以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系立法思考

实现十九大报告提出的建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系的改革目标需要法治保障。建设自然保护地体系涉及的不同生态系统和多个管理部门、多方利益主体, 是一个巨大的复杂系统, 需要进行整体性、系统性的立法研究。目前, 国家正在推进国家公园体制改革并已将《国家公园法》列入十三届全国人大常委会立法计划。更需要我们从自然保护地立法体系建设的高度, 正确处理《国家公园法》与未来可能制定的《自然保护地法》的关系, 在《国家公园法》制定过程中为今后出台《自然保护地法》预留空间, 并建立相应的衔接机制, 统筹谋划并协同推进国家公园法与自然保护地立法。     

Feasibility of active handheld NDVI sensors for monitoring lichen ground cover

Vegetation indices are corner stones in vegetation monitoring. However, previous field studies on lichens and NDVI have been based on passive sensors. Active handheld sensors, with their own light sources, enables high-precision monitoring under variable ambient conditions. We investigated the use of handheld sensor NDVI for monitoring pale lichen cover across three study sites from boreal heathlands to High Arctic tundra (62–79 °N), and compared it with Sentinel-2 satellite NDVI. NDVI decreased with increasing cover of pale lichens but the correlation between active and satellite NDVI varied between areas. NDVI values declined with lichen cover and ranged from 0.4–0.18 when lichen cover was above 40%. Active ground measurements of NDVI explained 81% of the variation in the satellite NDVI values in Svalbard (High Arctic), while the relationships were lower (∼30% explained variation) in boreal regions (Troms-Finnmark and Røros). We show that active sensors are feasible for extracting information from lichen-dominated vegetation.     

京津冀城市群地区植被覆盖动态变化时空分析

基于MODIS NDVI遥感数据,采用线性回归分析、稳定性分析、重新标度极差分析等数理方法,反演了2005—2015年京津冀地区植被覆盖时空演变趋势和稳定性,并在此基础上对植被未来变化趋势进行评估和预测。结果表明:(1)2005—2015年京津冀地区植被覆盖度呈上升趋势(增长速率0.065/10年),增长过程经历两次飞跃期后,进入平稳波动阶段;(2)京津冀地区植被恢复以显著改善为主(47.45%),不显著变化区域占全区面积的三分之一(33.9%),主要以华北平原为中心展布,退化区域比重为6.8%,零星散布于各大城市周边;(3)京津冀地区植被持续恢复为主,植被覆盖持续改善区域比重超过一半以上(58.8%),反持续性改善比重为34.4%,主要集中在张家口、沧州以及保定东南地区;持续退化比重为4.8%,主要分布在天津、廊坊、沧州一带。研究结果将有助于辨识京津冀城市群地区的植被动态演化和生态网络连通性现状和趋势。     

土地利用演变对国家公园生态系统服务价值的影响——以三江源国家公园为例

研判土地利用演变对国家公园生态系统服务价值的影响,是推进国家公园生态文明体制建设的重要依据。为厘清土地利用演变对生态系统服务价值的影响效应,基于2000—2020年三江源国家公园土地利用数据,首先采用生态系统服务价值修正模型测算生态系统服务价值,继而运用价值变率模型、GIS空间分析方法刻画三江源国家公园生态系统服务价值演变的空间差异特征,最后引入交叉敏感性系数揭示三江源国家公园土地利用演变对生态系统服务价值的影响趋势。结果表明：(1)20年间三江源国家公园的土地利用演变表现为荒漠、草地、水体三地类间的互相转换,变化速率最大的时间段在2015—2020年,集中发生于长江源园区西北部和北部;(2)从时间序列来看,三江源国家公园的生态系统服务价值呈现“趋好”态势,其中,2015—2020年的变化量高达82.42亿元,草地和水体对园区生态环境贡献较大,土地利用类型的演变与生态系统服务价值存在一定的关联;(3)从空间演变来看,三江源国家公园三园区(长江源、黄河源和澜沧江源)的生态系统服务价值从高值到低值依次为：长江源>黄河源>澜沧江源,呈现出从西北向东南递增的分布特征;(4)土地利用...     

面向管理目标的国家公园生态监测指标体系构建与应用

国家公园具有生态系统保护、自然资源可持续利用等管理目标,这些管理目标的实现需要大量监测数据和信息的支持。对国家公园开展生态监测有助于了解国家公园内生态系统的动态变化并揭示管理活动的影响,从而为管理决策的规划和实施提供有用信息。为推动我国国家公园生态监测体系的建立,提出了面向管理目标的国家公园生态监测指标构建方法。该方法由确定国家公园生态监测目标、识别国家公园管理目标、识别国家公园关键生态过程、确定需要监测的生态过程并制定初始监测指标清单、确定最终监测指标清单5个部分组成。该方法在三江源国家公园进行了应用。三江源国家公园的管理目标包括生态系统保育、维持江河径流量持续稳定等13项,在区域、景观、生态系统和种群尺度上共识别出16个关键生态过程。通过匹配三江源国家公园的关键生态过程与管理目标,构建了一个由两级共93个指标组成的三江源国家公园生态监测指标体系,为三江源国家公园生态监测体系的构建奠定了基础。     

国家公园生态产品价值实现的机制及模式——以神农架国家公园为例

探究生态产品价值实现的机制及模式是国家公园加快生态文明建设、推动"绿水青山"向"金山银山"转化的关键。构建了国家公园社会-经济-自然复合生态系统,分析国家公园生态产品特征并划分类别,以神农架国家公园试点为例,探究了国家公园生态产品价值的实现路径与机制,建立了国家公园生态产品价值实现模式。结果表明:(1)国家公园复合生态系统由社会、经济和自然生态系统构成,形成一个相互影响、相互关联的整体。(2)国家公园生态产品具有生物生产性、资源稀缺性、人类收益性、地域整体性、政策依赖性、利益平衡性等特征,识别与分类生态产品有助于复合生态系统的平稳运行与健康发展,进而实现生态产品价值。(3)国家公园生态产品总体分为公共性、准公共性和经营性三类,并由政府主导、社区主导、市场主导与多主体复合型路径组成的价值实现路径体系完成价值实现。(4)国家公园生态产品价值实现机制由生态保护机制、经济发展机制、社区进步机制和协调保障机制四部分构成,服务于生态保护、产业发展和社区振兴三个目标。(5)国家公园生态产品价值实现过程中存在一定问题,以生态保护为首要任务、旅游发展为实现路径、社区振兴为核心目标,构建神农架国家公园"生态保护-旅游发展-社区振兴"共生模式,并进一步提出生态产品价值实现的生态旅游模式,以协调处理神农架国家公园复合生态系统结构内的矛盾,实现国家公园生态产品价值的最大化。综上所述,丰富了生态产品价值实现理论,并为国家公园生态产品价值实现模式提供了重要的科学依据与决策参考。国家公园"生态保护-旅游发展-社区振兴"的共生模式以及国家公园生态产品实现的生态旅游模式,将为国家公园生态产品价值的实现提供更加全面与有效的路径与模式。     

大尺度不透水面遥感估算方法比较——以京津唐为例

城市不透水面既是常用的城市化程度指标,也是衡量环境质量的重要指标。采用遥感技术准确提取城市不透水面并分析其空间扩张过程,对生态城市建设具有重要意义。基于Landsat 5 TM影像,采用NDVI二元法和线性光谱分解法,分别提取北京、天津和唐山3个城市不透水面信息,并将不透水面估算结果与近同期的ALOS影像提取结果对比验证。结果表明,线性光谱分解法获取的不透水面结果较好,RMSE为20.6%,能有效提取大范围的不透水面信息。     

Dynamic Modelling of Northeast China Transect Responses to Global Change-A Regional Vegetation Model Driven by Remote Sensing Information

A remote sensing driven dynamic simulation model was developed for terrestrial ecosystems. The model was encoded in C language under the environment of SPAMOD, a spatial simulation tool developed under MS Windows. The model was applied to Northeast China Transect to simulate the dynamics of green and non-green biomass of 12 vegetation categories as well as soil water of 3 layers. The green biomass was converted to normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of AVHRR remote sensing, and compared with the observed NDVI from 1986 to 1990. The model was also compared with ground measurements of biomass and productivity along the transect. Ambient CO2 concentration, monthly mean air temperature and monthly precipitation were regarded as the three basic driving variables for global change study. The model also included the effects of temperature and precipitation on sunshine fracti6n, relative humidity, radiation, soil water and eventually plant growth. For each CO2 and climatic scenario, the model was run for an equilibrium solution. The results indicated that the natural vegetation of the transect was very sensitive to variation of temperature and CO2 concentration. With CO2 remained unchanged and temperature increased by 4 CE, the induced increase in evapotranspiration could reduce the average biomass and net primary productivity (NPP) over the whole transect by 32.1% and 41.9 % respectively. In contrast, a 20 % increase in precipitation alone could lead to an increase of the average biomass and NPP by 8.1% and 13.4% respectively. Under the present climatic conditions, CO2 doubling could increase the average biomass and NPP by 12.2% and 17.1% respectively. Because of compensation between the positive effects of CO2 and precipitation increase and the negative effect of temperature increase, a comprehensive interaction among CO2 doubling, a 20% increase of precipitation and a 4 ℃ increase of temperature altogether can lead to approximately a 2% reduction in the biomass and NPP of the natural vegetation over the whole transect.     

三江源国家公园植被净初级生产力变化趋势及影响因素

净初级生产力(NPP)是评估全球气候变化和人类活动下生态系统状况、过程和机制的重要指标之一。研究以中国首批国家公园之一的三江源国家公园为对象,利用GLOPEM-CEVSA耦合模型,以1981—2018年空间插值的气象数据和基于遥感反演的FPAR数据为输入,分别估算仅气候驱动的潜在NPP(NPP_CL)和气候遥感共同驱动的现实NPP(NPP_RS),以二者之差厘定人类活动影响的NPP(NPP_HA),进而探究全球气候变化下人类活动的影响。结果表明：(1)三江源地区NPP_RS多年均值为309.70 g C m^-2 a^-1,占NPP_CL的61.65%。其中,黄河源、长江源和澜沧江源园区NPP_RS分别为249.88 g C m^-2 a^-1、140.18 g C m^-2 a^-1和330.55 g C m^-2 a^...     

Remote sensing of upland vegetation: the potential of high spatial resolution satellite sensors

Aim Traditional methodologies of mapping vegetation, as carried out by ecologists, consist primarily of field surveying or mapping from aerial photography. Previous applications of satellite imagery for this task (e.g. Landsat TM and SPOT HRV) have been unsuccessful, as such imagery proved to have insufficient spatial resolution for mapping vegetation. This paper reports on a study to assess the capabilities of the recently launched remote sensing satellite sensor Ikonos, with improved capabilities, for mapping and monitoring upland vegetation using traditional image classification methods. Location The location is Northumberland National Park, UK. Methods Traditional remote sensing classification methodologies were applied to the Ikonos data and the outputs compared to ground data sets. This enabled an assessment of the value of the improved spatial resolution of satellite imagery for mapping upland vegetation. Post‐classification methods were applied to remove noise and misclassified pixels and to create maps that were more in keeping with the information requirements of the NNPA for current management processes. Results The approach adopted herein for quick and inexpensive land cover mapping was found to be capable of higher accuracy than achieved with previous approaches, highlighting the benefits of remote sensing for providing land cover maps. Main conclusions Ikonos imagery proved to be a useful tool for mapping upland vegetation across large areas and at fine spatial resolution, providing accuracies comparable to traditional mapping methods of ground surveys and aerial photography.     

国家公园原住民对野生动物肇事的认知、意愿及其影响因素——以武夷山国家公园为例

国家公园原住民对野生动物肇事的态度直接影响野生动物保护政策有效实施以及人与野生动物共存机制。迄今,学术界鲜有从原住民认知与意愿角度探讨野生动物肇事的成果,基于自然保护地国家公园的相关研究尚未见报道。根据449份有效调查问卷及深度访谈数据,论文采用有序多分类Logistic回归方法,探讨武夷山国家公园原住民对野生动物肇事的认知、意愿及其影响因素。结果表明：（1）多数原住民经历过野生动物肇事,其农作物及牲畜受到严重损害,野猪（Sus scrofa）为研究区域主要的肇事动物。（2）种群数量增加、食物短缺和生存空间受限是野生动物肇事的主要原因。（3）学历、经历及认可政府应对肇事的方式对原住民防范野生动物肇事意愿的影响显著。在此基础上,提出遵循生态规律、保护栖息地、提升认知与意愿、实行社区共管、建立野生动物致害补偿机制以及引入野生动物致害赔偿保险等对策,希望能够深化对野生动物肇事特征及机理的科学认识,为有效缓解人与野生动物冲突、推进国家公园人与野生动物和谐提供政策参考。     

High resolution satellite imagery for tropical biodiversity studies: the devil is in the detail

While high resolution satellite remote sensing has been hailed as a very useful source of data for biodiversity assessment and monitoring, applications have been more developed in temperate areas. The biodiverse tropics offer a challenge of an altogether different magnitude for hyperspatial and hyperspectral remote sensing. This paper examines issues related to hyperspatial and hyperspectral remotely sensed imagery, which constitutes one of the most potentially powerful yet underutilized sources of for tropical research on biodiversity. Hyperspatial data with their increased pixel resolution are possibly best suited at facilitating the accurate location of features such as tree canopies, but less suited to the identification of aspects such as species identity, particularly when spatial resolution becomes too fine and pixels are smaller than the size of the object (e.g., tree canopy) being identified. Hyperspectral data on the other hand, with their high spectral resolution, can be used to record information pertaining to a range of critical plant properties related to species identity, and can be very effective used for discriminating tree species in tropical forests, despite the greater complexity of such environments. There remains a glaring gap in the easy availability of hyperspectral and hyperspatial satellite data in the tropics due to reasons of cost, data coverage, and security restrictions. Stimulating discussion on the applications of this powerful, but underutilized tool by ecologists, is the first step in promoting a more extensive use of such data for ecological studies in tropical biodiversity rich areas.     

1982-2020年内蒙古地区极端气候变化及其对植被的影响

内蒙古地处生态环境脆弱区,对气候变化尤为敏感。在全球气候变暖背景下,探究极端气候变化及其影响显得尤为重要。基于内蒙古地区115个气象站点1982—2020年的逐日气象数据,从强度、持续时间、频率3个维度出发计算了18个极端气候指数,在综合分析极端气候的时空变化特征的基础上,运用地理探测器和皮尔逊相关分析方法,定量评估极端气候对该区植被的影响。结果表明：(1)极端暖指数均呈增加趋势,说明1982—2020年期间内蒙古地区极端偏暖现象增多。(2)持续干旱日数与持续湿润日数呈减少趋势,说明39年来内蒙古地区连续性无降水天数和降水天数均减少。(3)极端气候指数与归一化植被指数(NDVI)的相关关系表现出明显的空间异质性,表明内蒙古不同区域NDVI对各极端气候指数的响应程度不同。(4)因子探测器结果表明极端降水指数相对于极端气温指数来说,对内蒙古植被生长变化的影响较大。研究结果可为内蒙古地区防灾减灾与生态修复工程提供一定的科学依据。     

The complexity of the conservation-development nexus in Central African national parks and the perceptions of local populations

Conservation programmes of recent decades aimed to adopt an approach that addresses biodiversity conservation goals through socio-economic tools and to better integrate the human dimension into biodiversity conservation. Yet, to analyse this complex conservation-development nexus, studying conservation perceptions of local populations are crucial to understand the dynamics and establish sound conservation-development management policies. Therefore, we aim to identify the key determinants of conservation perceptions in the Central African context in order to implement successful local and regional conservation strategies. Conservation perceptions of two national parks’ adjacent populations were examined through household surveys, adapted from the Poverty-Environment Network (PEN), in Rwanda and Republic of Congo. Outcomes were statistically analysed to identify the most important factors affecting perceptions about conservation measures. Using a nonlinear canonical correlation analysis, we found that economic factors (e.g. salary, savings, cattle size) and education positively affect conservation perceptions while ecosystem-dependent factors such as hunting and gathering other non-timber forest products have negative effects. Though, we identified a significant difference between two sites, whereby, conservation perceptions are negatively affected by bushmeat factors in Republic of Congo, and NTFP in Rwanda. In addition, our study showed that resource use and rights play a major role in communities’ perceptions and that revenue-sharing projects have a key impact on the perceptions. To ensure sound conservation and development measures, revenue-sharing schemes focusing on material benefits and alternative livelihoods may provide the best approach if participation of communities in the decision-making process is ensured. In this optic, improving education levels will raise awareness and positive perceptions of conservation measures. Development measures should target poor households as they appear to be more conservation-adverse. We conclude that in depth research on local demands for ecosystem products, relationships among stakeholders and community decision power are crucial factors to understand the complexity of the conservation-development nexus.     

气候变化和人类活动对祁连山国家公园植被净初级生产力的定量影响

祁连山国家公园作为西北地区重要的生态安全屏障和水源涵养地,研究其植被变化对西北地区的生态安全具有重要意义。基于2000—2019年祁连山国家公园的MOD17A3遥感数据,利用一元线性回归、偏相关分析、多元线性回归和残差分析等方法,分析了祁连山国家公园植被净初级生产力(NPP)的时空态势及其与降水、气温和人类活动的相关性,在此基础上量化气候变化和人类活动对植被NPP的影响。结果表明：(1)2000—2019年祁连山国家公园植被NPP整体呈波动上升趋势,且空间上呈东高西低的分布格局,其多年平均值为113.14 g C m^-2 a^-1,年均增长量达1.41 g C m^-2 a^-1;(2)植被NPP与降水、气温均呈正相关,其中降水对植被NPP影响更为显著;(3)人类活动区植被NPP总体呈增加趋势,与2016年相比,2019年人类活动区植被NPP增加的面积占87%,植被NPP降低的面积占13%;(4)在植被恢复区,气候变化和人类活动对植被恢复分别解释了92%和8%;在植被退化区,气候变化和人类活动对植被退化分...     

Ecosystem dynamics through the past 2000 years as revealed by fossil mammals from Lamar cave in Yellowstone National Park,USA

Lamar Cave, a late Holocene paleontological site in Yellowstone National Park, USA, has yielded 36 fossil mammal species from 10 stratigraphic units representing about 2000 years. The fossil fauna is similar to the mammals in the park today and affords a unique opportunity to investigate paleocommunity and ecosystem dynamics through time.

Remains of an extralimital species in Yellowstone today, Microtus ochrogaster are found only in the oldest cave deposits, dated at 1695 ± 60 yr B.P. Disappearance of this species by about 1550 years ago marks evolution into the ecosystem that has persisted into the present and is recognizable by a fossil mammal assemblage that is virtually identical to the modern one. Relative abundance fluctuations in the mammal populations imply community resilience through the past 2000 years. Trends in relative abundances of small mammals, particularly the inverse relationship between Microtus and Spermophilus are interpreted as evidence of declining grass cover near Lamar Cave between approximately 1500 and 1000 years ago. The initiation of this environmental change may well have stimulated the ecosystem change marked by Microtus ochrogaster extirpation. Support for this hypothesis is found in a pollen record from a nearby lake.     

Decadal dynamics of tree cover in an Australian tropical savanna

Spatio‐temporal variation in tropical savanna tree cover remains poorly understood. We aimed to quantify the drivers of tree cover in tropical mesic savannas in Kakadu National Park by relating changes in tree cover over 40 years to: mean annual rainfall, fire activity, initial tree cover and prior changes in tree cover. Aerial photography, acquired in 1964, 1984 and 2004, was obtained for fifty sites in Kakadu that spanned a rainfall gradient from approximately 1200 to 1600 mm. The remotely sensed estimates of tree cover were validated via field survey. Linear mixed effects modelling and multi‐model inference were used to assess the strength and form of the relationships between tree cover and predictor variables. Over the 40 years, tree cover across these savannas increased on average by 4.94 ± 0.88%, but was spatio‐temporally variable. Tree cover showed a positive albeit weak trend across the rainfall gradient. The strength of this positive relationship varied over the three measurement times, and this suggests that other factors are important in controlling tree cover. Tree cover was positively related to prior tree cover, and negatively correlated with fire activity. Over 20 years tree cover was more likely to increase if (i) tree cover was initially low or (ii) had decreased in the previous 20‐year interval or (iii) there had been fewer fires. Across the examined rainfall gradient, the greater variability in fire activity and inherently higher average tree cover at the wetter latitudes resulted in greater dynamism of tree cover compared with the drier latitudes. This is consistent with savanna tree cover being determined by interactions between mean annual rainfall, tree competition and frequent fire in these tropical mesic savannas.