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1.
武汉东湖的鲢(Hypophthalmichthy molitrix)鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)在天然条件下摄食强度具季节性变化。摄食强度高峰处于夏季,低谷处于冬季。在实验条件下,按周年采样期间水温变化范围,测定鱼的肠管排空率。食物通过鱼肠管时间(Y_p—h)与水温(X_t—℃)的关系为: 鲢Y_p=270.63 X_t~(0.6408) 鳙Y_p=280.46 X_t~(0.6642) 根据修正后Bajkov公式(D=C (24.A)/n),估算鱼的日粮。鱼日粮(Y_D)与水温(X_t)关系为: 鲢Y_D=0.2683e~(0.1503X_t) 鳙Y_D=0.0075X_t~(2.2715) 计算鱼在天然条件下周年月粮及年粮。鲢、鳙对天然饵料年消耗量分别为18.924公斤及17.39公斤,饵料系数分别为18.02及13.38。  相似文献   

2.
Seasonal variation in the plasma total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) have been repeatedly reported, with contradictory results regarding the pattern of seasonal variation of these parameters. Furthermore, it is still not well established whether the variation is due to changes in the nutrition or changes in physical activity depending on the season. The aim of this study was therefore to determine plasma TC and HDL-C in different groups of healthy participants: 19 vegetarians with a constant diet independent of the season, 14 athletes with almost constant physical activity over the year, and 114 controls in the age groups 20–26 years (mean age 24+1.5 years) and 40–48 years (mean age 44.3+2.1 years). Over 2 years, blood samples were collected every 2–3 months and were analyzed for plasma TC and HDL-C. At all visits, body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were calculated, and nutrition and physical activity profiles were obtained. The seasonal model was calculated using object-oriented software for the analysis of longitudinal data in S (OSWALD); multiple regression analysis was used to determine the influence of age, gender, diet, and physical activity on seasonal changes of the lipid parameters. In all groups, we found an annual rhythm of the plasma TC and HDL-C concentrations, which can be mathematically described by a sine curve with a maximum in winter and a minimum in summer. This rhythm was independent of the age, gender, BMI, diet, or physical activity. The observed seasonal differences between the maximum and the minimum were about 5%–10% for TC and about 5%–8% for HDL-C concentration. These differences were greater than the determined circadian (TC 3.5%, HDL-C 4%) and day-to-day changes for TC and HDL-C (coefficient of variation <5% for both). In conclusion, annual rhythm of TC and HDL-C is not primarily induced by seasonal differences in dietary intake or physical activity. Therefore, the annual rhythm in cholesterol levels is most likely determined by endogenous factors or factors directly related to seasonal changes in the environment. (Chronobiology International, 18(3), 541–557, 2001)  相似文献   

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4.
鼎湖山南亚热带森林细根生产力与周转   总被引:54,自引:3,他引:54       下载免费PDF全文
 报道了鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林和针阔叶混交林群落0~40cm土层中细根(≤2mm和2~5mm)的现存量、死亡量、生产力和周转率,并比较了用“连续钻取土芯法”和“埋无根土柱法”来估算表层土(0~20cm)细根生产力的差异。结果表明:在0~40cm土层中,季风常绿阔叶林≤2mm和2~5mm细根现存量分别为6.59t·hm-2和4.81t·hm-2,死根比率各为29.9%和22.9%;针阔叶混交林≤2mm和2~5mm细根现存量分别为5.35t·hm-2和4.24t·hm-2,死根比率各为34.4%和24.0%。细根现存量的季节性变化不显著。季风常绿阔叶林细根年分解量、年死亡量和年净生产力分别为0.90,1.59,2.65t·hm-2·a-1 (≤2mm)和0.41,0.63,1.25t·hm-2·a-1(2~5mm),针阔叶混交林的相应数值各为0.80,1.4l,2.42t·hm-2·a-1(≤2mm)和0.37,0.62,1.21t·hm-2·a-1(2~5mm)。季风常绿阔叶林细根年周转率为0.57 (≤2mm)和0.34次·a-1(2~5mm),针阔叶混交林分别为0.69(≤2mm)和0.38次·a-1(2~5mm)。  相似文献   

5.
Summary In the male edible dormouse, it has been proposed that the annual temperature cycle is the major external factor triggering annual biological rhythms in this hibernating species. The present study was designed to explore (i) the effects of suppression of the annual thermoperiodic cycle under natural photoperiodic conditions, and (ii) the effects of acute exposure to a warm environment on basal plasma T4 levels observed during hibernation. The results of the first experiment demonstrate an absence of circannual cycles of hibernation, body weight, and endocrine thyroid and gonadal functions in the absence of annual fluctuations of temperature (constant warm environment at 24°C) despite the maintenance of a normal photoperiodic cycle. On the other hand, acute exposure to 24°C during the late stage of hibernation stimulated thyroid function as expressed by a consistent transitory rise in plasma T4 concentrations, which was maximal within 7 days and restored to basal levels after 14 days. These findings are in close agreement with the concept that in the edible dormouse, the annual thyroid cycle is synchronized with the annual temperature cycle. Moreover, the present study, combined with prior data indicating that the thyroid cycle induces the testis cycle, suggests that the ambient temperature cycle may be intricately involved in the control of neuroendocrine cycles in dormice, although the mechanism is still unknown.  相似文献   

6.
Abstract. This study examined the influence of the fungal endophyte Neotyphodium lolii on the competitive interactions between its perennial, cool season host, Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass), and a warm season, annual grass, Digitaria sanguinalis (large crabgrass), in densely planted stands (>1000 plant.m?2) in the glasshouse. Endophyte infection had little or no effect on L. perenne tiller production, above‐ or below‐ground biomass or root: shoot ratio in monoculture. However, endophyte infection significantly reduced L. perenne tiller production and above‐ground biomass in mixtures with D. sanguinalis. Conversely, D. sanguinalis had significantly higher above‐ground biomass and yielded more seed (g) when competing with endophyte infected L. perenne. An apparent trade‐off between allocation of resources to reproductive vs root tissues was observed in D. sanguinalis– root: shoot ratio was significantly lower when competing with endophyte infected L. perenne. Results indicate negative ecological consequences for harbouring the fungal endophyte when competing with the fast growing annual grass in newly established stands. These findings underscore the existence of a physiological cost of harbouring the fungal endophyte which is often overlooked.  相似文献   

7.
灰麝鼩的种群数量变动   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
汇集了1989~1996年云南保山市坝区的调查资料和其它地区的文献资料,对灰麝鼩种群数量变动进行了分析,灰麝鼩集中分布于海拔1650m的保山市坝区,具有较强的区域性和海拔高度的局限性特征.种群相对数量高峰分别出现在6月和8~12月.灰麝鼩的年变动在保山坝区居民区鼠型小兽群落中组成相对稳定.  相似文献   

8.
Dynamics of annual communities are studied in Sudano-Sahelian savannas of the north of the Cameroon. The vegetation composition of three types of soil (a vertisol, a degraded vertisol and a ferruginous soil) under two rainfall conditions is compared. The study supports the idea that intense fluctuations in water availability at the beginning of the rainy season determine which species germinate, grow and survive under conditions of water stress. However soil conditions can accentuate or reduce the influence of the rainfall fluctuations while the land use history of each station tends to buffer the variations of the overall pattern determining potential vegetation.  相似文献   

9.
Zhao J  Dong Y  Xie X B  Li X  Zhang X X  Shen X 《农业工程》2011,31(4):212-216
Soil pH is an important factor affecting the availability of soil nutrients that impact plant growth. Given the susceptibility of soil pH to excessive fertilization and the widespread use of manures, it is essential to examine the influence of soil pH on the distribution and availability of soil nutrients. We sampled and analyzed brown soils from pear orchards in thirteen towns in Wendeng county. Samples were obtained from areas along or between rows of trees at specified distances and depths. The results showed that the soil pH fluctuated from 4.06 to 6.59 in October 2008 and from 4.24 to 7.57 in April 2009. The quantity of soil samples with pH below 5.50 increased by 34.6%. Analysis of the soil pH for samples obtained along the rows of trees showed that the pH decreased as the depth increased (except for the range 5.5 to 6.0); soil pH in the samples obtained between the rows of trees demonstrated different trends. The average organic matter (O.M.) content as well as the N (NH4+) and available P, K, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn contents in the samples collected in October 2008 were higher than those observed in April 2009. Conversely, the values for other available nutrients were lower than those in the samples collected in April 2009. The available nutrients and organic matter (O.M.) content in different pH ranges varied. The soil pH was significantly or very significantly correlated with N (NH4+ and NO3-), available K, Cu, Fe, and exchangeable Ca for the October 2008 samples, while a significant or very significant correlation existed between N (NH4+), available P, Zn, exchangeable Ca, and exchangeable Mg for the April 2009 samples. The correlations between soil pH and the amounts of available nutrients and organic matter (O.M.) along the rows of trees in September 2009 were nearly consistent with those between the rows.  相似文献   

10.
Questions: 1. Do harvester ants (Messor barbarus) promote seed mortality in Mediterranean grassland?; 2. Is this effect greater in large‐seeded species? Location: Central Spain. Methods: We established an ant‐exclusion experiment of five circular (1.5 m diameter) plots from where ants were excluded during one year, along with ten control plots. We recorded the seed bank of all species in the plots both before and after the treatment. The effect of seed length and weight was analysed after transforming data into phylogenetically independent contrasts, and alternatively by dividing the species data set into morphological groups. Results: Longer and heavier seeded species significantly increased in the seed banks under the exclusion treatment, although ants did not significantly modify overall seed densities. Conclusions Although the ants do not collect large numbers of seeds, they differentially affect the composition of the seed banks by selecting the longest or heaviest seeds, or both. The persistence of this short‐term effect in the seed bank may result, over a number of years, in the system evolving towards a predominance of small‐seeded annuals, congruent with the species composition actually observed in Mediterranean grasslands.  相似文献   

11.
Soil pH is an important factor affecting the availability of soil nutrients that impact plant growth. Given the susceptibility of soil pH to excessive fertilization and the widespread use of manures, it is essential to examine the influence of soil pH on the distribution and availability of soil nutrients. We sampled and analyzed brown soils from pear orchards in thirteen towns in Wendeng county. Samples were obtained from areas along or between rows of trees at specified distances and depths. The results showed that the soil pH fluctuated from 4.06 to 6.59 in October 2008 and from 4.24 to 7.57 in April 2009. The quantity of soil samples with pH below 5.50 increased by 34.6%. Analysis of the soil pH for samples obtained along the rows of trees showed that the pH decreased as the depth increased (except for the range 5.5 to 6.0); soil pH in the samples obtained between the rows of trees demonstrated different trends. The average organic matter (O.M.) content as well as the N (NH4+) and available P, K, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn contents in the samples collected in October 2008 were higher than those observed in April 2009. Conversely, the values for other available nutrients were lower than those in the samples collected in April 2009. The available nutrients and organic matter (O.M.) content in different pH ranges varied. The soil pH was significantly or very significantly correlated with N (NH4+ and NO3-), available K, Cu, Fe, and exchangeable Ca for the October 2008 samples, while a significant or very significant correlation existed between N (NH4+), available P, Zn, exchangeable Ca, and exchangeable Mg for the April 2009 samples. The correlations between soil pH and the amounts of available nutrients and organic matter (O.M.) along the rows of trees in September 2009 were nearly consistent with those between the rows.  相似文献   

12.
 本文通过北京和唐山多年多点田间试验,研究了黄淮海地区夏玉米田苗后放任和免除自生一年生杂草生长的相对时间与夏玉米相对产量的函数关系,并据此导出了该区夏玉米田一年生杂草的生态经济防治阈期计算模型。结果发现,该区夏玉米田一年生杂草的生态经济防治阈期约处在夏玉米苗后总生育期的(天)第11.2—50.9%之间。该区夏玉米生长季节中只要此期田间保持无草,便可望以最小的代价和费用,最大限度地使杂草弃害扬利,从而获得较高的生态经济除草效益。  相似文献   

13.
2002-2004年对中国10省(市)221个县(市)的一年生野生大豆资源进行了考察,新发现有野生大豆分布的县(市)45个,收集野生大豆资源814份.通过考察发现野生大豆在中国分布面积锐减,濒危状况严重.  相似文献   

14.
布氏田鼠数量和空间分布的年际动态及周期性初步分析   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5  
布氏田鼠的分布特点是避开山丘,季节河河床和芨芨草滩;主要分布在季节河两侧,分布区缩小时,向季节河两侧收缩,布氏田鼠年动态是否有周期性尚难以下最后的结论,但存在季节动态是可以肯定的,布氏田鼠在其地理分布中心区和边缘区的种群年际动态可能存在差异,中心区的种群动态相对可能稳定些,边缘区的种群波动可能大些。  相似文献   

15.
倪健  张新时 《Acta Botanica Sinica》1997,39(12):1147-1159
试图利用大气年平均气温、年降水量、可能蒸散和土壤水分平衡之间的关系建立一个水热积指数,并应用年平均气温、年土壤水分盈亏值和水热积指数三个气候变量来限定植物群落组合,构成一个圆形的生命-气候图式。根据全国689个标准气象台站的气候资料,计算了中国8个植被地带和26个亚地带的年平均气温、年土壤水分盈亏和水热积指数,绘制了各气候指标在中国的分布图及散点图,较好表现了中国各植被类型与气候指标的关系和格局,包括寒温带针叶林、冷温带针阔叶混交林、暖温带落叶阔叶林、亚热带常绿阔叶林、热带雨林和季雨林、温带草原、温带荒漠、青藏高原高寒植被,并得到了中国各植被地带的气候指标范围及界限。通过分析可以看出,年平均气温的等值线较好地反映了中国大陆的热量梯度,经度和纬度方向的区分均较明显;年土壤水分盈亏曲线的等值线则比较零乱;综合了热量和水分差异的水热积指数等值线与热量梯度和水分梯度均有一定的对应性,与植被类型的对应也较好。这是在宏观尺度上进行的植被与气候关系研究的一种尝试。  相似文献   

16.
Analyzing the approaches that climatic factors affect the spatial variation of annual gross primary productivity (GPPyr) would improve our understanding on its spatial pattern. Based on network eddy covariance measurements and published data in literature, we separated GPPyr into radiation use efficiency (RUE) and annual absorbed photosynthesis active radiation (APARyr), where APARyr can be regarded as the product of the fraction of absorbed annual photosynthesis active radiation (FPARyr) and annual PAR (PARyr). Given that PARyr affects the spatial variation of GPPyr directly through itself, we investigated factors affecting the spatial variations of RUE and FPARyr, to reveal how climatic factors affect the spatial variation of GPPyr. Results suggest that the spatial variation of RUE was directly affected by annual mean air temperature (MAT) and annual mean CO2 mass concentration (ρcyr). The increasing MAT and ρcyr directly enhanced RUE. The increasing annual precipitation (MAP) directly prompted FPARyr. Therefore, MAT and ρcyr affected the spatial variation of GPPyr through altering RUE while the effect of MAP was achieved through altering FPARyr. Our study could also provide an alternative way for regional GPPyr assessment.  相似文献   

17.
自1984年4月至1999年8月,我们沿铁路轨道检测了农田中暮鼠(Calomys venustus)的多度,研究了种群密度、越冬种群结构和繁殖期长度之间的关系,发现种群具有增长、高数量和下降年份。将动物按照同生群(种群内在相同时间内出生的一些个体)分开,利用2×2列联表卡方检验对不同性别的越冬种群结构与数量(高数量和种群下降)间的关联性进行了分析。就高密度与种群密度下降年份中的同生群组成而言,不同密度的年份显示种群结构有显著差异。在数量增长和高密度的年份里,在繁殖季节的起始期,前一年秋季出生的个体比同年夏季出生的个体在数量上要占优势,而在同生群数量下降年份则相反,特别是雌性。高密度年份具有繁殖期缩短的特征,而种群增长年份繁殖期延长。结果表明,这些变化不能只归结于繁殖期长或繁殖率引起密度变化。我们的结论是:解释C·venustus种群消长不能仅考虑动物同生群本身,需要考虑其社会和环境因子的作用。  相似文献   

18.
An analysis of the circadian and circannual patterns of luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in male European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) held in outdoor aviaries is presented. On the basis of six daily time points, eight calendar dates, and seven individuals per sampling unit, we present a mathematical model developed to compare the two temporal patterns of secretion, the circadian and the circannual one. The superposition of four orthonormal trigonometric base functions, plus a constant, is used to examine the daily fluctuations. The contribution of the second harmonic was not the same at each calendar date. From the subsequent regression functions, hourly estimates of LH concentration were calculated and used to construct circannual cubic splines and an LH(t,T) function over the whole year. The model features indicate strong circannual and circadian components in the data. In addition, there appear to be two daily time regions of LH secretion: morning and afternoon. In particular, the afternoon maxima occur during photorefractoriness and early gonadal development; the morning maxima at the onset of photoinduction and late gonadal development. At the peak of gonadal activity (end of April), the highest LH levels occur during the photic input phase. It appears, then, that the circadian acrophase of LH secretion in male starlings fluctuates over the annual cycle of gonadal activity in a highly predictive and biologically interpretable manner. John Dittami and Hermann Prossinger: both authors contributed equally.  相似文献   

19.
秦岭北坡中国林蛙精巢显微结构的年周期变化   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
用光镜观察了秦岭北坡中国林蛙(Ranachensinensis)精巢显微结构的年周期变化,结合精巢系数的变化探讨其生殖规律。结果显示,秦岭北坡中国林蛙的生精周期属于非连续型。精巢系数的变化与精子发生的活动周期相一致。精子发生从每年5月开始,翌年4月结束,历时1年。生精周期可划分为5个时期。Ⅰ期,精原细胞增殖期,5~7月,精巢系数最小,精原细胞进行有丝分裂;Ⅱ期,精母细胞成熟分裂期,8~9月,精巢系数最大,精原细胞、精母细胞和精子细胞在生精小管内共存;Ⅲ期,精子形成期,9~1 0月,精子细胞变态形成精子;Ⅳ期,成熟精子贮存越冬期,1 1月至翌年2月,成熟精子贮存在生精小管中;V期,精子排放期,翌年3~5月,精巢系数显著下降,成熟精子从生精小管脱离,通过输精管道排出体外。  相似文献   

20.
生活史是鸟类生态学研究的重要内容之一,分析生活史的影响因子对于研究鸟类的生态适应具有重要意义。2007年3~9月,在广东省肇庆市江溪村对黄腹山鹪莺(Prinia flaviventris)和纯色山鹪莺(P.inornata)的繁殖参数进行了比较研究。结果表明:1)除筑巢集中期、窝卵数、巢捕食率和割草毁巢率外,两种山鹪莺各繁殖参数均存在显著性差异;2)黄腹山鹪莺的窝卵数相对较小,但卵重较大,而纯色山鹪莺则相反;3)与体重相似的9种雀形目鸟类相比,两种山鹪莺具有相对较高的年生产力;4)两种山鹪莺在部分繁殖参数上出现了分化,这可能是它们对不同巢捕食风险的响应,黄腹山鹪莺的巢捕食率相对较高,采取低窝卵数和高的卵重,而纯色山鹪莺则为高的窝卵数和低的卵重。  相似文献   

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