融安黄竹小穗和小花的形态发育

运用扫描电镜对融安黄竹Dendrocalamus ronganensis的小穗和小花的发生发育及形态结构进行了研究。其小穗的发育过程是: 小穗原基→第一颖片原基→第二颖片原基→第一朵小花的外稃原基→第一朵小花原基→第二朵小花的外稃原基→第二朵小花原基。小穗为由2个颖片和1-2朵小花组成的假小穗。其小花发育的过程是: 内稃原基→雄蕊原基→雌蕊原基。内稃在发生上由彼此独立的两个突起形成, 随着发育逐渐愈合。观察结果支持内稃是双起源的说法。雄蕊原基近两轮发生。雌蕊原基由小花原基的中央部分直接发育而成。在小花的发育过程中, 未观察到鳞被原基的发生。该种的小花是无花被的, 结构较为简化, 为外稃和内稃包裹的雄蕊和雌蕊组成的结构。与近缘类群做比较, 探讨了小穗和小花在竹亚科中的演化。     

对小麦顶生小穗的初步研究

1.顶生小穗的护颖具有特殊的形态,第二护颖常为小花外稃状,腋内有时还保留着雌雄蕊或内稃残余。说明其不稳定和可变的本质。2.顶生小穗具特殊的坐落位置,其小穗轴与主穗轴一致。顶生小穗原始体发生在穗生长锥顶端,其下无苞原始体,长成后也无小穗领。其护颖和小花外稃与侧生小穗下的小穗领呈严格连续互生状态。说明其一次轴的渊源。3.顶生小穗护颖腋内可长出小穗,小花也可代之以小穗,护颖和小花外稃有时以苞片的形式保留于新侧生小穗外侧。新顶生小穗的护颖来自小花外稃。说明顶生小穗护颖腋内的退化花芽、外稃腋内的小花与侧生小穗都是花序一次轴上的二次轴分枝。4.顶生小穗产生小穗的变异严格按自下而上的顺序进行,与原侧生小穗有严格的连续性。5.事实证明,顶生小穗是一次轴花序,它属于穗状花序顶端的可变部分。     

小麦族下Hystrix longearistata和Hystrix duthiei的生物系统 …

对Ｈｙｓｔｒｉｘｄｕｔｈｉｅｉ、Ｈ．ｌｏｎｇｅａｒｉｓｔａｔａ和它们的人工种间杂种花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体配对行为、繁育特征和形态特征进行了比较分析,结果表明：９１）这两个分类单位形态差异较小,Ｈ．ｌｏｎｇｅａｒｉｓｔａｔａ的外稃芒较长,叶片较宽,每小穗具２－３个小花;Ｈ．ｄｕｔｈｉｅｉ的外稃荒较短,叶片较窄,每小穗具１－２个小花。（２）它们很容易杂交,杂种Ｆ１染色体配对频率很高,为１３－１４个二     

我国西南地区竹类二新属:香竹属和筇竹属(二)筇竹属

花序轴各节具一大型苞片,并着生一至数枚分枝,此分枝简短,不再分枝,顶端具一小穗,下部为一组小苞片所包被,形似小穗柄(可称假柄);小穗含3—8花,微作两侧扁压,绿色或暗绿色;小穗轴脱节于颖之上及诸小花之间,扁平,无毛,基部微被白粉;颖2或3枚,常呈苞片状;外稃先端渐尖或长渐尖(基部小花之外稃常呈苞片状),无毛,具7—9脉;内稃短于外稃,先端钝或微二裂,背部具2脊,脊间具不明显的纵     

绵竹花形态结构及雌、雄配子体的发育研究

对绵竹（Bambusa intermedia Hsueh et Yi）花器官的形态结构进行解剖观察,其花序属于无限花序,每个假小穗基部都生有潜伏芽。小花类型为开放型,基本结构包括内、外稃各1枚,浆片3枚,雄蕊6枚,雌蕊1枚,柱头羽毛状三分叉。小花中各结构的发育顺序为外稃→内稃→浆片→雄蕊→雌蕊。小穗中小花的发育顺序是由基部向顶部。子房1室,胚珠倒生,侧膜胎座,双珠被。药壁具4层细胞,有大量的败育情况出现。     

绒毛石耳多糖UV—2和UV—3的分离纯化及其性质

从绒毛石耳（Ｕｍｂｉｌｉｃａｒｉａ　　ｖｅｌｌｅａ（Ｌ）Ａｃｈ．）提取的水溶性粗多糖,经乙醇分级沉淀和ＤＥＡＥ一纤维素柱层析得到两个组分（ＵＶ－２和ＵＶ－３）,经ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ６Ｂ柱层析和超速离心沉降鉴定为均一组分。通过糖组成分析、高碘酸盐氧化、Ｓｍｉｔｈ降解和甲基化分析证明,它们是带有部分乙酰基团的多分枝结构的杂多糖,ＵＶ－２的主链是由β（１→３）连接的葡萄糖和甘露糖残基构成,ＵＶ－３的主链是由β（１→３）（１→４）连接的葡萄糖残基构成。药理试验结果表明,ＵＶ－２具有增强免疫作用,能够明显促进小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能,提高淋巴细胞的转化率。     

斜翼属叶和茎的解剖及其系统学意义

斜翼属（Ｐｌａｇｉｏｐｔｅｒｏｎ）具有奇异的性状组合,与该属有关的类群有３个亚纲１０个目的１７个科。斜翼具曲行羽状脉,较高级脉发育至四级脉,网眼发育不完善,盲脉２－３次分枝：气孔器近环列型或无规则型,限于下表皮;异面叶,中脉维管束由３束组成,主要两束的韧皮部相向排列,二者旁边有一附属维管束;叶柄维管束圆形,具胶丝。木材管孔唯一,散生,径向直径５２．５－９７．５μｍ,导管分子长２３４－９１８μｍ,具单穿孔板,异管具具缘纹孔,互列,导管内无内含物及侵填体;纤维管胞;轴向薄壁组织极稀,傍管型;单列射线多,多列射线２－６细胞宽,异型。综合的解剖学特征支持斜翼科的建立,但该科与所有相关类群均有十分明显的差异,仅与卫矛科、牛儿苗目、和大戟科比较相似。     

化学修饰对金顶侧耳多糖抗病毒（CB5）活性的影响

从金侧耳子实体中分离纯化一半乳甘露聚糖ＰＣ－３,其分子量约为６７ＫＤ,一级结构ａ（１→６）糖苷键相连的Ｇａｌ构成分子的主链,部份残基Ｃ２上带有分支,分支结构为ａ（１－２）Ｍａｎ－ａ（１－２）Ｍａｎ。按高碘酸氧化、部份酸水解、甲基化、硫酸程序对ＰＣ－３的结构进行化学修饰;并分别将ＰＣ－３及其衍生物与柯萨厅病毒Ｂ５进行体外实验,结果表明,ＰＣ－３经硫酸化后,显著地提高了抗病毒活性;而高碘酸氧化,甲基化     

化学修饰对金顶侧耳多糖抗病毒（CB_5）活性的影响

从金顶侧耳子实体中分离纯化一半乳甘露聚糖ＰＣ－３,其分子量约为６７ｋＤ,一级结构为α（１→６）糖苷键相连的Ｇａｌ构成分子的主链,部份残基Ｃ_２上带有分支,分支结构为α（１－２）Ｍａｎ－α（１－２）Ｍａｎ。按高碘酸氧化、部份酸水解,甲基化、硫酸化程序对ＰＣ－３的结构进行化学修饰;并分别将ＰＣ－３及其衍生物与柯萨奇病毒Ｂ_５进行体外实验,结果表明,ＰＣ－３经硫酸化后,显著地提高了抗病毒活性;而高碘酸氧化,甲基化,部份酸水解产物则降低了抗ＣＢ_５的活性。     

多胚水稻品系APⅣ不同类型胚囊的受精及其胚胎形成

通过ＧＭＡ半薄切片技术对ＡＰⅣ不同类型水稻胚囊的受精及其胚胎发育的研究表明,ＡＰⅣ中５－２－１型胚囊的３个卵细胞在少数情况下都可受精并发育形成３个胚;但多数情况中只有１个或２个卵细胞受精发育成１个胚或２个胚。６－２－０型和５－３－０型胚囊多个卵受精频率都很低。由此证明ＡＰⅣ多胚是来自如５－２－１型胚囊的多卵卵器胚囊多个卵细胞都受精的结果,其中３胚来自３个卵细胞受精发育,２胚来自２个卵细胞受精发育。     

糖蜜草（Melinis minutiflora Beauv．）幼穗分化发育．及花和果实形态的研究

本文对糖密草（ＭｅｌｉｎｉｓｍｉｎｕｔｉｆｌｏｒａＢｅａｕｖ．）的幼穗分化发育及花和果实的形态作了研究,将幼穗分化发育过程划分为以下九个时期：第一苞原基形成期;第一次枝梗原基形成期;第二、三次枝梗原基形成期;小穗及颖花原基形成期;雌、雄蕊原基形成期;花粉母细胞形成期;花粉母细胞减数分裂期;花粉充实期;花粉成熟期。全过程历时约需４２ｄ．从抽穗到颖果成熟约需５０ｄ。糖蜜草的花序为圆锥花序。每花序有可育花２０００—３０００朵．小穗是由小穗轴、内外颖片、不育花外稃和小花构成。小花包括有内外稃各一片、一鳞被、雄蕊三枚和一枚雌蕊,颖果千粒重为９１ｍｇ。     

Alarista succina gen. et sp. nov. (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) in Dominican amber

Alarista succina gen. et sp. nov. (Poaceae) is described from a single floret preserved in amber of Tertiary age originating from the Dominican Republic. The new genus is characterised by (1) a narrow-winged lemma awn, (2) numerous (as many as 17) lemma nerves, (3) a lengthy rachilla internode (implying a lax spikelet), (4) sinuous-margined long cells, (5) silica cells arranged transversely, (6) stomatal subsidiaries low domed and (7) papillae. The epidermal features are characteristic of the abaxial leaf blade surface of members of the Bambusoideae and the fossil is placed in this group.

htp://zoobank.org/033FCBF4-CD61-4C85-97E4-8418C9ABA5E6     

INITIATION OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM IN THE FERTILE FLORET OF ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM (GRAMINEAE)

Procambium was initially isolated near the insertions of lemma and stamen primordia in the grass Anthoxanthum. The palea was initiated before its procambium. The acropetal, continuous differentiation of procambium involved in the siting of leaves on shoots of many other megaphyllous plants, does not occur in the rachilla of this grass. A portion of the vascular system of the fertile floret of Anthoxanthum became connected with the vascular system of the rest of the spikelet by basipetal differentiation of the procambial trace of the fertile lemma. A core of residual meristem persisted in the fertile floret above the procambial trace to the fertile lemma. Vascular continuity between the procambial trace to the fertile lemma and the procambial traces of the stamens was achieved by the differentiation of procambium from this core of residual meristem.     

VASCULAR SYSTEM OF THE FLORET OF LEERSIA VIRGINICA (GRAMINEAE-ORYZOIDEAE)

The vascular system of the floret of Leersia is unified yet is segmented according to the appendages it serves. The rachilla at the floret base contains a collateral bundle related to the median trace of the lemma. The palea median trace joins the posterior of this bundle in the rachilla as the lemma laterals merge with the anterior. Although the stamen traces enter at the flanks of this rachilla bundle, they do not become fully incorporated into the system until near the floret base where the rachilla bundle, lemma laterals, and palea laterals converge. Traces from the lodicules attach to the anterior of the stamen traces. The base of the vascular system of the pistil, the pistil plexus, attaches tenuously by a bundle to the lower system between the entrance of the stamen traces. A bundle from each style attaches near the anterior of the pistil plexus below the level where the posterior of the pistil plexus rises, as the placental bundle, to merge with the ovule. Characteristics of the vascular system of Leersia, such as the relative discreteness of the staminal and stylar traces and the lack of both the anterior pistil bundle and the xylem discontinuity, are useful for delimiting the Oryzoideae from the Festucoideae.     

Evidence for distinct roles of the SEPALLATA gene LEAFY HULL STERILE1 in Eleusine indica and Megathyrsus maximus (Poaceae)

LEAFY HULL STERILE1 (LHS1) is an MIKC-type MADS-box gene in the SEPALLATA class. Expression patterns of LHS1 homologs vary among species of grasses, and may be involved in determining palea and lemma morphology, specifying the terminal floret of the spikelet, and sex determination. Here we present LHS1 expression data from Eleusine indica (subfamily Chloridoideae) and Megathyrsus maximus (subfamily Panicoideae) to provide further insights into the hypothesized roles of the gene. E. indica has spikelets with three to eight florets that mature acropetally; E. indica LHS1 (EiLHS1) is expressed in the palea and lemma of all florets. In contrast, M. maximus has spikelets with two florets that mature basipetally; M. maximus LHS1 (MmLHS1) is expressed in the palea and lemma of the distal floret only. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that LHS1 plays a role in determining palea and lemma morphology and specifies the terminal floret of basipetally maturing grass spikelets. However, LHS1 expression does not correlate with floret sex expression; MmLHS1 is restricted to the bisexual distal floret, whereas EiLHS1 is expressed in both sterile and bisexual floret meristems. Phylogenetic analyses reconstruct a complex pattern of LHS1 expression evolution in grasses. LHS1 expression within the gynoecium has apparently been lost twice, once before diversification of a major clade within tribe Paniceae, and once in subfamily Chloridoideae. These data suggest that LHS1 has multiple roles during spikelet development and may have played a role in the diversification of spikelet morphology.     

Development and Floret Survival in Wheat Ears With Supernumerary Spikelets

In the supernumerary spikelet wheat, AUS159I0, the supernumeraryspikelet primordia appeared just after the ear reached the terminalspikelet stage. Appearance of the primordia of the multiplesessile spikelets preceded that of indeterminate rachilla spikelets.Supernumerary spikelets had a lower number of potentially fertileflorets per spikelet than normal (non-supernumerary) spikeletsin the ear and thus a smaller number of grains per spikelet.Mean weight per grain in the supernumerary spikelet wheat waslower than in the cultivar, Meering, without supernumerary spikelets.Total grain number in the supernumerary spikelet ear was greaterthan in the normal ear despite the lower spikelet fertilityin the former. Within the supernumerary spikelet ear the multiplesessile spikelets had a higher number of grains per spikeletand mean weight per grain than the indeterminate rachilla spikelets.It appears possible to improve the productivity of the supernumeraryspikelet ear by breeding for reduced expression of the indeterminaterachilla spikelets. Wheat, ear development, floret survival, supernumerary spikelets, grain number     

Evolution of floral meristem identity genes. Analysis of Lolium temulentum genes related to APETALA1 and LEAFY of Arabidopsis

Flowering (inflorescence formation) of the grass Lolium temulentum is strictly regulated, occurring rapidly on exposure to a single long day (LD). During floral induction, L. temulentum differs significantly from dicot species such as Arabidopsis in the expression, at the shoot apex, of two APETALA1 (AP1)-like genes, LtMADS1 and LtMADS2, and of L. temulentum LEAFY (LtLFY). As shown by in situ hybridization, LtMADS1 and LtMADS2 are expressed in the vegetative shoot apical meristem, but expression increases strongly within 30 h of LD floral induction. Later in floral development, LtMADS1 and LtMADS2 are expressed within spikelet and floret meristems and in the glume and lemma primordia. It is interesting that LtLFY is detected quite late (about 12 d after LD induction) within the spikelet meristems, glumes, and lemma primordia. These patterns contrast with Arabidopsis, where LFY and AP1 are consecutively activated early during flower formation. LtMADS2, when expressed in transgenic Arabidopsis plants under the control of the AP1 promoter, could partially complement the organ number defect of the severe ap1-15 mutant allele, confirming a close relationship between LtMADS2 and AP1.