Jagged1在树突状细胞诱导免疫耐受中的作用

Jagged1是Notch信号通路中的一个配体,近来许多研究表明,它能诱导树突状细胞的成熟,并通过促使T淋巴细胞分化成调节性T细胞或II型T辅助细胞,从而诱导免疫耐受。     

树突状细胞诱导外周免疫耐受的机制

树突状细胞既能启动免疫应答,又能诱导免疫耐受。目前对树突状细胞外周耐受方面的研究进展迅速,本文就未成熟树突状细胞、免疫抑制因子处理的树突状细胞及转基因树突状细胞在诱导外周免疫耐受中的作用作一综述,这可能是治疗自身免疫性疾病和移植排斥反应的新途径。     

HLA-G与肿瘤研究进展

人类白细胞抗原-G（human leukocyte antigen G,HLA—G1属于非经典的HLAI类分子,是机体内重要的免疫耐受分子。HLA．G可以与表达在免疫细胞上的受体结合直接发挥免疫抑制功能,同时通过诱导产生调节性T细胞（regulatory Tcells,Treg）或“Trogocytosis”机制参与机体的免疫耐受,以协助肿瘤细胞实现免疫逃逸。近年来研究发现,HLA．G在多种恶性肿瘤中均存在异常表达并抑制宿主的抗肿瘤免疫反应。对HLA-G在肿瘤中的表达及可能的作用机制研究进展作一综述。     

体外修饰树突状细胞诱导免疫耐受的研究

目的:探讨体外联合应用白细胞介素10(interleukin 10,IL-10)和甲基强的松龙(methylprednisolone,Medron)修饰供体树突状细胞(dendritic cell,DC)对小鼠皮肤移植术后免疫耐受的诱导效果,为抗移植术后免疫排斥反应治疗提供依据。方法:以健康成年C57BL/6小鼠为供体。BALB/c小鼠为受体,随机分为6组。除A组外,其余各组均于皮肤移植前3d自尾静脉输入对应的供体DC。具体对应关系如下:A组为空白对照,尾静脉输入生理盐水;B组为输入未修饰的DC;C组为20μg/L IL-10处理组;D组为10mg/L Medron处理组:E组为20μg/L IL-10 10mg/L Medron处理组。同时设立F组,为BALB/c对BALB/c的同种同基因皮片移植。各组行皮肤移植术,观察受体移植皮片存活情况。结果:E组的移植皮片存活时间最长,与其它各处理组相比P＜0．05,存在统计学差异。结论:用IL-10和甲强龙修饰的供体树突状细胞对受体进行预处理,可明显延长移植皮片的存活时间。     

Tim-3在诱导免疫耐受中的研究进展

T细胞免疫球蛋白黏液素3(T cell immunoglobulin mucin 3,Tim-3)可表达于Th1细胞,还可表达在其他免疫细胞及非免疫细胞。Tim-3能抑制T细胞介导的免疫反应,诱导免疫耐受。其可与多种配体结合,并在多种疾病的发生、发展中发挥着重要的调控作用。就近年来Tim-3在免疫反应中的作用机制作一综述,以期进一步认识Tim-3在诱导免疫耐受中的作用和潜在的治疗价值。     

肿瘤免疫耐受——树突状细胞的免疫耐受

第七期＂热点评析＂栏目谈了肿瘤细胞本身的免疫学特性[1],说明肿瘤细胞具有＂免疫逃逸功能＂,不受患者体内免疫系统的监督。这仅说明肿瘤免疫耐受的一个方面,更为重要的是患者自身免疫系统在肿瘤及其周围基质细胞的影响和调教下产生了对肿瘤的退让、和平共处、甚至助纣为虐的作用。例如,     

免疫耐受在胰岛移植中的研究进展

胰岛移植已经被公认为治疗胰岛素依赖型糖尿病(IMDD)的有效手段,而现如今胰岛移植的最大障碍是移植排斥反应。目前控制胰岛移植的免疫抑制治疗因其对胰岛细胞的毒性作用及长期应用带来的全身并发症而无法在临床推广,诱导移植术后受体的免疫耐受是防止排斥反应的最理想方法。本文综述了诱导免疫耐受的途径及胰岛移植的最新实验进展。随着研究的深入和免疫学的发展,相信在未来的胰岛移植治疗糖尿病领域,移植排斥现象将能得到高效可靠的解决。     

树突细胞的免疫耐受及其在Ⅰ型糖尿病中的作用

树突细胞(dendritic cells,DCs)通过将抗原提呈给初始T淋巴细胞(native T lymphocyte),从而诱导CD8~+细胞毒性T细胞(cytotoxic T cell,CTL)和CD4~+效应T细胞的分化并启动获得性免疫应答。此外DCs在诱导并维持免疫耐受方面也具有重要作用。现就DCs的免疫耐受机制及其在I型糖尿病(type 1 diabetes mellitus,T1DM)中的作用的研究进展作一综述,为T1DM等自身免疫性疾病及移植免疫疾病的细胞免疫治疗提供新思路。     

Effect of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on the induction of mouse tolerogenic dendritic cells

Dendritic cells (DCs) orchestrate innate inflammatory responses and adaptive immunity through T-cell activation via direct cell–cell interactions and/or cytokine production. Tolerogenic DCs (tolDCs) help maintain immunological tolerance through the induction of T-cell unresponsiveness or apoptosis, and generation of regulatory T cells. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are adult multipotent cells located within the stroma of bone marrow (BM), but they can be isolated from virtually all organs. Extracellular vesicles and exosomes are released from inflammatory cells and act as messengers enabling communication between cells. To investigate the effects of MSC-derived exosomes on the induction of mouse tolDCs, murine adipose-derived MSCs were isolated from C57BL/6 mice and exosomes isolated by ExoQuick-TC kits. BM-derived DCs (BMDCs) were prepared and cocultured with MSCs-derived exosomes (100 μg/ml) for 72 hr. Mature BMDCs were derived by adding lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0.1μg/ml) at Day 8 for 24 hr. The study groups were divided into (a) immature DC (iDC, Ctrl), (b) iDC + exosome (Exo), (c) iDC + LPS (LPS), and (d) iDC + exosome + LPS (EXO + LPS). Expression of CD11c, CD83, CD86, CD40, and MHCII on DCs was analyzed at Day 9. DC proliferation was assessed by coculture with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester-labeled BALB/C-derived splenocytes p. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) release were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. MSC-derived exosomes decrease DC surface marker expression in cells treated with LPS, compared with control cells ( ≤ .05). MSC-derived exosomes decrease IL-6 release but augment IL-10 and TGF-β release (p ≤ .05). Lymphocyte proliferation was decreased (p ≤ .05) in the presence of DCs treated with MSC-derived exosomes. CMSC-derived exosomes suppress the maturation of BMDCs, suggesting that they may be important modulators of DC-induced immune responses.     

Generation of tolerogenic dendritic cells using Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii as tolerogenic probiotics

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) concurs with excessive uncontrolled inflammatory immune responses that lead to the loss of immune tolerance. Dendritic cells (DCs) are important and determinant immune cells that regulate immune responses. Tolerogenic DCs with regulatory markers and cytokines could induce regulatory immune cells and responses. Tolerogenic probiotics are capable of producing regulatory DCs from monocytes in in vitro conditions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus rhamnosus on the production of DCs in an in vitro condition. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from the healthy and SLE donors. Monocytes were cultured with optimized concentrations of granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) and interleukin 4 (IL‐4) to produce immature DCs (IDCs). An IDC uptake assay was performed, and IDCs of healthy and SLE donors were divided into three subgroups following 48 hours of treatment with GM‐CSF and IL‐4, along with L. delbrueckii, L. rhamnosus, and mixed probiotics for the production of tolerogenic DCs. The surface expression of Human Leukocyte Antigen‐antigen D Related (HLA‐DR), CD86, CD80, CD83, CD1a, and CD14 was analyzed using flow cytometry, and the gene expression levels of indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO), IL‐10, and IL‐12 were measured using real‐time polymerase chain reaction. We observed significantly reduced expression of costimulatory molecules and other surface markers in the probiotic‐induced mature DCs (MDCs) in both healthy and SLE donor groups in comparison with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced MDCs. In addition, the expression of IDO and IL‐10 increased, whereas IL‐12 decreased significantly in probiotic‐induced MDCs compared with LPS‐induced MDCs. IDCs and especially mature tolerogenic DC of SLE patients highly expressed IDO. The results of the current study suggested that live probiotics could modify properties of DCs to modulatory cells, which might contribute to the induction of tolerance and renovation of immune hemostasis.     

Isolation of immune cells from primary tumors

Tumors create a unique immunosuppressive microenvironment (tumor microenvironment, TME) whereby leukocytes are recruited into the tumor by various chemokines and growth factors. However, once in the TME, these cells lose the ability to promote anti-tumor immunity and begin to support tumor growth and down-regulate anti-tumor immune responses. Studies on tumor-associated leukocytes have mainly focused on cells isolated from tumor-draining lymph nodes or spleen due to the inherent difficulties in obtaining sufficient cell numbers and purity from the primary tumor. While identifying the mechanisms of cell activation and trafficking through the lymphatic system of tumor bearing mice is important and may give insight to the kinetics of immune responses to cancer, in our experience, many leukocytes, including dendritic cells (DCs), in tumor-draining lymph nodes have a different phenotype than those that infiltrate tumors. Furthermore, we have previously demonstrated that adoptively-transferred T cells isolated from the tumor-draining lymph nodes are not tolerized and are capable of responding to secondary stimulation in vitro unlike T cells isolated from the TME, which are tolerized and incapable of proliferation or cytokine production. Interestingly, we have shown that changing the tumor microenvironment, such as providing CD4(+) T helper cells via adoptive transfer, promotes CD8(+) T cells to maintain pro-inflammatory effector functions. The results from each of the previously mentioned studies demonstrate the importance of measuring cellular responses from TME-infiltrating immune cells as opposed to cells that remain in the periphery. To study the function of immune cells which infiltrate tumors using the Miltenyi Biotech isolation system, we have modified and optimized this antibody-based isolation procedure to obtain highly enriched populations of antigen presenting cells and tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The protocol includes a detailed dissection of murine prostate tissue from a spontaneous prostate tumor model (TRansgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate -TRAMP) and a subcutaneous melanoma (B16) tumor model followed by subsequent purification of various leukocyte populations.     

MyD88aa155-171功能区缺失对免疫相关细胞共刺激分子和细胞因子表达的影响

利用重组PCR的方法,克隆并构建MyD88和MyD88aa155-171功能区缺失（MyD88?155-171）载体,转染免疫相关细胞并筛选获得稳定细胞系。报告基因实验结果显示MyD88?155-171功能区缺失能够抑制转录因子NF-κB和AP-1的活性,在不同Toll样受体（TLR）配体刺激后,转染MyD88?155-171的细胞表面分子的表达低于MyD88正常表达的细胞,并且抑制表面分子CD86和B7H1在TLR配体刺激后的上调。同时,多细胞因子分析系统的检测结果表明,给予TLR配体刺激之后,MyD88-/-树突细胞表达低水平的细胞因子,转染MyD88可以使细胞因子表达明显增加,而仅表达MyD88?155-171可以明显影响IL-12,IFN- 的表达。以上结果表明MyD88功能区缺失影响免疫相关细胞表面分子和细胞因子的表达及Toll 样受体信号的传递,其在细胞内信号系统的具体作用机制还需进一步证实。     

癌干细胞研究进展

关于肿瘤发生及发展的机制人们已探索多年,但由于肿瘤病因本身的复杂性、研究技术和知识积累不足等各种原因,研究进展缓慢。近些年来,癌干细胞的发现、确认和特性研究为肿瘤发病机制的揭示,乃至新型高效治疗策略的制定提出了新线索。许多研究成果显示,癌干细胞因具有自我更新和潜在的强增殖能力,在肿瘤发生发展、复发转移中均发挥着很重要的作用;肿瘤化疗的失败与肿瘤组织中癌干细胞的耐药性可能存在密切关系。本文就癌干细胞在这方面的研究进展及存在的问题作一综述。     

FasL基因重组慢病毒载体感染SD大鼠树突状细胞的研究

目的 探讨FasL基因重组慢病毒载体感染SD大鼠树突状细胞的效率和FasI 蛋白的表达情况,为进一步研究转FasL基因在同种异体器官移植中诱导免疫耐受和保护移植物打下基础.方法 将培养一周的细胞重铺于六孔板中,每孔细胞数量为5×105,24 h后观察,细胞适合感染,按照MOI=10感染细胞,使用GFP阳性对照质粒作对照实验,感染24 h后,培养皿中添加1 ml新鲜培养基,每隔1 d加细胞因子继续培养,荧光显微镜观察荧光强度和数量,添加病毒液后10 d收集细胞进行实时定量检测和WB检测.结果 FasL基困重组慢病毒载体感染DC 8 d后,细胞开始出现荧光,10 d感染效率为100%;实时定量PCR检测瞬时转染后目的 基因的表达显示以细胞的1.00%为参照,Cell＋FasL质粒为167.03%;免疫印迹检测转染后FasL蛋白的表达显示以细胞的1.00%为参照,细胞＋FasL质粒为34.15%.结论 FasL基因重组慢病毒载体成功感染DC,实时定量PCR及Western印迹证实感染的Dc表达FasL明显提高.为进一步研究转FasL摹因在同种异体器官移植中诱导免疫耐受和保护移植物打下基础.     

Immune plexins and semaphorins: old proteins,new immune functions

Plexins and semaphorins are a large family of proteins that are involved in cell movement and response. The importance of plexins and semaphorins has been emphasized by their discovery in many organ systems including the nervous (Nkyimbeng-Takwi and Chapoval, 2011; McCormick and Leipzig, 2012; Yaron and Sprinzak, 2012), epithelial (Miao et al., 1999; Fujii et al., 2002), and immune systems (Takamatsu and Kumanogoh, 2012) as well as diverse cell processes including angiogenesis (Serini et al., 2009; Sakurai et al., 2012), embryogenesis (Perala et al., 2012), and cancer (Potiron et al., 2009; Micucci et al., 2010). Plexins and semaphorins are transmembrane proteins that share a conserved extracellular semaphorin domain (Hota and Buck, 2012). The plexins and semaphorins are divided into four and eight subfamilies respectively based on their structural homology. Semaphorins are relatively small proteins containing the extracellular semaphorin domain and short intracellular tails. Plexins contain the semaphorin domain and long intracellular tails (Hota and Buck, 2012). The majority of plexin and semaphorin research has focused on the nervous system, particularly the developing nervous system, where these proteins are found to mediate many common neuronal cell processes including cell movement, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and signal transduction (Choi et al., 2008; Takamatsu et al., 2010). Their roles in the immune system are the focus of this review.