The use of ultraviolet-blocking films in insect pest management in the UK; effects on naturally occurring arthropod pest and natural enemy populations in a protected cucumber crop

Studies in polytunnels were conducted to investigate the effects of ultraviolet (UV)‐blocking films on naturally occurring insect pests and their arthropod natural enemies on a cucumber crop. Within tunnels clad with Antibotrytis (blocks light < 400 nm) and UVI/EVA (UV transmitting), 5.8 and 23.4 times more aphids, respectively, were recorded on traps compared with those on traps within tunnels clad with XL 385 (blocks light < 385 nm). When all plants within the UVI/EVA tunnels had become heavily infested with aphids, half of the plants in XL 385 tunnels were uninfested. More Coleoptera and thrips (approximately two times) were recorded under the UVI/EVA film than under the UV‐blocking films, but for other arthropod pests (e.g. whitefly, leafhoppers), clear conclusions could not be drawn as low numbers were recorded. Substantial numbers of chalcid parasitoids and syrphids were found under the UV‐blocking films, but further research is needed to evaluate fully the effect of such films on biological control of aphids. Higher syrphid numbers and more aphid mummies were recorded under the UVI/EVA film, probably because of the higher numbers of aphids present in tunnels clad with this film. The potential that UV‐blocking films have as an effective component of commercial Integrated Pest Management (IPM) systems, for protected horticultural crops, is discussed.     

Bt棉花害虫综合治理研究前沿

自1996年以来,全球Bt(Bacillus thuringiensis)棉花应用规模迅速增长,目前已占棉花种植总面积的60%左右,主要种植国家包括美国、澳大利亚、中国、印度和巴基斯坦等。大量研究表明,Bt棉花的大面积种植有效控制了多种靶标害虫的发生危害,从而大幅度减少了化学杀虫剂的使用量;化学杀虫剂的减少使用导致一些非靶标害虫的发生危害明显加重。针对Bt棉花生产中呈现出的害虫新问题,各国分别发展了由农业防治、生物防治、化学防治等不同措施构成的防控技术体系。     

昆虫几丁质酶及其在害虫防治中的应用

几丁质是昆虫重要的结构性组分,在昆虫生长发育的各个时期都需要一定量的几丁质来维持其代谢平衡.昆虫几丁质酶可以降解昆虫体壁和围食膜中的几丁质,作为一种潜在的生物杀虫剂在害虫防治方面具有广阔的应用前景.随着对昆虫几丁质酶研究的不断深入,目前已克隆到了30余种昆虫几丁质酶,并应用于转基因作物和基因工程微生物中,对害虫具有一定...     

间作番茄对花椰菜田主要害虫和天敌的调控作用

【目的】已有研究表明花椰菜 Brassica oleracea var. botrytis田合理间作番茄Lycopersicon esculentum对菜田主要害虫具有抑制作用。本研究旨在进一步探明提高花椰菜田生态系统保益控害服务功能的番茄最佳间作比例。【方法】2014年2-5月,试验在福建省闽清县省级标准农田示范区(26°10′41″N, 118°48′10″E)内进行,按番茄株数占花椰菜田总植株数中的比例设置4个梯度小区,分别为0%, 10%, 30%和50%,小区采用随机区组设计,通过目测法对花椰菜菜田节肢动物的种类和个体数量进行观察并记录。【结果】间作番茄显著降低了花椰菜田中菜蚜 Lipaphis erysimi 的个体数量,且控制效果随番茄间作比例的上升而增强（50%＞30%＞10%）。间作30%和50%番茄显著降低了黄曲条跳甲 Phyllotreta striolata 的个体数量,但2种间作比例的效果差异不显著。间作番茄不影响菜青虫 Pieris rapae 和蜘蛛的个体数量。3种间作比例都提高了菜蛾绒茧蜂 Cotesia plutellae 的个体数量和蜂/蛾比,但三者差异不显著。【结论】在花椰菜田中间作30%的番茄,对害虫控制最有利。     

Evaluation of garlic intercropping for enhancing the biological control of Ralstonia solanacearum in flue-cured tobacco fields

Tobacco bacterial wilt, Ralstonia solanacearum, is an important disease affecting the root and stem. The disease causes extensive damage to flue-cured tobacco all over the word. Field trials were conducted in 2008 and 2009 at Longyan, Fujian Province, China, to evaluate garlic intercropping for enhancing the biological control of R. solanacearum in flue-cured tobacco fields. The results of the study demonstrate that tobacco bacterial wilt was clearly inhibited by intercropping garlic in 2008 and 2009. The appearance of the disease in intercropped fields was delayed for about 15 days. The total number of R. solanacearum in root system soils was significantly lower in intercropped fields than in monocultured fields in 2008. These numbers were between 138×10⁴ and 161×10⁴ cfu g^–1 dry soil in intercropped fields. The corresponding values in monocultured fields were 357×10⁴ cfu g^–1 dry soil. The monetary value of tobacco leaves was obviously higher in intercropped fields than in monocultured ones. The per cent increase in monetary values in the intercropped fields was between 14 and 34%. Consequently, intercropping tobacco with garlic might be very useful for enhancing biological control of R. solanacearum in flue-cured tobacco fields.     

Feasibility,limitation and possible solutions of RNAi‐based technology for insect pest control

Abstract Numerous studies indicate that target gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) could lead to insect death. This phenomenon has been considered as a potential strategy for insect pest control, and it is termed RNAi‐mediated crop protection. However, there are many limitations using RNAi‐based technology for pest control, with the effectiveness target gene selection and reliable double‐strand RNA (dsRNA) delivery being two of the major challenges. With respect to target gene selection, at present, the use of homologous genes and genome‐scale high‐throughput screening are the main strategies adopted by researchers. Once the target gene is identified, dsRNA can be delivered by micro‐injection or by feeding as a dietary component. However, micro‐injection, which is the most common method, can only be used in laboratory experiments. Expression of dsRNAs directed against insect genes in transgenic plants and spraying dsRNA reagents have been shown to induce RNAi effects on target insects. Hence, RNAi‐mediated crop protection has been considered as a potential new‐generation technology for pest control, or as a complementary method of existing pest control strategies; however, further development to improve the efficacy of protection and range of species affected is necessary. In this review, we have summarized current research on RNAi‐based technology for pest insect management. Current progress has proven that RNAi technology has the potential to be a tool for designing a new generation of insect control measures. To accelerate its practical application in crop protection, further study on dsRNA uptake mechanisms based on the knowledge of insect physiology and biochemistry is needed.     

Future prospects for application of insect pathogens as a component of integrated pest management in tropical root crops

Insect pests and phytophagous mites cause a considerable loss to tropical root crops in the field. Major pests include the sweet potato weevil Cylas puncticollis, cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti, cassava green spider mite Mononychellus tanajoa, yam beetle Heteroligus meles, and taro hornworm Hippotion celerio. Field and laboratory evaluation experiments indicate that entomopathogenic microorganisms may be adequately used in the management of insect and mite pests in root crops. The highest promise probably lies with fungal pathogens (Beauvaria bassiana, Hirsutella thompsonii, Metarhizium anisopliae, Nomuraea rileyi, Entomophthora thaxteriana, and E. parvispora), but bacterial (Bacillus thuringiensis), microsporidian (Nosema locustae) nematode (Steinernema feltiae) and even viral (Baculoviruses) pathogens may be exploited in an integrated pest management programme of tropical root crop pests.     

烟田中静电喷雾和电动喷雾下噻虫嗪的防效及对昆虫群落的影响

【目的】探明静电喷雾与电动喷雾对噻虫嗪防治害虫效果及烟田昆虫群落的影响,为静电喷雾在烟草上的推广应用提供理论依据。【方法】利用静电喷雾与电动喷雾法喷施0.66 g·L~(-1)25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂,施药1、3、7 d后,测定2种方法对烟蚜与斜纹夜蛾的防治效果、在烟株与土壤中的沉积以及对昆虫群落的影响。【结果】喷施25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂1、3、7 d后,静电喷雾对烟蚜和斜纹夜蛾的防治效果均显著高于电动喷雾的防治效果,且防治效果均随时间的推移而升高。噻虫嗪在静电喷雾处理区烟叶上的沉积量高于电动喷雾处理区烟叶上的沉积量,而在静电喷雾处理区土壤中的沉积量低于电动喷雾处理区土壤中的沉积量,且都随时间的推移而降低。静电喷雾与电动喷雾均引起烟田昆虫群落的变化,静电喷雾引起的害虫和中性昆虫的数量变化大于电动喷雾,但天敌昆虫的数量变化小于电动喷雾,且静电喷雾区烟田的物种丰富度明显高于电动喷雾区,可见静电喷雾施药对烟田昆虫群落的影响小于电动喷雾施药。静电喷雾的S_t/S_i与S_n/S_p比值明显高于电动喷雾,说明静电喷雾烟田中昆虫群落稳定性高于电动喷雾烟田中昆虫群落的稳定性。【结论】相比电动喷雾,静电喷雾能够提高噻虫嗪在烟叶上的沉积量,从而提高噻虫嗪对害虫的防治效果,同时减少噻虫嗪在土壤中的沉积量,提高噻虫嗪的生态安全性,因此,静电喷雾在烟草病虫害防治上具有较好的应用前景。     

Protease inhibitors:recent advancement in its usage as a potential biocontrol agent for insect pest management

Plant derived protease inhibitors(PIs)are a promising defensin for crop im-provement and insect pest management.Although agronomist made significant efforts in utilizing PIs for managing insect pests.the potentials of PIs are still obscured.Insect ability to compensate nutrient starvation induced by dietary PI feeding using different strategies,that is,overexpression of PI-sensitive protease,expression of PI-insensitive proteases,degradation of PI,has made this innumerable collection of PIs worthless.A practical challenge for agronomist is to identify potent PI candidates,to limit insect compensatory responses and to elucidate insect compensatory and resistance mechanisms activated upon herbivory.This knowledge could be further efficiently utilized to identify potential targets for RNAi-mediated pest control.These vital genes of insects could be functionally anno-tated using the advanced gene-editing technique,CRISPR/Cas9.Contemporary research is exploiting different in silico and modern molecular biology techniques to utilize PIs in controlling insect pests efficiently.This review is structured to update recent advancements in this field,along with is chronological background.     

RNAi在害虫防治中应用的重要进展及存在问题

RNAi是目前最有可能应用于害虫绿色防控的新技术。2017年6月,美国环境署(EPA)批准了国际上第一例表达昆虫双链RNA(dsRNA)的抗虫转基因玉米MON87411,掀起了利用RNAi技术进行害虫防治研究新的热潮。但是,目前RNAi在害虫防治中的应用还存在一些问题,例如有效靶标基因筛选和应用策略,鳞翅目昆虫对RNAi的敏感性以及双链RNA在环境中的稳定性等等。本文系统总结了RNA干扰现象发现20年来,该技术在害虫防治领域的研究及应用概况,并对RNAi技术应用的可行性、应用方法、存在问题和目前的一些解决办法进行了比较详细的综述。通过对近期研究结果的综合分析发现,dsRNA进入某些鳞翅目昆虫中肠或血淋巴后,被相关核酸酶降解可能是其RNAi效率较低的首要原因。通过对dsRNA进行脂质体修饰,纳米粒子包埋可以在一定程度上解决dsRNA降解的问题,进而提高RNAi效率。     

化学杀虫剂对不同类型棉田害虫、天敌种群的影响

研究了化学杀虫剂对6种不同类型棉田的害虫、天敌种群数量及其相互作用的影响。结果表明,化学防治使棉花苗期棉蚜数量下降,但不能抑制中后期棉蚜数量;除豆间棉田外,其他类型棉田化防区棉红蜘蛛和棉铃虫数量低于未防区。化学防治使各类型棉田天敌数量减少,以单作棉田天敌数量减少最明显,间套作棉田天敌数量下降幅度较小;此外,棉田不同天敌种群所受的影响存在一定差异,化学防治对瓢虫、捕食蝽类的影响显著,数量下降剧烈,但蜘蛛类群下降幅度比前两者小。化学防治对棉田害虫与天敌的相互关系的影响随棉田类型或害虫、天敌种类的不同而有所差异。     

Baculovirus-based strategies for the management of insect pests: a focus on development and application in South Africa

There is growing concern among governments, scientists, agricultural practitioners and the general public regarding the negative implications of widespread synthetic chemical pesticide application for the control of crop pests. As a result, baculovirus biopesticides are gaining popularity as components of integrated pest management (IPM) programmes in many countries despite several disadvantages related to slow speed of kill, limited host range and complex large scale production. In South Africa, baculoviruses are incorporated into IPM programmes for the control of crop pests in the field, and recent bioprospecting has led to the characterisation of several novel isolates with the potential to be formulated as commercial products. This contribution will provide an overview of the use of baculoviruses against insect pests in South Africa, as well as research and development efforts aimed at broadening their application as biocontrol agents. Challenges faced by researchers in developmental projects as well as potential users of baculoviruses as biopesticides in the field are also discussed.     

管理水平对葡萄园节肢动物群落特征参数及目标害虫、天敌种群数量的影响

对管理精细和管理粗放的两种葡萄园进行全株调查和地面扫网调查,分析其节肢动物群落结构特征参数差异及目标害虫葡萄跳叶甲和两种天敌草间小黑蛛、肖蛸蛛种群数量的差异.结果表明,两种葡萄园节肢动物群落之间在个体数量、优势集中性指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数上差异不显著;物种数和丰富度指数差异显著(P<0.05);葡萄树上节肢动物物种数差异不显著,地面植被上物种数差异显著(P<0.05);两种葡萄园之间树上和地面节肢动物个体数量、目标害虫葡萄跳叶甲种群数量、主要天敌草间小黑蛛和肖蛸蛛种群数量差异均不显著.     

Spatial and temporal patterns of onion maggot adult activity and oviposition within onion fields that vary in bordering habitat

In New York, onion [ Allium cepa L. (Alliaceae)] fields often border woods or other vegetable fields. Because onion maggot adults, Delia antiqua (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), spend a significant portion of their time outside of onion fields, surrounding habitat may affect patterns of fly activity and oviposition within onion fields. To better understand these patterns throughout the onion-growing season, first-, second-, and third-flights maggot adult (male and female) activity was monitored using yellow sticky cards. Half of the monitored fields bordered woods, whereas the other half bordered other onion or vegetable fields. Within all fields, yellow sticky cards were placed at five distances along a transect beginning at the onion field edge extending into the field center. First-flight male and female adult activity was greatest along onion field edges and was especially high along edges bordering woods. This pattern diminished during the second flight and was absent during the third. To determine if spatial patterns of onion maggot oviposition by first-flight onion maggots were similar to first-flight adult activity patterns, potted onion plants were placed in onion fields that bordered or did not border woods in late May and early June 2003. The number of eggs laid in the soil at the base of each plant was recorded. Unlike spatial patterns of first-flight adult activity, oviposition patterns were not affected by bordering habitat or distance from the field edge. Based on the activity of onion maggot adults in onion fields, future and existing control strategies should consider targeting first-flight adults along field edges rather than across entire fields, especially in fields that border woods. In contrast, based on spatial patterns of oviposition within onion fields, controls targeting onion maggot larvae should be applied on a fieldwide basis.     

Immunological evidence for the presence of plant homologues of the actin- related protein Arp3 in tobacco and maize: subcellular localization to actin-enriched pit fields and emerging root hairs

Summary. The actin-nucleating and -organizing Arp2/3 protein complex is well known to be conserved throughout the eukaryotic kingdom. For higher plants, however, only limited evidence is available for the presence of the Arp2/3 complex so far. Using heterologous antibodies against the Dictyostelium discoideum and Schizosaccharomyces pombe proteins and a bovine peptide, we found immunological evidence for the presence of Arp3 homologues in plants. First, proteins with a molecular mass of about 47–50 kDa were clearly recognized in extracts of both a dicotyledonous plant (tobacco) and a monocotyledonous plant (maize) in immunoblots with the anti-Arp3 antibodies. Second, immunolocalization with these Arp3 antibodies was performed on different plant cells, selected for their diverse actin organizations and functions. On isolated plasma membrane ghosts derived from tobacco leaf protoplasts, a putative Arp3 was localized along cortical actin filaments. In the inner cortex of maize roots, Arp3 was localized to actin-rich plasmodesmata and pit fields and to multivesicular bodies in the cytoplasm. During root hair formation, distinct site-specific localization was found at the protruding apical plasma membrane portions of these tip-growing cells.Correspondence and reprints: Department of Biology, Universitaire Instelling Antwerpen, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.Received January 3, 2003; accepted February 7, 2003; published online August 26, 2003     

In-field cover crop strips support carabid communities and shape the ecological trait repartition in maize fields

1. The enhancement of pest regulation service in crops depends for a large part on the capacity of agroecological practices to increase the presence of key species or functional traits in arthropod communities within fields.
2. We investigated the effects of undestroyed strips of winter cover crops in maize fields on carabid community composition, and on the distribution of three ecological traits: diet, wing status and body size.
3. We found that the community composition and the distribution of ecological traits in the in-field cover crop strips had commonalities with both adjacent cropped areas and field margins. Some species were recorded mostly or only in the strips indicating that strips could support carabid species and help increase local diversity from the first year of establishment.
4. The activity-density of Poecilus cupreus and Pterostichus melanarius was higher in the cropped proximity of the strip, and the body size was influenced by the distance from the strip.
5. Our results suggest that carabid communities are shaped by the habitat type, but the influence of such agroecological infrastructures on communities of adjacent crops is minor beyond a distance of 10 m. However, overall species abundance was increased and thus potentially provided enhanced pest regulation.

     

Influence of the public's perception,attitudes, and knowledge on the implementation of integrated pest management for household insect pests

Households are mini‐ecosystems that provide a variety of conditions in which a variety of insect species can develop. Whether these insects are considered pests, largely depends on the perception, attitudes, and knowledge of the human inhabitants of the house. If considered unacceptable, residents can attempt to manage the insects themselves, or hire a professional. A pest management professional can provide a quick‐fix solution, often relying on the sole use of insecticides, or a sustainable solution through integrated pest management (IPM). In this review, it is discussed how the public's perception, attitudes, and knowledge affect the implementation of IPM in the household through the following steps: inspection, identification, establishment of a threshold level, pest control, and evaluation of effectiveness. Furthermore, recent and novel developments within the fields of inspection, identification, and pest control that allow to address pest infestations more effectively are described and their implementation in the household environment is discussed. In general, pest management in the household environment is reactive instead of pro‐active. The general public lacks the knowledge of the pest insects’ biology to identify the species, perform a proper inspection and identify causes of pest presence, as well as the knowledge of the available tools for monitoring and pest control. The percentage of individuals that seek professional aid in identification and pest control is relatively low. Moreover, the perception of and attitudes towards household insects generally result in low threshold levels. Current developments of methods for monitoring, identification, and control of insect pests in the household environment are promising, such as DNA barcoding, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight and RNA interference. Efforts should be strengthened to alter the perception and attitude, and increase the knowledge of the non‐professional stakeholders, so that correct pest management decisions can be taken.     

化学防治对不同类型棉田害虫和捕食性天敌群落多样性的影响

分析比较了化学防治对8种不同类型棉田害虫、捕食性天敌群落多样性的影响。研究结果表明,化学防治对棉田害虫、捕食性天敌群落的多样性指数、均匀性指数、丰富度及个体数的变化有较大的影响,尤其对捕食性天敌群落的影响显著。但这种作用依不同类型棉田或棉花不同生育阶段而异：化学防治对套作棉田害虫、捕食性天敌群落的影响较小,而对单作棉田和豆间棉棉田害虫、捕食性天敌群落的影响较大;晚播棉田害虫与捕食性天敌群落较早播棉田受化学防治的影响更大;化学防治对免耕棉田害虫、天敌群落的影响更大,非免耕棉田害虫、捕食性天敌群落受其干扰较小;春套棉边害虫、捕食性天敌群落与其它棉田类型相比,受化学防治的影响较少;棉花害虫在棉花生育前期对化学防治较棉花生育后期敏感,而捕食性天敌在棉花整个生育期均对化学防治敏感。     

Assessing the performance of pea and lentil at different seeding densities as trap crops for the management of wireworms in spring wheat

Wireworms, the larvae of click beetles (Elateridae), are difficult to manage due to their habitats and behaviour. Wireworms pose a major threat to the wheat crop in the north‐western USA. Seed treatment with neonicotinoids, biological control management and some cultural controls are recommended to manage these pests. Trap cropping is an emerging way to manage wireworms. In strawberry and potato crops, trap cropping has been found effective at attracting wireworms away from the principal crop. An earlier study in the Golden Triangle area of Montana found that pea and lentil could be effective trap crops for managing wireworms in spring wheat. In the present study, experiments were conducted at two locations. The effectiveness of peas and lentils as trap crops with wheat at different seeding densities was assessed [pea at 0, 4, 8, 16 seeds/sq.ft. or 0, 43, 86, 172 seeds/sq.m.; lentil at 0, 6, 12, 18 OR 0, 65, 130, 194 seeds/sq.m.; both with wheat at 0, 11, 22, or 28 seeds/sq.ft. or 0, 120, 230, 300 seeds/sq.m.] in a randomized design where all three crops were intercropped. Both trap crops were found to be effective in protecting wheat at standard seeding rates of 8 seeds/sq.ft. for pea and 12 seeds/sq.ft. for lentils. At these seeding rates, higher numbers of wireworms were found to be attracted to the trap crop, resulting in higher yield (7%–10%) of the associated spring wheat plant stands at 22 seeds/sq.ft. To develop an effective trap crop strategy, the pea–wheat and lentil–wheat spatial patterns that are possible need to be assessed in further field trials. Proper design and evaluation of the cost–benefit ratio of pea and lentil as trap crops are likely to produce good results for wheat crops in Montana.