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1.
The Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) is one of the most endangered species in the world, and it is endemic to China. According to our knowledge, there was no information on reproduction for this species. The present study was designed to understand the characteristics of reproductive hormone secretion during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy of this species by monitoring urinary estrone conjugate (E1C), pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PdG), bioactive follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). The urine samples were collected each day from four adult females for eight menstrual cycles, and once in 3 days during pregnancy (three full-term pregnancies, one mid-term abortion). The steroid conjugate was tested by radioimmunoassays (RIAs), and bioactive FSH and LH levels were measured in vitro by the sensitive bioassays granulosa cell aromatize bioassay (GAB) and rat interstitial cell testosterone (RICT), respectively. The results showed that: 1) E1C presented a preovulatory peak (183.9 +/- 8.6 ng/mgCr) followed by a definite elevation of PdG; 2) PdG in the luteal phase (754.4 +/- 30.6 ng/mgCr) was three- to fivefold higher than during the corresponding follicular phase (198.3 +/- 11.4 ng/mgCr); 3) the peaks of bio-LH and bio-FSH were on the same day, while the E1C peak was 1 or 2 days before the peaks for these two hormones; 4) bio-FSH levels were higher in the follicular phase than in the luteal phase, and bio-LH levels elevated slightly in the luteal phase; 5) the mean cycle length was 23.6 +/- 3.5 days (n = 3) based upon successive urinary LH peaks; 6) based on the interval from the day of E1C peak to the day of parturition, the gestation was 203.7 +/- 2.5 days (n = 3); and 7) both E1C and PdG increased and remained high after pregnancy, with a sharp decrease in basal levels following parturition or mid-term abortion. The results suggested that the pattern of reproductive hormones for R. bieti is similar to that of other Old World monkeys, but the concentration of the hormones is different from that of other species. This species has a longer progestation period, which may be related to its classification status. 相似文献
2.
The objective of this study was to determine if sexual swellings in mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) are a reflection of reproductive endocrine state. Urine samples were assayed using an enzyme immunoassay measuring pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide (PdG) and estrone conjugates (E1C). Hormone patterns of ovarian cycles, pregnancy and lactation were characterized and compared with sexual swellings and copulations relative to menses and peak E1C. Cycle lengths averaging 28.7 days and pregnancy length of 181 days determined by hormonal and sexual swelling measures were similar to those reported in other Old World primate species. First day of copulation was observed during rising E1C concentrations and preceded observations of peak swelling by 1–2 days. Observations of peak sexual swellings occurred at or on the day after peak E1C and decreased following the ovulatory increase in PdG. Observations of menses and sexual swellings are a useful method to track mandrill ovarian cycles and can assist zoos in determining the reproductive state of females in their collections. Zoo Biol 27:320–330, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
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Cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) are a critically endangered species that have been bred successfully in captivity for many years. For two decades, the Cotton‐top Tamarin SSP© has been challenged with a high rate of reproduction combined with a history of contraceptive failures and nonrecommended births using the current Depo Provera® (medroxyprogesterone acetate) injection followed by MGA (melengestrol acetate) implant contraception combination. To address these issues we have developed and tested the use of levonorgestrel (LNG) as an effective contraception option for cotton‐top tamarins. LNG was delivered in an injectable, gel matrix consisting of polylactic‐co‐glycolic acid, triethyl citrate and N‐methylpyrrolidone. This gel matrix forms a biodegradable depot at the subcutaneous injection site providing slow release of the active ingredient. Gel matrix composition and LNG concentration were adjusted in four gel formulations to maximize the duration of contraceptive efficacy while minimizing immediate post‐injection increases in fecal LNG concentration. LNG treatment (68.44±8.61 mg/kg) successfully eliminated ovarian cycles (fecal pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide (PdG) and estrone conjugates (E1C)) for 198.8±70.3 days (formulation four; range 19–50 weeks). It was demonstrated that subcutaneous LNG depot injection was an effective, reversible contraceptive option for the management of cotton‐top tamarins in captivity. Zoo Biol 30:498–522, 2011. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
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AARYN C. MUSTOE HEATHER A. JENSEN JEFFREY A. FRENCH 《American journal of primatology》2012,74(11):1044-1053
Endocrine data and characteristics of nonconceptive ovarian cycling and pregnancy are limited within the genus Callithrix to the common marmoset (C. jacchus) and Wied's black tufted‐ear marmoset (C. kuhlii). This article presents patterns of urinary pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide (PdG) excretion, as determined by enzyme immunoassay, throughout the course of ovarian cycling and pregnancy in white‐faced marmosets (C. geoffroyi). Furthermore, characteristics of reproductive parameters including litter size, duration of gestation, maternal age, and information about ovarian cycling following administration of contraceptives are also described. A steep increase in PdG, an indication of ovulation, characterizes normative ovarian cycles, with peak‐to‐peak intervals between cycles being 27.82 ± 1.49 days in length. PdG excretion (μg/mg Cr) across pregnancy peaked during the 1st and 2nd trimesters (1st = 20.71 ± 2.98, 2nd = 21.16 ± 2.60) and declined gradually to near preconception levels over the 3rd trimester until parturition (3rd = 5.74 ± 1.60). Gestation lasted 148.55 ± 1.89 days. Most pregnancies (82.8%) resulted in an immediate postpartum ovulation (PPO) of 17.45 ± 2.22 days with 58.3% of PPOs resulting in conception. No differences in PdG excretion during the 1st trimester between full pregnancies and miscarriages were found, and pregnancy characteristics such as litter size, duration of gestation, and maternal age were not associated with PdG concentrations. Administration of cloprostenol resulted in shorter peak‐to‐peak cycle durations, but ovulation was detectable with similar concentrations of peak PdG to a normal nonconceptive cycle. Conversely, medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) injections resulted in little to no PdG excretion across the ovarian cycle. Both methods of contraception providing effective prevention of conception. Overall, these results show that strong similarities in reproductive parameters persist within the genus Callithrix and to a lesser extent across the Callitrichidae family. Am. J. Primatol. 74:1044‐1053, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
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J. W. McArthur I. Z. Beitins A. Gorman D. C. Collins J. R. K. Preedy C. E. Graham 《American journal of primatology》1981,1(3):265-270
The interrelationship between sex skin swelling and the urinary excretion of luteinizing hormone and sex steroids was investigated during ovulatory menstrual cycles in adult female chimpanzees. Estrone was excreted in two peaks, one during the preovulatory and the other during the midluteal phase. Maximum swelling of the sex skin was attained several days before the preovulatory estrone peak. The LH surge preceded or accompanied beginning detumescence of the sex skin which, in turn, was closely correlated with a rising excretion of pregnanediol. Urinary measurements provide integrated estimates of the concentration of fluctuating hormones and, in addition, are safer and easier to make than blood measurements in this species. 相似文献
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Enzymeimmunoassays (EIAs) for estrone conjugates (EC), pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PDG), and C-19 and C-21 progesterone metabolites (C-19/C-21) were used to analyze urine samples from four nondomestic equid species, four tapir species, and two rhinoceros species in an attempt to identify if these assays could be used for diagnosing and monitoring pregnancy. The same urine samples were also analyzed for the presence of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) activity, using a field dipstick test and a radioimmunoassay (RIA). The EC EIA was validated for three equid species and the Malayan tapir. Neither the PDG nor the C-19/C-21 EIAs were validated in any species evaluated. In equid species, the EC EIA demonstrated a specificity (the percentage of nonpregnant samples identified correctly) of 100% and a sensitivity (the percentage of pregnant samples identified correctly) of ≥ 88%. With the exception of the Grevy's zebra, the C-19/C-21 EIA showed a similar accuracy in identifying pregnant and nonpregnant equids. The PDG EIA was not sufficiently accurate to merit its use in equids or tapirs for pregnancy diagnosis. From the data collected, it appears analysis of a single urine by both the EC EIA and the C-19/C-21 EIA would be the best method of pregnancy detection during the last 2 trimesters of gestation, in equid species. In tapirs, the C-19/C-21 EIA was slightly more accurate for pregnancy diagnosis than the EC EIA. The C-19/C-21 EIA had a specificity of 93%, but a sensitivity of only 73% in tapir species. None of the EIAs evaluated demonstrated a sufficient specificity or sensitivity to be useful, as presently performed, for pregnancy diagnosis from a single sample in the black rhinoceros. The eCG dipstick used in this study did not prove a sufficiently reliable test for routine pregnancy in nondomestic equids. The eCG RIA results in the Przewalski's horses and the Hartman's mountain zebra were positive early in gestation, and indicate that gonadotropin analysis may be useful for pregnancy detection in these species. Only very low amounts of eCG activity was measured by the eCG RIA in the tapir and rhinoceros urine samples. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
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Hao H Chen C Rao XM Gomez-Gutierrez JG Zhou HS McMasters KM 《Journal of cellular and molecular medicine》2012,16(3):605-615
E2F-1-deleted mutant, 'truncated E2F' (E2Ftr, E2F-1[1-375]), lacking the carboxy-terminal transactivation domain, was shown to be more potent at inducing cancer cell apoptosis than wild-type E2F-1 (wtE2F-1; full-length E2F-1). Mechanisms by which wtE2F-1 and E2Ftr induce apoptosis, however, are not fully elucidated. Our study demonstrates molecular effects of pro-apoptotic BH3-only Bcl-2 family member Harakiri (Hrk) in wtE2F-1- and E2Ftr-induced melanoma cell apoptosis. We found that Hrk mRNA and Harakiri (HRK) protein expression was highly up-regulated in melanoma cells in response to wtE2F-1 and E2Ftr overexpression. HRK up-regulation did not require the E2F-1 transactivation domain. In addition, Hrk gene up-regulation and HRK protein expression did not require p53 in cancer cells. Hrk knockdown by Hrk siRNA was associated with significantly reduced wtE2F-1- and E2Ftr-induced apoptosis. We also found that an upstream factor, 'downstream regulatory element antagonist modulator' (DREAM), may be involved in HRK-mediated apoptosis in response to wtE2F-1 and E2Ftr overexpression. DREAM expression levels increased following wtE2F-1 and E2Ftr overexpression. Western blotting detected increased DREAM primarily in dimeric form. The homodimerization of DREAM resulting from wtE2F-1 and E2Ftr overexpression may contribute to the decreased binding activity of DREAM to the 3'-untranslated region of the Hrk gene as shown by electromobility shift assay. Results showed wtE2F-1- and E2Ftr-induced apoptosis is partially mediated by HRK. HRK function is regulated in response to DREAM. Our findings contribute to understanding the mechanisms that regulate wtE2F-1- and E2Ftr-induced apoptosis and provide insights into the further evaluation of how E2Ftr-induced apoptosis may be used for therapeutic gain. 相似文献
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A sensitive and efficient non-chromatographic procedure employing the Girard reagent and solvent-partitioning has been developed for the accurate radioimmunoassay (RIA) of estrone (E1) and estradiol-17β(E2) in a single 1.0 ml specimen of male or female serum. Using standard curves which permitted the discrimination of zero from 0.75–1.5 pg (p=0.05), the following mean procedural blanks (pg ± S.D.) were determined (1.0 ml water, n= 24): estrone, 2. 1 ± 1.1 (range 0–4.1); estradiol 1.0± 1.1 (range 0–3.6).A comparison of RIA of estrogens (1) in serum after separation by the Girard procedure and by TLC yielded correlation coefficients of 0.99 and 0.98 for E1 and E2 respectively. The following results (pg/ml ± S.D.) were obtained on RIA of E1 and E2 in 12 different 1.0 ml specimens of male and female serum using the Girard procedure: male. E1 (32.0 ± 9.2), E2 (24.1 ± 10.9); female, E1 (108.5 ± 60.8), E2 (126.4 ± 63.2).The intra-assay variability (c.v.) was found to be 12.6% for E1 and 9.4% for E2. The interassay variability was 14.2% for both estrogens.Twenty-four assays of E1 and E2 can be completed by one person in 2 working days. 相似文献
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Constantinou C Elia A Clemens MJ 《Biology of the cell / under the auspices of the European Cell Biology Organization》2008,100(5):279-289
Background information. The translational inhibitor protein 4E‐BP1 [eIF4E (eukaryotic initiation factor 4E)‐binding protein 1] regulates the availability of polypeptide chain initiation factor eIF4E for protein synthesis. Initiation factor eIF4E binds the 5′ cap structure present on all cellular mRNAs. Its ability to associate with initiation factors eIF4G and eIF4A, forming the eIF4F complex, brings the mRNA to the 43S complex during the initiation of translation. Binding of eIF4E to eIF4G is inhibited in a competitive manner by 4E‐BP1. Phosphorylation of 4E‐BP1 decreases the affinity of this protein for eIF4E, thus favouring the binding of eIF4G and enhancing translation. We have previously shown that induction or activation of the tumour suppressor protein p53 rapidly leads to 4E‐BP1 dephosphorylation, resulting in sequestration of eIF4E, decreased formation of the eIF4F complex and inhibition of protein synthesis. Results. We now report that activation of p53 also results in modification of 4E‐BP1 to a truncated form. Unlike full‐length 4E‐BP1, which is reversibly phosphorylated at multiple sites, the truncated protein is almost completely unphosphorylated. Moreover, the latter interacts with eIF4E in preference to full‐length 4E‐BP1. Inhibitor studies indicate that the p53‐induced cleavage of 4E‐BP1 is mediated by the proteasome and is blocked by conditions that inhibit the dephosphorylation of full‐length 4E‐BP1. Measurements of the turnover of 4E‐BP1 indicate that the truncated form is much more stable than the full‐length protein. Conclusions. The results suggest a model in which proteasome activity gives rise to a stable, hypophosphorylated and truncated form of 4E‐BP1, which may exert a long‐term inhibitory effect on the availability of eIF4E, thus contributing to the inhibition of protein synthesis and the growth‐inhibitory and pro‐apoptotic effects of p53. 相似文献
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Lei Zhang Kai Song Ling Zhou Zhishen Xie Ping Zhou Yiming Zhao Yue Han Xiaojun Xu Ping Li 《Journal of cellular biochemistry》2015,116(6):1101-1112
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Phospholipase D (PLD) is implicated in a variety of physiological processes that reveal it to be a member of the signal transducing phospholipases. We found that PLD1 is activated when basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) stimulates neurite outgrowth of an immortalized hippocampal cell line (H19-7). Overexpression of PLD1 in H19-7 cells dramatically elongated bFGF-induced neurite outgrowth and increased PLD activity. Transfection of DN-rPLD1 blocked bFGF-induced PLD activation and completely inhibited neurite outgrowth induced by bFGF, suggesting that PLD1 activation is important in bFGF-induced neurite outgrowth of H19-7 cells. PLD activation and neurite outgrowth induced by bFGF was dependent on phospholipase C gamma (PLC-gamma) and Ca2+, but not protein kinase C (PKC). Furthermore, inhibition of Src and Ras partially blocked bFGF-induced PLD activation and neurite outgrowth, respectively. Coinhibition of Src and Ras completely blocked bFGF-induced PLD activation, suggesting that Src and Ras independently regulate PLD1 activation. Interestingly, bFGF-induced PLD activation and neurite outgrowth did not require ERK1/2 activated by Ras. Taken together, this study demonstrates that bFGF activates PLD1 through PLC-gamma activation, which leads to neurite outgrowth in H19-7 cells. Furthermore, our results show that PLD1 activation by bFGF is regulated by Src and Ras independently. 相似文献
14.
BAX inhibitor-1 regulates autophagy by controlling the IRE1α branch of the unfolded protein response
Castillo K Rojas-Rivera D Lisbona F Caballero B Nassif M Court FA Schuck S Ibar C Walter P Sierralta J Glavic A Hetz C 《The EMBO journal》2011,30(21):4465-4478
Both autophagy and apoptosis are tightly regulated processes playing a central role in tissue homeostasis. Bax inhibitor 1 (BI-1) is a highly conserved protein with a dual role in apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signalling through the regulation of the ER stress sensor inositol requiring kinase 1 α (IRE1α). Here, we describe a novel function of BI-1 in the modulation of autophagy. BI-1-deficient cells presented a faster and stronger induction of autophagy, increasing LC3 flux and autophagosome formation. These effects were associated with enhanced cell survival under nutrient deprivation. Repression of autophagy by BI-1 was dependent on cJun-N terminal kinase (JNK) and IRE1α expression, possibly due to a displacement of TNF-receptor associated factor-2 (TRAF2) from IRE1α. Targeting BI-1 expression in flies altered autophagy fluxes and salivary gland degradation. BI-1 deficiency increased flies survival under fasting conditions. Increased expression of autophagy indicators was observed in the liver and kidney of bi-1-deficient mice. In summary, we identify a novel function of BI-1 in multicellular organisms, and suggest a critical role of BI-1 as a stress integrator that modulates autophagy levels and other interconnected homeostatic processes. 相似文献
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《Nucleosides, nucleotides & nucleic acids》2013,32(1-2):281-289
The per‐O‐acetylated open chain derivatives of 1‐(1‐butylindol‐3‐yl)‐1‐deoxy‐1‐L‐sorbose and 1‐(1‐butylindol‐3‐yl)‐1‐deoxy‐L‐tagatose, which are readily available by alkaline degradation of 1‐butylascorbigen followed by acetylation, were used in a nucleoside‐type synthesis. The interaction of these ketoses derivatives with bis‐(trimethylsilyl)‐uracil yielded in each case a mixture of (E)‐2,4,5,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐1‐(1‐butylindol‐3‐yl)‐1,3‐dideoxy‐3‐(uracil‐1‐yl)‐L‐xylo‐hexa‐1‐enitol and (E)‐2,4,5,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐1‐(1‐butylindol‐3‐yl)‐1,3‐dideoxy‐3‐(uracil‐1‐yl)‐L‐lyxo‐hexa‐1‐enitol, which were separated by preparative HPLC. The deacetylation of each of these compounds by MeONa in MeOH produced a mixture of 1‐(1‐butylindol‐3‐yl)‐1,3‐dideoxy‐4‐O‐methyl‐3‐(uracil‐1‐yl)‐α‐L‐sorbopyranose and 1‐(1‐butylindol‐3‐yl)‐1,3‐dideoxy‐4‐O‐methyl‐3‐(uracil‐1‐yl)‐β‐D‐fructopyranose, which were also separated by HPLC, the structures were confirmed by NMR. 相似文献
16.
Wentzel P Eriksson UJ 《Birth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology》2005,73(7):506-511
BACKGROUND: Offspring of women with diabetes are at increased risk for congenital malformations and disturbed growth compared with infants from nondiabetic pregnancies. The precise biological process behind these effects is not yet completely clarified. Previous studies have suggested that diabetic embryopathy is associated with increased level of oxidative stress and disturbed arachidonic acid metabolism. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether a diabetes-like environment both in vivo and in vitro increases embryonic levels of isoprostanes and alters embryonic prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) concentration. Furthermore, we studied whether vitamin E and folic acid treatment rectify such alterations. METHODS: Embryos from diabetic and nondiabetic rats at gestational days (GDs) 10 and 11 were used. In the in vitro experiments, we used whole embryo culture, which mimics pregnancy. GD 9 embryos from nondiabetic rats were cultured for either 24 hr (corresponding to GD 10) or 48 hr (corresponding to GD 11) and exposed to 10 or 30 mM glucose concentration with or without folic acid. RESULTS: Embryos from diabetic rats and embryos cultured in a high glucose concentration showed increased malformation rates. Dietary treatment with vitamin E in vivo and supplementation of folic acid in the culture medium with 30 mM glucose in vitro decreased the malformation rate, decreased embryonic isoprostane levels, and increased PGE(2) concentration. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes-induced oxidative stress and disturbance of PGE(2) production may contribute to the embryonic dysmorphogenesis in the offspring of diabetic rodents and, thereby, may also have a role in human diabetic embryopathy. 相似文献
17.
Hideo Etoh Kazuo Ina Masanobu Iguchi 《Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry》2013,77(12):2999-3000
1-Isobutyl-5-(4-phenoxyphenyl)imidazole (KK-98), an inhibitor of juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis in the cockroach, and related imidazole compounds were evaluated against silkworm, Bombyx mori, for their activity to induce precocious metamorphosis. KK-98 induced precocious metamorphosis in the 4th instar larvae at high doses. Replacement of the 4-phenoxy group by a 3-phenoxy or 3-benzyloxy group on the benzene ring increased the activity. Among this series of compounds, 5-(3-benzyloxyphenyl)-1-isopropylimidazole (8) showed the highest activity. The induction of precocious metamorphosis by compound 8 was rescued by the simultaneous application of methoprene, a JH minie. When newly molted 3rd instar larvae were treated with a high dose of compound 8, a few larvae formed larval-pupal intermediates in the 3rd instar stage, which has not been formed by treating of any other imidazoles so far. 相似文献
18.
Monika Merkle Andrea Ribeiro Simone Köppel Markus Wörnle 《Cell biology international》2012,36(12):1155-1160
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