稗草阴蔽对大豆根瘤固氮速率的影响

在自控人工气候室内系统研究了稗草阴蔽对大豆根瘤固氮速度的影响，结果表明：在每盆6，12和24株稗草的阴蔽作用下，,播后44－101天期间大豆单株根瘤的平均固氮速率分别比无阴蔽对照下降了31．5，39．5和44．5％，稗草阴蔽引起大豆根瘤固氮速率下降的原因与其通过降低大豆植株的受光量及其叶片的CO2传导速率从而降低其叶片的净光合速率有关，播后43－75天期间在每盆6，12和24株稗草的阴蔽作用下，由于大豆植物的受光量分别比无阴蔽对照平均减少了32．1，39．1和43．4％，叶片的CO2传导速率分别比无阴蔽对照平均下降了14．0，16．7和19．3％，导致大豆叶片的净光合速率分别比无阴蔽对照降低了25．4，32．7和37．3％。     

放线菌结瘤植物根与根瘤中有机氮化物的组分及其上运形式

杨梅、沙棘和赤杨三种放线菌结瘤植物根瘤、根部有机氮化物的组分中,都含有占总有机氮化物50％以上的尿囊酸,说明在它们的根瘤中合成了大量的酰脲;同时,三种植物结瘤植株的茎木质部提取物中也含有大量的尿囊酸,表明根瘤将其合成的酰脲向植物地上部位运送。三种植物的根瘤还将其合成的特定的氨基酸及酰胺向地上部位转运,其中杨梅根瘤将固定的氮素以Asn和Gln的形式输出,而根部则以Arg的形式向上转运;沙棘根瘤以Ash,Gln及Ser,赤杨根瘤以Cit的形式合成并转运固定的氮素;后两种植物的无根瘤植株,以NH_4~+为氮源时,在转运的氨基酸组分中Arg的比例明显提高。     

厚荚相思根瘤菌对盆栽苗木生长及土壤肥力的影响

从不同立地条件采集到的厚荚相思根瘤分离出9株根瘤菌株,接种于厚荚相思幼茁,6个月后测定苗木生长量及土壤N、P、K含量。试验结果表明：接菌桃株的高生长量、生物量都比对照(未接种根瘤菌)增加,其巾高生长量除R2外,增加幅度为0．89～40．18％,生物量增加52．33～147．67％,接种结瘤率、瘤的生物量也比对照高,结瘤率可达100％,根瘤生物量比对照高163．6～520％。土壤N、P、K元素分析结果表明,接种根瘤菌后土壤的营养元素发生了很大的变化,改善了土壤肥力。通过对接种不同菌株的厚荚相思苗木的茁高、生物量、土壤的全氮、速效磷、速效钾等元素的含量比较分析后筛选出R6和R7菌株为优良菌株。     

浅谈植物的根瘤

一些植物的根部能形成各种各样的瘤状物,其中有一种可以固定大气中氮素的瘤,即通常所谓的根瘤。人们对豆科植物的根瘤的认识,曾经历过一段漫长的时间,而对于豆科植物以外的其它类型的植物根瘤,特别是这类根瘤和豆科植物根瘤之间的区别。是否一切植物根瘤都能固氮?不固氮的植物能不能使它固氮?其途径和前景又如何?这些问     

怀地黄块根的形态发生和结构发育

观察了怀地黄(Rehmannia glutinosa cv．Hueichingensis Hsiao．)块根的形态发生和生长发育过程中的形态结构变化。采用怀地黄的传统栽培方法,即用上一年的块根作母根进行繁殖,分别从母根和不定芽的茎基部发生不定根。怀地黄不定根的初生结构和维管形成层的发生与一般双子叶植物相同,但其次生生长却有两种方式,即正常次生生长和异常次生生长。一类不定根的形成层产生的次生结构与一般双子叶植物相同,即次生木质部中主要是导管,而薄壁细胞较少。这类不定根其次生生长为正常次生生长(normal secondary growth),是担负吸收和固着作用的正常根。另一种类型的不定根,其形成层产生的次生木质部含有大量的薄壁细胞,少量的导管分散在薄壁细胞之间。这种次生生长为异常次生生长(anomalous secondary growth),从而使不定根膨大,形成块根。因此,怀地黄的药用部分在起源和结构上都属于根的性质,其药用部分应称为块根。     

农杆菌T—DNA介导的植物转基因的分子机制

前言 根瘤农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)与发根农根菌(A.rhizogenes)同属根瘤菌科,是革兰氏阴性植物病原菌。前者感染植物引起冠瘿病(Crop gall tumour),冠瘿病用含有抗生素的培养基培养与除菌。可无限增殖;后者感染植物诱发出许多不定根,把不定根培养在上述培养基上也可迅速生长,多次分枝成毛状称毛状根(hairy root)。农杆菌感染机理很复杂。其感染作用起始于受伤的植物细胞分泌的大量化学物质时期。受伤植物细胞分泌的酚分子诱导农杆菌怀有的Ti质粒或Ri质粒上的基因活化,尔后农杆菌紧附植物细胞并把Ti质粒或Ri质粒上一部分DNA(称作T—DNA,tranfer DNA)转移到植物染色体上。T.DNA共价整合后编译合成的新的低分量的代谢物,称为冠瘿碱。     

内蒙古锡林郭勒草原不同固氮植物的固氮酶活性季节变化

 本文对内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原栗钙土地带8种植物根瘤固氮酶活性的季节变化进行了测定。结果表明：1．不同种植物固氮酶活性表现了明显的季节性变化,夏季最高,平均值达到529.6n·mol C2H4／min·g,秋季较低,而春季只有夏季的10%左右。2．不同种植物,其根瘤固氮酶活性变化有不同的特点,杂花苜蓿是8种植物中固氮酶活性一直最高的,而小叶锦鸡儿与沙棘在8种植物中根瘤固氮酶活性一直较低,扁蓿豆,沙打旺前期较低,后期相对较高。3．同种植物在不同季节固氮酶活性表现了明显差别。     

退耕地幼龄台湾桤木(Alnus formosana)根系结瘤

结瘤量能直观地反映林木的固氮能力,根瘤是植物根系研究的核心内容之一。研究退耕还林地内林木结瘤可以为林地培肥和经营提供有益的借鉴。以四川省广元、北川、平武和丹棱4个地区退耕地内生长良好的幼龄台湾桤木为研究对象,对其根系结瘤情况及其与土壤养分含量的关系进行研究。结果表明：各地区台湾桤木根瘤的外观形态差异不大,结构紧密,呈珊瑚状,直径最小为2mm,最大达到30mm;台湾桤木根瘤生物量变化范围为2．59～132．14g·株^-1;水平分布主要集中在距树干0～50cm,垂直分布集中在0～20cm土层;50．4％～92．5％的根瘤着生在细根（d≤2mm）上,大体积（15～30mm）根瘤多着生在根颈处;单株根瘤生物量与土壤水解氮含量呈显著负相关,而与土壤有效磷含量呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）。     

生长素对离体黄瓜子叶生根的促进作用

植物茎或叶所发生的根,称不定根。不定根有扩大植物吸收面积和增强固着或支持植物的功能。生产上利用植物茎、叶能产生不定根的特性进行扦插、压条等营养繁殖,所以不定根发生在农业、林业和园艺上具有非常重要的意义。不定根的发生是由一些相关因素所控制的,其中包括物...     

狐尾藻与黑藻断枝的不定根和新芽的形成

比较狐尾藻和黑藻2种沉水植物不同节位和不同长度断枝的不定根和新芽形成时间的结果表明,随着断枝节位的下降或断枝长度的增加,狐尾藻不定根的形成时间分别呈延长和缩短的趋势,其新芽均呈缩短趋势;而黑藻不定根的形成时间均呈缩短趋势,其新芽受节位与长度的影响不明显。     

淹水对玉米不定根形态结构和ATP酶活性的影响

淹水２天后,玉米苗基节内即有不定根原基一进于正常植株。淹水１６天后,从基节部长出的不定根数多于正常植株,但淹水导致根系生长和干物质积累大幅度下降。淹水幼苗不定根伸长区内有发达的通气组织形成,使根内部组织孔隙度大幅提高。电镜细胞化学研究表明,经１５天淹一,不定根根尖细胞内ＡＴＰ酶的分布与正常功苗基本相同,酶活性尽管有一定的下降,但仍保持较高水平。根据实验结果,本文重点讨论了不定根的发生及其内部通气组     

红皮云杉茎的解剖结构与插条不定根形成的研究

１９９２年７－８月定时固定红皮云杉插条基部材料于ＦＡＡ液中,石蜡制片法室内解剖研究不定根的发生。结果表明：红皮云杉插条诱发根原基的来源有两种途径。一种是愈伤组织生根型,在愈伤组织的再生形成层处,或茎的维管形成层诱发根原基;另一种是非愈伤组织生根型,在插条切口处的维管形成层、皮层或初生木质部与次生木质部间的薄壁组织较深的部位,直接产生纵向不定根原始体,有的在距离切口０．１－０．５ｃｍ以上茎的维管形成层,维管形成层与木射线的交界处及叶隙等薄壁组织产生径向不定根。不同个体间产生的不定根数量及发育的早晚差异较大。     

Signaling and Gene Expression for Water-Tolerant Legume Nodulation

In the symbiotic interaction with rhizobia, legumes develop nodules in which nitrogen fixation takes place. Upon submersion, most temperate legumes are incapable of nodulation, but tropical legumes that grow in waterlogged soils have acquired water stress tolerance for growth and nodulation. One well-studied model plant, the tropical, semi-aquatic Sesbania rostrata, develops stem-located adventitious root primordia that grow out into adventitious roots upon submergence and develop into stem nodules after inoculation with the microsymbiont, Azorhizobium caulinodans. Sesbania rostrata also has a nodulated underground root system. On well-aerated roots, nodules form via root hair curling infection in the zone, just above the root tip, where root hairs develop; on hydroponic roots, an alternative process is used, recruiting a cortical intercellular invasion program at the lateral root bases that skips the epidermal responses. This intercellular cortical invasion entails infection pocket formation, a process that involves cell death features and reactive oxygen species. The plant hormones ethylene and gibberellin are the major signals that act downstream from the bacterial nodulation factors in the nodulation and invasion program. Both hormones block root hair curling infection, but cooperate to stimulate lateral root base invasion and play a role in infection thread formation, meristem establishment, and differentiation of meristem descendants.     

小麦种子根的发育解剖

小麦胚胎发育过程中通常形成5条幼根(少数可形成6条),这些根统称为种子根,中间最先发生的为初生根.初生根的原基在胚胎发育的早期就在胚轴的一侧发生,原基细胞由不规则到规则排列。侧生种子根的原基在胚胎发育后期才出现,通常成对发生,并且是由胚轴上的节(盾片节和胚芽鞘节)维管束外方的细胞形成。侧生种子根的发育明显较初生根的快,分化能力也较强,后生木质部导管母细胞出现早,数目较多.因此,小麦胚胎发育过程中从胚轴上形成的这些侧生的种子根,形态上,仍应看作是一些不定根,其结构特征与后来形成须根系的不定根的比较近似。     

INITIATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ROOT NODULES OF CASUARINA (CASUARINACEAE)

Roots of seedlings of the “beefwood” tree, Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq. grown in nitrogen-free nutrient solution were inoculated with a suspension prepared from crashed root nodules taken from mature plants. Marked deformation of root hairs was evident but no infection threads were observed in root hairs. The mode of infection remains undetermined. Root nodules were initiated within three weeks and thereafter numerous upward-growing nodule roots developed from each nodule. Nodules in this symbiotic nitrogen-fixing plant resulted from an infection caused by an unidentified actinomycete-like soil microorganism. Anatomical analysis of nodule formation showed that nodules are the result of repeated endogenous lateral root initiations, one placed upon another in a complexly branched and truncated root system. The endophyte-infected cortical tissues derived from successive root primordia form the swollen nodular mass. Nodule roots develop from nodule lobes after escaping from the initial inhibitory effects of the endophyte. Included is a discussion of the anatomical similarities between nodules of Casuarina which produce nodule roots and those of Alnus which form coralloid nodules usually lacking nodule roots.     

ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF LATERAL ROOTS IN TYPHA GLAUCA

Lateral roots of Typha glauca arose from the pericycle of the parent adventitious root. Periclinal divisions of the pericycle gave rise to two layers; the outermost initially produced the ground meristem and protoderm, and the innermost produced the procambium. The immature endodermis of the parent root contributed to the early stages of the root tip as an endodermal covering. Prior to emergence, the ground meristem/protoderm produced cells into the endodermal covering. After emergence, the endodermal covering was replaced by a calyptrogen, which was derived from the ground meristem/protoderm and which, in turn, formed the rootcap. A typical monocotyledonous three-tiered meristem was then produced. An outer ground meristem also arose before emergence to form a hypodermis in many lateral roots; in these, crystalliferous cell production began in midcortex cells before emergence, and a small aerenchyma developed in their cortices. The rootcap columella stored small amounts of starch shortly after emergence. Lateral roots of T. glauca were smaller than their parental adventitious roots; they normally had only two to six poles of xylem and phloem, and the cortex was less than six cells across. During 1–3-cm elongation, the lateral root apical meristem and mature regions narrowed, stored starch disappeared, fewer crystals formed, aerenchyma production ceased, and the roots stopped elongation.     

Adventitious root production and plastic resource allocation to biomass determine burial tolerance in woody plants from central Canadian coastal dunes

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Burial is a recurrent stress imposed upon plants of coastal dunes. Woody plants are buried on open coastal dunes and in forested areas behind active blowouts; however, little is known about the burial responses and adaptive traits of these species. The objectives of this study were: (a) to determine the growth and morphological responses to burial in sand of seven woody plant species native to central Canadian coastal dunes; and (b) to identify traits that determine burial tolerance in these species. METHODS: Field experiments were conducted to determine the responses of each species to burial. Saplings were exposed to burial treatments of 0, 10, 25, 50 and 75 % of their height. Burial responses were evaluated based on regressions of total biomass, height, adventitious root production and percentage allocation to shoot, root and adventitious root biomass on percentage burial. KEY RESULTS: Pinus strobus and Picea glauca lacked burial tolerance. In response to the burial gradient, these species showed a strong linear decline in total biomass, minimal adventitious root production that peaked at moderate levels (25-50 % burial) and no change in allocation to shoots vs. roots. The tolerant species Juniperus virginiana, Thuja occidentalis and Picea mariana showed a quadratic response to burial, with little change in biomass up to 50 % burial, but a large decline at 75 %. These species produced abundant adventitious roots up to 50 % burial, but did not alter allocation patterns over the range of burial levels. Populus balsamifera and Salix cordata were stimulated by burial. These species showed linear increases in biomass with increasing burial, produced copious adventitious roots across the gradient and showed a clear shift in allocation to vertical shoot growth and adventitious root production at the expense of the original roots under high burial conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Adventitious root production and plastic resource allocation to biomass are adaptive traits of coastal dune woody plants in central Canada, and provide a basis for assessing burial tolerance in woody plants on coastal dunes throughout the world.     

大豆-根瘤菌共生体系光合与固氮关系研究

水培大豆和田间生长的大豆,接种根瘤菌 Rhizobium B16-11C 后植株全氮含量、叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率及种子产量都明显增加。比较 Clark 大豆的结瘤品系和不结瘤品系获类似结果。摘除根瘤后3天内叶片净光合速率无明显变化。大豆植株遮阴、去叶或切掉地上部导致根瘤活性明显下降。但去豆荚不能提高根瘤固氮的比活性。根瘤活性的日变化不能用根瘤蔗糖、淀粉含量或周围温度的变化来解释,其控制因子尚待深入研究。     

间苯二酚、水杨酸对绿豆下胚轴不定根形成的作用

２０—１００ｍｇＬ（－１）间苯二酚能明显地促进绿豆下胚轴不定根的形成,与２０ｍｇＬ（－１）ＩＢＡ混合处理具加成效应,其作用在于降低生根初期ＩＡＡ氧化酶和多酚氧化酶活性．１０—１００ｍｇＬ（－１）水杨酸抑制下胚轴不定根的形成,随处理浓度的加大,对生根数目、生根范围和根重的抑制作用增加．水杨酸处理后１－３ｄ,能提高ＩＡＡ氧化酶和多酚氧化酶的活性．     

间苯二酚、水杨酸对绿豆下胚轴不定根形成的作用

２０—１００ｍｇＬ（－１）间苯二酚能明显地促进绿豆下胚轴不定根的形成,与２０ｍｇＬ（－１）ＩＢＡ混合处理具加成效应,其作用在于降低生根初期ＩＡＡ氧化酶和多酚氧化酶活性．１０—１００ｍｇＬ（－１）水杨酸抑制下胚轴不定根的形成,随处理浓度的加大,对生根数目、生根范围和根重的抑制作用增加．水杨酸处理后１－３ｄ,能提高ＩＡＡ氧化酶和多酚氧化酶的活性．