

以部分肝切除诱导的雄性SD大鼠(180～200 g)早期再生肝为材料,用RT-PCR法分析皮质酮处理后再生肝鸟氨酸脱羧酶及抗酶mRNA水平变化.结果表明,皮质酮对鸟氨酸脱羧酶mRNA水平具有剂量依赖性抑制作用;10、20 mg/kg体重皮质酮对抗酶mRNA水平影响不大,40 mg/kg处理可促进其转录.     

抗酶抑制因子结构、功能与代谢的研究进展

抗酶抑制因子是一种热不稳定蛋白,与鸟氨酸脱羧酶同源,但不具有鸟氨酸脱羧酶活性,经泛素依赖途径被降解.抗酶抑制因子与抗酶高度亲和,抑制抗酶功能,恢复鸟氨酸脱羧酶活性.研究发现,抗酶抑制因子还能够调节多胺转运,抑制细胞周期蛋白D1的降解,以及加速中心粒复制,从而促进细胞增殖及肿瘤发生.     

多胺代谢与肿瘤细胞信号转导

肿瘤细胞的快速增殖依赖于细胞内的多胺水平,耗竭细胞内多胺可抑制肿瘤细胞增殖并诱导其凋亡。与此同时,细胞内多胺含量的改变可以影响肿瘤细胞内多种信号通路的活性,依据受影响信号分子功能的差异,这些信号通路活性的改变具有增强或抑制耗竭多胺产生的抗肿瘤效应的功能,从而对肿瘤细胞的生长、分化、迁移和侵袭产生不同的影响。综述多胺对肿瘤相关信号通路的影响及其分子机制。     

鸟氨酸脱羧酶抗酶抑制因子-1高表达抑制黑素瘤细胞在小鼠体内的生长

鸟氨酸脱羧酶抗酶抑制因子-1(ornithine decarboxylase antienzyme inhibitor-1,OAZI-1)是细胞内调节多胺代谢的重要蛋白质因子。已有研究发现,OAZI-1高表达的黑素瘤细胞在体外能更有效地被抗原提呈细胞识别和吞噬,提示OAZI-1在肿瘤免疫治疗中具有潜在的应用价值。为进一步分析OAZI-1高表达对黑素瘤细胞在小鼠体内生长的影响,高表达OAZI-1的黑素瘤细胞(B16/OAZI-1)被接种到实验小鼠体内,结果发现,接种瘤出现先成瘤随后逐渐消退的现象,至第24 d时,接种瘤的平均体积为36±25 mm3~,而对照细胞接种瘤的平均体积为326±309 mm~3。为探索上述现象的机制,随后分析了B16/OAZI-1在小鼠体内诱导的抗肿瘤免疫效应,结果发现:1)B16/OAZI-1接种显著增加了小鼠脾脏细胞对B16-F1瘤细胞的杀伤活性;2)源于B16-F1的细胞抗原能更有效地促进B16/OAZI-1接种小鼠脾脏细胞的增殖;3)B16/OAZI-1接种小鼠的脾脏细胞具有更强的分泌IFN-γ的能力;4)当在预接种B16/OAZI-1 30 d后的小鼠体内再次接种B16-F1活细胞时,新接种瘤细胞的生长受到显著抑制,小鼠的存活率增加。上述研究结果提示,高表达OAZI-1的黑素瘤细胞在实验动物体内的生长受到显著抑制,其机制可能与OAZI-1能促进肿瘤抗原提呈和诱导抗肿瘤免疫效应相关。     

Characterization of ornithine decarboxylase and regulation by its antizyme in Thermus thermophilus

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the key enzyme of polyamine biosynthesis was highly purified from the thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus. The enzyme preparation showed a single band on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a pH optimum of 7.5 and a temperature optimum at 60°C. The native enzyme which is phosphorylated could, upon treatment with alkaline phosphatase, lose all activity. The inactive form could be reversibly activated by nucleotides in the order of NTP>NDP>NMP. When physiological polyamines were added to the purified enzyme in vitro, spermine or spermidine activated ODC by 140 or 40%, respectively, while putrescine caused a small inhibition. The basic amino acids lysine and arginine were competitive inhibitors of ODC, while histidine did not affect the enzyme activity. Among the phosphoamino acids tested, phosphoserine was the most effective activator of purified ODC. Polyamines added at high concentration to the medium resulted in a delay or in a complete inhibition of the growth of T. thermophilus, and in a decrease of the specific activity of ornithine decarboxylase. The decrease of ODC activity resulted from the appearance of a non-competitive inhibitor of ODC, the antizyme (Az). The T. thermophilus antizyme was purified by an ODC-Sepharose affinity column chromatography, as well as by immunoprecipitation using antibodies raised against the E. coli antizyme. The antizyme of E. coli inhibited the ODC of T. thermophilus, and vice versa. The fragment of amino acids 56-292 of the E. coli antizyme, produced as a fusion protein of glutathione S-transferase, did not inhibit the ODC of E. coli or T. thermophilus.     

Management of polyamine pools and the regulation of ornithine decarboxylase

The management of polyamine synthesis and polyamine pools differs fundamentally from that of most other small molecular-weight endproducts. The polyamines are vital to growth and important cellular functions, but they are toxic in excess. I argue here that their multivalent cationic character, leading to binding to cell constituents, precludes fluent feedback inhibition of synthesis. This has led to the development of elaborate alternative regulatory mechanisms controlling ornithine decarboxylase, the key initial enzyme of the pathway. Poorly regulated polyamine synthesis and the toxicity of polyamines impose upon cells a need to control uptake and to dispose of excess polyamines. Recent data on polyamine transport suggest unorthodox mechanisms of accomplishing these functions.     

Arabidopsis polyamine biosynthesis: absence of ornithine decarboxylase and the mechanism of arginine decarboxylase activity

Unlike other eukaryotes, which can synthesize polyamines only from ornithine, plants possess an additional pathway from arginine. Occasionally non-enzymatic decarboxylation of ornithine could be detected in Arabidopsis extracts; however, we could not detect ornithine decarboxylase (ODC; EC 4. 1.1.17) enzymatic activity or any activity inhibitory to the ODC assay. There are no intact or degraded ODC sequences in the Arabidopsis genome and no ODC expressed sequence tags. Arabidopsis is therefore the only plant and one of only two eukaryotic organisms (the other being the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi) that have been demonstrated to lack ODC activity. As ODC is a key enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, Arabidopsis is reliant on the additional arginine decarboxylase (ADC; EC 4.1.1.9) pathway, found only in plants and some bacteria, to synthesize putrescine. By using site-directed mutants of the Arabidopsis ADC1 and heterologous expression in yeast, we show that ADC, like ODC, is a head-to-tail homodimer with two active sites acting in trans across the interface of the dimer. Amino acids K136 and C524 of Arabidopsis ADC1 are essential for activity and participate in separate active sites. Maximal activity of Arabidopsis ADC1 in yeast requires the presence of general protease genes, and it is likely that dimer formation precedes proteolytic processing of the ADC pre-protein monomer.     

Subcellular localization and phosphorylation of antizyme 2

Antizymes (AZs) are polyamine‐induced proteins that negatively regulate cellular polyamine synthesis and uptake. Three antizyme isoforms are conserved among mammals. AZ1 and AZ2 have a broad tissue distribution, while AZ3 is testis specific. Both AZ1 and AZ2 inhibit ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity by binding to ODC monomer and target it to the 26S proteasome at least in vivo. Both also inhibit extra‐cellular polyamine uptake. Despite their being indistinguishable by these criteria, we show here using enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)‐AZ2 fusion protein that in mammalian cells, the subcellular location of AZ2 is mainly in the nucleus, and is different from that of AZ1. The C‐terminal part of AZ2 is necessary for the nuclear distribution. Within a few hours, a shift in the distribution of EGFP‐AZ2 fusion protein from cytoplasm to the nucleus or from nucleus to cytoplasm is observable in NIH3T3 cells. In addition, we found that in cells a majority of AZ2, but not AZ1, is phosphorylated at Ser‐186, likely by protein kinase CK2. There may be a specific function of AZ2 in the nucleus. J. Cell. Biochem. 108: 1012–1021, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

A new perspective on ornithine decarboxylase regulation: prevention of polyamine toxicity is the overriding theme

The polyamines are essential cellular components for growth. Control of a key regulated enzyme of polyamine biosynthesis, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), as a function of growth, is an area of intense interest. A unique regulatory property of ODC is the short half-life of the protein, which has been suggested to be an important factor in rapid activation of polyamine biosynthesis after cells are mitogenically stimulated. In this paper, it is argued that the biological significance of the short half-life of ODC is unrelated to the rate of its induction to a new steady state by growth factors, which is in fact limited by the relatively long half-life of the ODC mRNA. Instead, I suggest that the rapid turnover of ODC protein becomes of significance when cells cease growth and expeditious downregulation of the enzyme is important in preventing polyamine overproduction, which would result in cytotoxicity in the arrested cells. Although mitogenic activation of ODC expression has been studied extensively, there is very little known about the mechanisms controlling downregulation of polyamine biosynthesis during the arrest of animal cell growth. These considerations suggest that this would be a fertile area of future inquiry.     

Endogenous polyamine content and metabolism in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus

Endogenous polyamine content of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus , as well as the activity of its biosynthetic enzymes in relation to mycelia ageing were investigated in this work. Polyamines in free, PCA-soluble and insoluble conjugated forms, are present in Paxillus involutus mycelia in relatively high amounts and the ratio of putrescine to spermidine is age-dependent. Both arginine- and ornithine-decarboxylases are present, but putrescine biosynthesis proceeds mostly via ornithine decarboxylase and decreases with the age of mycelia. There was a large release of free polyamines from mycelia which showed age-dependent features. Clear polyamine uptake was observed in 2-wk-old mycelia and no competition between putrescine and cadaverine was detected. Putrescine uptake seems to reduce ornithine decarboxylase activity, but does not affect arginine decarboxylase.     

Inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis in Acanthamoeba castellanii and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced ornithine decarboxylase activity by chitosanoligosaccharide

Growth of Acanthamoeba castellaniiwas inhibited by chitosanoligosaccharide (up to 20 mg ml^–1) from the shells of crabs but was reversed by the polyamines, putrescine or spermidine, at 0.8 mM. Chitosanoligosaccharide strongly inhibited the induction of ornithine decarboxylase by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, a key enzyme of polyamine biosynthesis, which is enhanced in tumour promotion.     

Ornithine decarboxylase antizyme inhibitor 2 regulates intracellular vesicle trafficking

Antizyme inhibitor 1 (AZIN1) and 2 (AZIN2) are proteins that activate ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the key enzyme of polyamine biosynthesis. Both AZINs release ODC from its inactive complex with antizyme (AZ), leading to formation of the catalytically active ODC. The ubiquitously expressed AZIN1 is involved in cell proliferation and transformation whereas the role of the recently found AZIN2 in cellular functions is unknown. Here we report the intracellular localization of AZIN2 and present novel evidence indicating that it acts as a regulator of vesicle trafficking. We used immunostaining to demonstrate that both endogenous and FLAG-tagged AZIN2 localize to post-Golgi vesicles of the secretory pathway. Immuno-electron microscopy revealed that the vesicles associate mainly with the trans-Golgi network (TGN). RNAi-mediated knockdown of AZIN2 or depletion of cellular polyamines caused selective fragmentation of the TGN and retarded the exocytotic release of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein. Exogenous addition of polyamines normalized the morphological changes and reversed the inhibition of protein secretion. Our findings demonstrate that AZIN2 regulates the transport of secretory vesicles by locally activating ODC and polyamine biosynthesis.