伊犁鼠兔的发现与研究进展

作者自1983年发现伊犁鼠兔以来,完成了新种的分类命名,并对其栖息分布、种群数量、个体生态、昼夜活动节律、毛被和季节性换毛序、人工饲养、与疫病关系等内容开展了～系列的研究工作。在伊犁鼠兔被发现20周年之际,又对伊犁鼠兔的生存现状、栖息环境的变迁、受胁因素等内容做了调查,依据世界自然保护联盟物种生存委员会(IUCN／SSC)制订的《世界物种红色名录濒危等级的判断标准》(3．1版)对伊犁鼠兔濒危等级做了重新评估。多年的研究资料表明,伊犁鼠兔是一种古老、残留、发现较晚的兔形目动物。由于生态习性特殊,分布局限,种群过度破碎,呈数量稀少的小种群生活状态,加之恶劣栖息环境的影响,伊犁鼠兔已处于濒临灭绝的状态。     

重引入丹顶鹤在黑龙江林甸和江苏盐城成功繁育后代

正丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)是国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物,IUCN濒危物种(EN),野外种群数量仅2 600只左右(崔多英等2017)。根据2015至2017年对江苏盐城丹顶鹤越冬种群数量调查,丹顶鹤西部迁徙种群的数量呈逐年下降趋势,原因尚不得而知。中国动物园有圈养丹顶鹤1 248只(崔多英等2017),分布在中国动物园协会所属62家会员单位。开展濒危物种重引入项目是恢复、壮大野生丹顶鹤种群的有效措施,将为拯救濒危物种—     

关于物种濒危等级标准之探讨--对IUCN物种濒危等级的思考

为了保存地球上的生物多样性,我们需要根据物种的种群数量与分布、种群数量波动与分布区下降速率来评定濒危物种的濒危等级,并针对物种的濒危等级提出具体的保护措施。1994年11月,IUCN第40次理事会会议正式通过了经过修订的Mace-Lande物种濒危等级标准作为IUCN物种濒危等级标准。IUCN濒危物种红色名录虽然不是国际法和国家法律,但是对于政府间组织、非政府组织的保护决策以及各国的自然法律法规的制定有着深远的影响,在保护生物学理论研究中也发挥了一定作用。我们在研究制定中国水生野生生物濒危等级标准时发现,如果直接应用IUCN物种濒危等级标准评定水生野生生物濒危等级将存在一些问题。如：(1)如何区别对待那些本来就数量稀少、分布区狭窄的物种和那些由于人类活动而导致其种群数量与生境面积急剧下降的物种?(2)不同的动物类群能否应用同一濒危标准尺度?(3)如何区别对待物种边缘分布区和核心分布区的种群数量与密度的差异?(4)如何处理种群的局部灭绝、局部濒危?(5)一些濒危物种在野生环境中濒危,但是这些物种可以人工繁殖,如何处理可以人工繁殖的濒危物种?(6)如果没有种群与栖息地的精确历史资料和统计数据,怎样应用物种的濒危标准评估其濒危等级?在实践中,我们针对这些问题提出了解决方案。考虑与国际流行的IUCN物种濒危等级标准接轨,我们提出来一个由“无危”、“值得关注”、“受胁”、“濒危”和“灭绝”等5个级构成的濒危等级系统,其中“值得关注”、“受胁”、“濒危”又分为“一般”与“高度”两个亚等级。我们提出应区分“生态濒危物种”、“进化濒危物种”;对于不同生物类群,应区分物种的生活史对策,制定不同生活史物种的濒危标准。对于r-对策物种,引入“经济灭绝”这一等级,将这一等级对应于“受胁”等级,以解决缺少物种数量的统计数据和历史数据这一难题;区别对待特有物种,将其濒危等级提升一等;引进集合种群(metapopulation)概念,将集合种群的局域种群(local population)作为“个体”对待。     

一种醇类雄性不育剂对高原鼠兔精子的影响

高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae),隶属于兔形目(Lagomorpha),鼠兔科(Ochotonidae),又名黑唇鼠兔,主要分布于青藏高原及其边缘地带,栖息于海拔4 000 m左右的宽谷草原草甸区(王酉之和胡锦矗,1999),在食物链中扮演着重要的角色,是青藏高原草原生态系统中的关键物种.近年来随着全球变暖、若尔盖湿地水位下降等因素,高原鼠兔在若尔盖湿地繁殖加快,高原鼠兔成了危害草原生态系统的主要害兽(刘少英,2005).1997年,若尔盖湿地高原鼠兔平均种群密度为6 400只/km2(刘少英和冉江洪,1999),据我们2007年的调查显示,平均种群数量上升到25 000只/km2,控制鼠兔数量迫在眉睫.     

极小种群广东含笑野外资源现状

为掌握极小种群广东含笑(Michelia guangdongensis)的种质资源现状并评估其濒危等级, 本文对广东含笑原生地——广东石门台国家级自然保护区及其邻近地区进行了系统的野外调查。结果表明: (1)目前发现广东含笑有4个野外分布区, 其中广东石门台国家级自然保护区红珠岩段和英德上天堂为首次报道。(2)船底顶是广东含笑最集中的分布区, 种群数量最多, 约有1,100株; 英德上天堂种群数量最少, 只有20株。(3)依据IUCN全球物种濒危等级评估标准, 广东含笑应当被评为濒危(EN, B1a + B2a)。     

狼分布于三江并流区南部区域的实证资料

正狼Canis lupus在世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)濒危物种红色名录中被列为无危(LC)物种(IUCN,2017),是《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约(CITES)》附录Ⅱ物种,在《中国哺乳类红色名录》中为易危(VU)物种(蒋志刚,2015)。中国是野生狼种群数量最多的国家之一,很多国外研究者认为狼仅分布在中国北部(Nowak,2003;Larson et al.,2014;IUCN,2017),或者中国南部历     

中国两栖动物受威胁现状评估

为了了解我国两栖动物受威胁现状和致危因素, 进而制定相关的保护措施和开展国际合作, 本文依据中国两栖动物野生种群与生境现状, 利用《IUCN物种红色名录濒危等级和标准》(3.1版)和《IUCN物种红色名录标准在国家或地区的应用指南》(4.0版), 对中国已知的408种两栖动物的濒危状况进行了评估, 并编制了《中国两栖动物红色名录》。评估结果表明: 中国两栖动物有1种灭绝, 1种区域灭绝, 受威胁的两栖动物共计176种, 占评估物种总数的43.1%, 明显高于《IUCN濒危物种红色名录》(2015)的物种受威胁率(30.8%)。中国两栖动物特有种272种, 其中48.9%属于受威胁物种。中国两栖动物受威胁比例最高的目是有尾目(63.4%), 明显高于无尾目(39.0%); 受威胁比例最高的科是隐鳃鲵科(Cryptobranchidae) (仅有1种, 100%受威胁), 小鲵科(Hynobiidae) (86.7%)和叉舌蛙科(Dicroglossidae) (78.1%)。有11个省区的受威胁物种数占本省区两栖动物物种总数的30%及以上, 前3位分别是四川(40.8%)、广西(39.2%)和云南(37%)。中国大多数两栖动物物种分布在西南山地和华南地区, 以海拔2,000 m以下区域为主。栖息地退化或丧失、捕捉、环境污染列受威胁两栖动物致危因子的前3位。鉴于中国两栖动物区系的复杂性和独特性, 进一步加强两栖动物资源调查、种群和生境监测及相关科学研究, 仍是今后一段时期开展两栖动物多样性保护和濒危物种拯救行动的关键性基础工作。     

2004年拯救普氏原羚国际研讨会召开

普氏原羚(Gazelle przewalskii)是我国特有物种,目前其分布地仅局限于青海省青海湖环湖部分区域,种群数量仅300多只,是日前世界上最濒危的有蹄类动物。1988年,普氏原羚被列为国家一级保护动物,1996年被世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)评定为极危(CR)级动物。     

IUCN受威胁物种红色名录进展及应用

IUCN受威胁物种红色名录已经成为世界上最全面的关于全球动物、真菌和植物物种灭绝风险状况的信息来源, 是生物多样性健康的关键指标, 是促进生物多样性保护和决策的有力工具。本文全面介绍IUCN受威胁物种红色名录(简称IUCN红色名录)的发展以及应用状况, 积极推动其在中国的物种评估和广泛应用。总结了IUCN红色名录从依赖于评估专家的主观意志决定物种濒危等级的濒危物种红皮书(Red Data Book)到IUCN受威胁物种等级和标准(3.1版)的客观量化和所有门类使用统一标准的过程。该等级体系可囊括全球所有物种, 其中“受威胁”的3个等级——极危(CR)、濒危(EN)或易危(VU)需使用5个标准进行量化评估, 对评估规范有非常严格的要求。该等级和标准体系不仅适用于全球层面, 同样也适用于地区层面物种评估, 只是在具体物种种群如果和周边其他地区(国家)存在种群交流情况时, 评估结果要进行调整。迄今为止, 全球层面使用该等级体系和标准评估了14万多种(其中在中国有分布的物种10,846种), 100多个国家和地方制定了地区/国家层面的红色名录, 中国红色名录评估了5.5万多种。IUCN红色名录已广泛应用于评估生物多样性变化速度; 为保护规划提供决策信息; 支持履行国际公约、修订国家/地区重点保护物种名录和自然保护地管理等; 指导资源有效合理分配和宣传教育等。广泛应用过程中, 讨论主要集中在获取数据的方法改进上; 另外, 一方面有专家认为标准存在缺陷需要完善, 另一方面有呼吁维持标准的长期相对稳定, 以便进行跨时间、跨区域、跨物种门类的比较。本文提出来了中国红色名录的持续机制和应用建议, 包括建立中国红色名录委员会、建立中国红色名录专业网站、发展评估专家队伍、建立中国红色名录评估更新机制, 以及加强国际协作、促进全球和中国红色名录的应用和发展。     

都支杜鹃地理分布及种群现状分析

在查阅相关文献及标本的基础上,对杜鹃属(Rhododendron L.)种类都支杜鹃(R.shanii Fang)的地理分布和种群现状进行了全面调查分析,并对该种的濒危级别进行了评价.结果表明:都支杜鹃为大别山狭域分布种,分布范围仅限于安徽省岳西县、霍山县与湖北省英山县三县交界处面积110 km2的狭长区域内,主要生于海拔1400m以上的山脊或靠近山脊的山坡上.目前仅存11个自然种群,种群占有面积总和1.2 km2;其中含有成年个体的种群有10个,成年个体总数仅存约5 400株;种群中幼体和亚成体数量远少于成年个体且大多分布于种群的边缘地带.各种群的面积和规模差别悬殊;最大种群占有面积40 hm2,最小种群占有面积2 hm2;成年个体数量上千的种群有2个,个体数量不超过100株的种群有3个.该种的地理分布呈不连续分布,生境片断化明显.根据调查结果及IUCN濒危物种红色名录分级标准,可确定都支杜鹃濒危级别至少应为易危级(vulnerable,VU).     

Genetic structure and differentiation of four populations of Afghan Pika (Ochotona rufescens) in Iran based on mitochondrial cytochrome b gene

The population genetics of the Afghan Pika (Ochotona rufescens) was studied in Northern Khorasan Province, Iran. For prediction of the genetic differentiation of four populations, the DNA of mitochondrial cytochrome b of 32 individuals from four areas was sequenced and a Bayesian analysis based on the HKY model was constructed. In total, 15 polymorphic sites, 1125 conserved sites (98.7%) and 14 different haplotypes were found. The phylogenetic tree resulting from the Bayesian analysis and network analysis showed that all samples were clustered in two major groups and the haplotypes of the four populations did not separate geographically. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that a large majority of the genetic variance was due to the variance within populations. The results of fixation indices showed significant genetic structure among populations in both methods. The pairwise F_st revealed that two northern populations have a significant genetic differentiation from two southern populations, but no significance pairwise F_st value was demonstrated between the closed populations. Nei's genetic distances between closed populations were not significant, while significant values occurred between distant populations. It seems that there is not a major discontinuity between populations of Afghan Pika based on cyt-b mitochondrial gene. However, phylogenetic analysis did not separate populations and a large majority of the genetic variance was found within populations. However, AMOVA analysis showed a significant level of genetic structure among populations (p?<?0.001) and between groups (p?<?0.5). It seems that these results suggest shallow genetic differentiation between populations of different geographic groups.     

基于ISSR标记和线粒体Cyt b基因分析高原鼠兔的遗传多样性及其遗传分化

高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)是青藏高原的特有动物和关键种。本实验应用ISSR分子标记和细胞色素b(Cytochrome b,Cytb)基因序列分析了雅鲁藏布江两岸高原鼠兔4个种群的遗传多样性和遗传分化。结果显示,两种标记所得到的4个种群的遗传多样性都较高,并以Cytb基因为指标的遗传多样性水平在种群间体现出较大差异。在ISSR标记中,分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明种群间的遗传变异为13.50%,种群分化较低且UPGMA聚类时江北岸与南岸的种群有交叉;而在Cytb基因中遗传变异主要发生在种群间,占79.24%,种群间存在着显著的遗传分化,且江北岸和南岸的两个种群分别聚为一类。研究结果表明,mtDNA基因在反映种群遗传多样性和遗传分化上较ISSR分子标记相对具有优势。     

Phylogenetic relationships of five pika species (genus Ochotona) based on mitochondrial DNA restriction maps

Restriction site mapping of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) with 16 restriction endonucleases was used to examine the phylogenetic relationships of Ochotona cansus, O. huangensis, O. thibetana, O. curzoniae and O. erythrotis. A 1-kb length variation between 0. erythrotis of subgenus Pika and other four species of subgenus Ochotona was observed, which may be a useful genetic marker for identifying the two subgenera. The phylogenetic tree constructed using PAUP based on 61 phylogenetically informative sites suggests that O. aythrotis diverged first, followed by O. cansus, while O. atrzoniae and O. huangensis are sister taxa related to O. thibetana. The results indicate that both O. cansus and O. huangensis should be treated as independent species. If the base substitution rate of pikas mtDNA was 2% per million years, then the divergence time of the two subgenera, Pika and Ochotona, is about 8.8 Ma ago of late Miocence, middle Bao-dian of Chinese mammalian age, and the divergence of the four species in subgenus     

Population monitoring of the endangered New?Zealand spider,

The endangered New?Zealand widow spider, Latrodectus katipo, is believed to have undergone marked population decline over the last 30 years, but as monitoring methods are time- and labour-intensive, and require observers to have a high level of experience, the current status of many populations is unknown. We investigated the use of artificial cover objects (ACOs) as an alternative monitoring tool for L. katipo at three sites at Himatangi Beach, Manawatu, New?Zealand, from late 2004 through to mid-2005. Occupancy rates of the ACOs were compared with population densities obtained from habitat searches, to assess their efficacy as a monitoring tool. Numbers of the introduced spider, Steatoda capensis, which may be a competitor of L.?katipo, were also recorded during habitat searches. ACOs were reliable monitoring tools, with occupancy rates higher at the site with the highest L.?katipo population density. Latrodectus katipo populations were found to have highly female biased sex-ratios, with a longer breeding season at Himatangi than reported previously at other sites. Steatoda capensis exists at much higher population densities than L.?katipo at Himatangi. However, fluctuations in the populations of the two species appear to be unrelated. ACOs could be used as a non-destructive monitoring tool for many other arachnid species.     

Novel and diverse integron integrase genes and integron-like gene cassettes are prevalent in deep-sea hydrothermal vents

The lack of information about mobile DNA in deep-sea hydrothermal vents limits our understanding of the phylogenetic diversity of the mobile genome of bacteria in these environments. We used culture-independent techniques to explore the diversity of the integron/mobile gene cassette system in a variety of hydrothermal vent communities. Three samples, which included two different hydrothermal vent fluids and a mussel species that contained essentially monophyletic sulfur-oxidizing bacterial endosymbionts, were collected from Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin, Japan, and Pika site, Mariana arc. First, using degenerate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers, we amplified integron integrase genes from metagenomic DNA from each sample. From vent fluids, we discovered 74 new integrase genes that were classified into 11 previously undescribed integron classes. One integrase gene was recorded in the mussel symbiont and was phylogenetically distant from those recovered from vent fluids. Second, using PCR primers targeting the gene cassette recombination site (59-be), we amplified and subsequently identified 60 diverse gene cassettes. In multicassette amplicons, a total of 13 59-be sites were identified. Most of these sites displayed features that were atypical of the features previously well conserved in this family. The Suiyo vent fluid was characterized by gene cassette open reading frames (ORFs) that had significant homologies with transferases, DNA-binding proteins and metal transporter proteins, while the majority of Pika vent fluid gene cassettes contained novel ORFs with no identifiable homologues in databases. The symbiont gene cassette ORFs were found to be matched with DNA repair proteins, methionine aminopeptidase, aminopeptidase N, O-sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase and glutamate synthase, which are proteins expected to play a role in animal/symbiont metabolism. The success of this study indicates that the integron/gene cassette system is common in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, an environment type well removed from anthropogenic disturbance.     

POPULATION BIOLOGY OF BONAMIA GRANDIFLORA (CONVOLVULACEAE): EFFECTS OF FIRE ON PLANT AND SEED BANK DYNAMICS

The effects of disturbance on reproduction and plant and seed bank dynamics in the perennial herb Bonamia grandiflora were studied by comparing populations in recently burned, mechanically disturbed, and undisturbed habitats in central Florida over a 3-year period. Plant densities, seed production, and the occurrence of herbivory and predispersal seed predation varied considerably between sites and between years, with recently disturbed sites supporting the densest and most dynamic populations. Death of established plants was rare in all sites. In each site, the soil seed bank was several-fold larger than single season seed rains suggesting that B. grandiflora seeds are long-lived and accumulate in the soil. There was no evidence that postdispersal predation or pathogens have any significant influence on the seed bank dynamics. Fire resulted in large increases in stem densities due to both increased clonal stem production and new genet recruitment from seed. Burning also caused significant increases in the percentage of flowers producing seed and the numbers of capsules and seeds per plant. The seed rain was ten to thirty times greater in the burned site relative to adjacent unburned site during the 3 years after burning. However, additions to the seed bank from the postfire seed rain were balanced by equivalent losses due primarily to seed mortality during fire, and to a much lesser extent due to germination and new genet establishment. As a result, the subsequent densities of seeds stored in the soil in these two sites were similar, indicating that fire results in a significant turnover in the seed bank population but no immediate change in its size. These effects on seed bank dynamics, in addition to new genet recruitment, suggest that periodic fires may play an important role in the maintenance of genetic variability as well as the size of these populations.     

贵州矮马IGF-I启动子-529 CpG甲基化及个别核苷酸变异与贵州矮马矮小表型有关

胰岛素样生长因子（insulin-like growth factors,IGFs）和生长（激）素（growth hormone,GH）是动物机体主要的促生长因子,它们的表达水平直接决定成熟个体的高度。贵州矮马的体高明显低于伊犁马等大型马,但其原因尚不清楚。本研究从贵州矮马基因组DNA中克隆了GH和IGF-I基因5′-侧翼序列,分别为239 bp和817 bp,包括部分启动子结构;进而采用生物信息学、比较基因组学方法对比分析了贵州矮马与伊犁马两个基因5′-侧翼序列/启动子的转录因子结合位点及潜在甲基化位点（CpG岛）分布。亚硫酸氢盐PCR测序法（bisulfite sequencing PCR,BSP）显示,两个马群的GH基因5′-侧翼区域（239 bp）内的6个CpG位点均发生了甲基化,甲基化频率无明显差异。然而,在IGF-I基因5′-侧翼区的148 bp片段内含有4个CpG位点中,贵州矮马的-529 bp处CpG位点的甲基化程度明显高于伊犁马（P < 0.01）,且该甲基化位点处于基本启动子邻近3′端;此外,两个马群IGF-I基因5′-侧翼区的-561 bp处检测到T、C碱基改变,导致贵州矮马的顺式调控元件/转录因子结合位点较伊犁马少1个,有可能影响IGF-I基因的转录效率。血清IGF-I浓度测定揭示,贵州矮马血清IGF-I含量极显著低于伊犁马（P< 0.01）。Spearman相关性结果显示,贵州矮马及伊犁马的IGF-Ⅰ基因甲基化频率与血清IGF-I浓度呈中度负相关（r=-0.468）,提示IGF-Ⅰ基因甲基化抑制其编码蛋白质的表达。结果证明,IGF-I启动子高甲基化及某些核苷酸（碱基）序列变异可能是贵州矮马个体矮小的部分原因。     

Pikachurin Protein Required for Increase of Cone Electroretinogram B-Wave during Light Adaptation

In normal eyes, the amplitude of the b-wave of the photopic ERGs increases during light adaptation, but the mechanism causing this increase has not been fully determined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contribution of receptoral and post-receptoral components of the retina to this phenomenon. To accomplish this, we examined the ERGs during light adaptation in Pikachurin null-mutant (Pika -/-) mice, which have a misalignment of the bipolar cell dendritic tips to the photoreceptor ribbon synapses. After dark-adaptation, photopic ERGs were recorded from Pika -/- and wild type (WT) mice during the first 9 minutes of light adaptation. In some of the mice, post-receptoral components were blocked pharmacologically. The photopic b-waves of WT mice increased by 50% during the 9 min of light adaptation as previously reported. On the other hand, the b-waves of the Pika -/- mice decreased by 20% during the same time period. After blocking post-receptoral components, the b-waves were abolished from the WT mice, and the ERGs resembled those of the Pika -/- mice. The extracted post-receptoral component increased during light adaptation in the WT mice, but decreased for the first 3 minutes to a plateau in Pika -/- mice. We conclude that the normal synaptic connection between photoreceptor and retinal ON bipolar cells, which is controlled by pikachurin, is required for the ERGs to increase during light-adaptation. The contributions of post-receptoral components are essential for the photopic b-wave increase during the light adaptation.     

Rhizome age structure of three populations ofPhragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.: Biomass and mineral nutrient concentrations

The rhizome age structure for populations ofPhragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. exSteud. was determined at three sites of the T?eboň Biosphere Reserve (Czech Republic). These sites were classified according to plant species composition and phosphorus availability as oligotrophic (Branná), mesotrophic (Ro?mberk East) and hypertrophic (Ro?mberk West).P.australis stands at these sites were expanding, stabilized and retreating, respectively. Rhizomes were sampled within the terrestrial parts of the reed stands (at a water depth of about 10 cm). The rhizomes were dated according to the position in the branching hierarchy and to supplementary morphological criteria. The analysis of the branching pattern revealed that at the sites studied, the rhizomes typically branch only once a year. The longest life span of rhizomes (six years) was found for the stable reed population at Ro?mberk East. The reduced rhizome life span at Ro?mberk West (four to five years), accompanied by a reduced branching frequency of horizontal rhizomes, was ascribed to a greater incidence of anaerobic conditions associated with the permanent flooding of the hypertrophic organic soil. The maximum life span of the Branná population (four years) probably corresponds to the total age of the reed population. The concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the tissue decreased with rhizome age while those of calcium and magnesium increased. The effect of rhizome age on mineral-nutrient concentrations was more pronounced than the effect of site on these concentrations. The mineral nutrient concentrations were not closely associated with reed performance.     

Patterns of insecticide resistance in larval Culex pipiens populations in Israel: dynamics and trends.

Resistance to insecticides of larval Culex pipiens populations in Israel has been monitored for ten years and the results were used for control planning. The insecticides tested were the organophosphates chlorpyrifos, fenthion, and temephos and the pyrethroids permethrin and cypermethrin. Over the years the relative resistance (R/R) values to chlorpyrifos in most populations tested were between 200-400, with records of up to 700 R/R. Practically no susceptible populations were found and the compound has been withdrawn from use, resulting in a decrease in the relative resistance values. In 1996 when fenthion was reintroduced, no resistant populations were found, but in the following years significant resistance appeared in an increasing number of populations with values lower than recorded for chlorpyrifos but still high (up to 100 R/R). All populations tested were found to be susceptible to temephos and accordingly the compound was reintroduced in 2002. Over the ten years, no significant resistance to cypermethrin was found in the majority of the populations tested, while a trend of increased resistance to permethrin was noted with a few records of >1000 R/R. The results demonstrate the importance of continuous monitoring of insecticide resistance for efficient mosquito control. Alternative insecticides and methods of control are discussed.