苯丙氨酸羟化酶（PAH）基因外显子7及其两侧内含子的突变研究

为探讨中国苯丙酮尿症（PKU）人群中苯丙氨酸羟化酶（PAH）基因外显子7的突变特征,对147例PKU患儿的294个PAH基因外显子7以及两侧部分内含子序列,应用PCR－单链构象多态性（SSCP）分析及基因序列分析的方法进行了筛查和确定。共发现13种突变基因：G239D、R241C、R241fs、R243Q、G247S、G247V、R252Q、L255S、R261Q、M276K、E280G、P281L、Ivs7+2T>A,其中7 种突变基因在中国PKU人群首次发现：G239D 、R241fs 、G247S 、E280G、L255S、R261Q、P281L,前4种在国际上尚未见到报道,并已提交到国际PAH突变数据库（www.pahdb.mcgill.ca）。突变基因的总频率为30.61%（90 /294）。突变涉及了错义、缺失、移码和剪接位点4种突变类型。结果明确了PAH基因外显子7的突变种类和分布等特征,表明外显子7是中国人PAH基因突变的热点区域。 Abstract: To study mutation in exon 7 of the gene for the phenylalanine hydroxylase（PAH）, the mutations in exon 7 and flanking sequence of PAH gene were detected by means of SSCP analysis and DNA sequencing, in 147 unrelated Chinese children with phynelketonuria and their parents. Thirteen different mutations, including 11 missense, 1 deletion and 1 splice mutation, were revealed in 90/294 mutant alleles (30.61%). The prevalent mutations were R243Q (22.8%) and Ivs7nt2t->a (2.38%). Seven novel mutations were identified: G239D, R241fsdelG, G247S, E280G, L255S, R261Q, P281L. These new mutations have not been described in Chinese PKU population and the first 4 mutants have not been reported and thus been submitted to www.pahdb,mcgill.ca. The missense was the most common type. The deletion and frameshift mutations were detected for the first time in Chinese PKU population. This study showed the mutation characteristics and their distribution in exon 7 of PAH gene and proved that the exon 7 was the hot region of PAH gene mutation in Chinese PKU population .     

眼皮肤白化病患者酪氨酸酶基因突变的研究

目的：对临床诊断为眼皮肤白化病（OCA）患者的酪氨酸酶（TYR）基因进行突变筛查,了解我国大陆OCA患者TYR基因突变类型,探讨基因突变对人TYR蛋白结构和功能的影响。方法：应用PCR技术,扩增患者及其父母的TYR基因外显子、外显子-内含子交界区及启动子区;以DNA序列测定技术,进行突变筛查与鉴定;利用生物信息学方法,对突变引起蛋白结构和功能的改变进行预测与分析。结果：在15名患者的30个TYR等位基因内,查明11种突变;其中错义突变5种（W400L、R299H、E294K、R77Q和K142M）,无义突变3种（R116X、R278X和G295X）,插入突变2种（929insC和232insGGG）,剪切位点突变1种（IVS1-3 C〉G）;对4个突变W400L、R299H、929insC、232insGGG的生物信息学分析显示,突变的致病性与蛋白结构和功能的改变相关。结论：W400L占本研究所检出全部OCA1突变等位基因的30．0％（9／30）,可能为中国大陆人群中较常见的TYR基因突变类型;应用生物信息学分析方法对TYR基因突变的致病性做出一些合理可能的解释是可行的。     

乳腺癌组织中EGFR/KRAS/BRAF基因突变检测与分析

[目的]检测乳腺癌组织中表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)以及其下游KRAS、BRAF基因的突变类型和突变率,分析其各突变类型之间有无相关性,以期为乳腺癌药物靶点筛选和乳腺癌患者的分子靶向治疗提供更多依据。[方法]取自2016～2017年间宜昌市中心人民医院病理科收集的乳腺癌患者术后冰冻肿瘤组织样本60例以及健康人群DNA样本30例,分别提取基因组DNA,采用PCR扩增和基因测序的方法对基因组中的EGFR外显子18～21,KRAS外显子2、3以及BRAF外显子15进行基因突变分析。[结果]在检测的60例乳腺癌组织样本中,总计有8例样本存在错义突变。其中EGFR突变率为11.7%(7/60例),均为外显子18和20突变。包括第18号外显子P699A突变3例,突变率为5.0%;第20号外显子L778M、V819A突变各4例,突变率6.7%。并包含3例L778M合并V819A突变,另有2例中分别出现了I780M合并S783C和L788V合并L815F突变。BRAF外显子15仅出现了1例T599P突变,突变率为1.7%(1/60例)。30例正常人群对照组未检测到错义突变。[结论]EGFR在乳腺癌中的突变主要以外显子18和20为主,存在P699A、L778M、V819A突变且突变率高达11.7%。BRAF在乳腺癌中的突变率极低,仅为1.7%。未检测到乳腺癌组织中KRAS突变。与正常组织相比较,EGFR外显子18和20的高突变率提示其与乳腺癌的发病存在密切关系,EGFR突变是潜在的抗乳腺癌治疗靶点。     

一VHL 家系致病基因突变的检测与分析*

目的:研究中枢神经系统血管母细胞瘤(VHL)基因突变的主要类型和发生情况,探讨VHL疾病发生的原因、临床特点等。方法:以基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增VHL基因3个外显子及5’UTR区域,结合DNA直接测序的方法,对一个有多个小脑血管母细胞瘤患者的家系进行VHL基因突变检测。结果:发现该家系VHL基因5’UTR区、外显子1和外显子2正常,外显子3存在c.499C>G的改变,为一个错意突变,氨基酸改变为Arg-Gln(p.R167Q),该突变是导致这个家系的患者发病的直接原因。结论:VHL疾病的突变主要集中在VHL蛋白的α、β结构域,位于α结构域的p.R167Q突变为该VHL家系致病的主要原因。     

27例雄激素不敏感综合征患儿AR基因突变

雄激素受体(AR)基因突变是雄激素不敏感综合征(AIS)的主要直接原因,本研究是为了了解中国病人AR基因突变谱.本研究根据病史、查体、激素检测、染色体核型分析及影像学检查结果,确诊AIS患儿27例.收集患儿及其部分家属静脉抗凝血,提取DNA,合成外显子1~8及外显子和内含子剪切处引物, PCR扩增,扩增产物送公司测序,分析AR基因突变情况.结果提示, 27例AIS患儿共发现突变23个, 10例携带5个相同突变(p.R841H, p.P914S,p.S176R, p.Y572S和p.Y782N),未报道突变11个. 8/27例家族史阳性. 12个已知突变中,仅1个为内含子4的剪切突变:c.2173+1GT;余均为点突变,含1个已报道的第6外显子的新生突变:p.R775C. 2例病人具有相同第8外显子突变:p.P914S,患者均表现为CAIS,与报道的PAIS不符;其余临床分型与已经报道的分型一致.未报道突变中,点突变为8/11个,另有2个碱基缺失导致的移码突变:p.345fs和p.828_829del, 1个碱基插入导致的移码突变:p.885fs, 1例病人携带两个点突变:p.Y365C和p.E898D.突变由多至少在外显子的分布:外显子7有6例患儿5个不同突变;外显子8有5例患儿4个突变,外显子1和5各有3个突变;外显子2, 3, 4和6各有2个不同突变. 23个突变在功能区的分布情况:16个突变位于LBD, 4个位于DBD, 3个位于NTD.本研究报道了不同AIS表型AR的突变谱, 50%为未报道突变,进一步丰富了AR数据库.错义突变是主要形式,且大部分位于LBD区.携带相同突变的病人可呈现不同表型.     

汉族马凡综合征(MFS)患者FBN1基因两种新发突变分析

为调查马凡综合征(Marfan syndrome, MFS)患者的原纤维蛋白-1(Fibrillin-1, FBN1)基因突变情况, 应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)和变性高效液相色谱法(Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography, DHPLC)对MFS患者的FBN1基因进行突变筛查, 对DHPLC初筛异常的DNA片段进行测序分析。结果在两个MFS家系中发现FBN1基因两种新的突变: 一种为复合突变包含第55号外显子的缺失突变c.6862_6871delGGCTGTGTAG (p.Gly2288MetfsX109)、同义突变c.6861A>G和内含子的突变c.[6871+1_6871+11delGTAAGAGGATC; 6871+34dupCATCAGAAGTGACAGTGGACA]; 另一种为第20号外显子的错义突变c.2462G>A(p.Cys821Tyr)。研究表明, FBN1基因的缺失突变c.[6862_6871delGGCTGTGTAG; 6871+1_6871+11delGTAAGAGGATC] (p.Gly2288MetfsX109)和错义突变c.2462G>A(p.Cys821Tyr)可能分别是这两个家系患者的致病原因。     

家兔UCP2基因多态性的筛选和生物信息学研究

本文研究兔的UCP2基因的多态性,为地方兔种的选种和选育提供一定的依据。分别以比利时兔、加利福尼亚兔和新西兰兔构建其DNA池,设计6对引物扩增3个兔种UCP2基因的外显子序列和部分内含子序列,用PCR产物直接进行双向测序快速的筛选出兔的UCP2的多态位点。结果表明:在兔UCP2基因中筛选到8个多态性位点:intron2-G2217T、exon3-A63C、exon3-G169A、intron5-C61A、exon6-C11G、intron6-C7T、intron6-C46T、intron6-C73A,其中exon3-A63C和exon3-G169A位于第3外显子上,且exon3-A63C为错义突变,导致编码的酪氨酸(Tyr)变为丝氨酸(Ser)。exon6-C11G在第6外显子上,其余的多态位点都在内含子中,除了intron6-C7T外,其余的多态位点在三种兔种中都有。结论:通过生物信息学对兔UCP2基因的分析发现m RNA二级结构、二级结构和蛋白质的三级结构在突变前后都发生变化。     

先天性甲状腺功能减退症伴发育不全患儿FOXE1基因突变的初步研究

目的：研究先天性甲状腺功能减退症(CH)伴甲状腺发育不全患儿转录因子2( FOXE )的基因突变。方法：选取90 例CH伴甲 状腺发育不全患儿及90 例正常儿童作为对照,提取外周静脉血基因组DNA,采用PCR扩增与直接测序技术,对基因外 显子进行突变筛查。结果：分别在1 例先天性甲状腺功能减退症伴甲状腺发育不全患者外显子测序中发现一杂合错义变体c. A3401G (p.K1134R),在1 例患者中发现1 个已知的单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNP)位点(rs755282859, c. 483G>C),在正常对照组中未发现以上变化。结论：在先天性甲状腺功能减退症(CH) 伴甲状腺发育不全患儿中发现新的关于FOXE1 杂合错义变体。     

中国儿童Blau综合征患者基因突变及临床表型研究

研究30例中国儿童Blau综合征患者半胱天冬酶募集域基因15(CARD15)突变情况和临床表型.共发现10个突变位点, R334W, R334Q, G481D, M513T和R587C在国外均有报道, R334L, E383D, R471C, C495R, D512F为新发现的突变位点,其中R334W, R334Q和C495R发生频率最高. Blau综合征生后早期发病,最常以鳞屑样皮疹和对称性关节炎起病.除典型皮疹、关节炎和虹膜睫状体炎外,大动脉炎、心脏受累也易出现.此外还发现有神经性耳聋、肾脏受累、软骨瘤、中枢神经系统受累的患者.中国儿童Blau综合征患者有独特的基因突变位点,临床表型复杂多样,对于疑似患者应尽早行病理检查或CARD15基因突变检测来确诊.     

先天性甲状腺功能减退症伴发育不全患儿FOXE1基因突变的初步研究（英文）

目的:研究先天性甲状腺功能减退症(CH)伴甲状腺发育不全患儿转录因子2(FOXE1)的基因突变。方法:选取90例CH伴甲状腺发育不全患儿及90例正常儿童作为对照,提取外周静脉血基因组DNA,采用PCR扩增与直接测序技术,对FOXE1基因外显子进行突变筛查。结果:分别在1例先天性甲状腺功能减退症伴甲状腺发育不全患者外显子测序中发现一杂合错义变体c.A3401G(p.K1134R),在1例患者中发现1个已知的单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNP)位点(rs755282859,c.483GC),在正常对照组中未发现以上变化。结论:在先天性甲状腺功能减退症(CH)伴甲状腺发育不全患儿中发现新的关于FOXE1杂合错义变体。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.