中国巴尔虎人的体质特征

在内蒙古呼伦贝尔市新巴尔虎左旗测量了巴尔虎人(男196例,女204例)的体质数据,与中国和国外族群体质资料进行了比较,得出了巴尔虎人的体质特征,初步探讨了巴尔虎人在人种学上的分型地位,分析了巴尔虎人体质形成的原因。结果表明:1)巴尔虎人多有上眼睑皱褶,有蒙古褶率为40%,鼻根高度中等、鼻翼高度中等,鼻背较低。直鼻背,颧部突出,红唇薄,发黑,肤黄,眼褐,下颏明显前凸。巴尔虎人具有蒙古人种的基本特征。2)巴尔虎人体部特征最明显的是体重大,其胸围、腹围、臀围、大腿围值在目前已经报道的中国族群中最大,其皮下脂肪层厚,BMI远远超过中国当代汉族乡村人。3)巴尔虎人男性与女性均为短头型、高头型、阔头型、中面型、中鼻型、宽胸型、中肩型、中骨盆型、中腿型、矮胖型。男性为长躯干型,女性为中躯干型。4)主成分分析结果显示,在蒙古族族群中巴尔虎人身材中等,体重大、头较长且较宽,口裂较窄,鼻高值小,鼻较宽,唇较薄。巴尔虎人与布里亚特人、图瓦人体质特征极为接近。5)巴尔虎人人种特征属于蒙古人种北亚类型贝加尔分支类型与中亚分支类型之间的中间类型,在其体质特征中还包含欧罗巴人种的成分。6)巴尔虎人由突厥语族族群逐渐成为蒙古语族族群,遗传因素是其体质特征形成的主要原因,生活环境、饮食成分对其体质特征形成也有重要作用。     

巴尔虎蒙古族

1968年7月,18岁的我从边城满洲里下乡到新巴尔虎右旗赛汉塔拉苏木白音胡热嘎查当了一名知青,开始了我“新牧民”的生活。从此,我走进了巴尔虎蒙古族牧民中间,老牧民申德给我讲述了他们古老的历史。     

毛盖图敖包——巴尔虎人的圣山

正270年前,巴尔虎蒙古人的一位德高望重的先哲来到大兴安岭,第一眼看到毛盖图山时就被这大山的气魄所震撼,认定这是圣灵之地,于是设立敖包开始祭祀蒙古人心中至高无上的神——长生天。"长生天"是蒙古民族的最高天神,因蒙古人以"苍天"(苍穹)为永恒神,故谓"长生     

云南蒙古族体质特征

在云南省通海县调查了439例(男为202例, 女为237例)蒙古族人的67项体质指标(9项观察指标和58项测量指标), 计算出32项体质指数, 并对身高和11项指数进行了分型统计。研究结果表明: (1)云南蒙古族有蒙古褶率较低,有上眼睑皱褶率较低。鼻根高度男的中型率最高, 女的低型率最高。鼻翼高度男女均以中型率最高, 上唇皮肤部高度男女多为中等; 耳垂男女以三角形率最高。发色多为黑色, 眼色多为褐色, 肤色多为黄色。(2)云南蒙古族身高男女均为亚中等身材, 男性的亚中等型率最高, 女性的矮型率最高。按分型比例来看, 云南蒙古族男女均为中头型(头长宽指数)、高头型、超狭面型、中胸型、中肩型、中腿型、窄骨盆型、中躯干型率最高。头宽高指数男性为中头型率最高, 女性为阔头型率最高。(3)在7个蒙古族族群中, 蒙古族头长值、鼻高值最大, 鼻宽、口裂宽、形态面高值最大,头宽、额最小宽、面宽、身高、体重值最小。(4)在14个云南族群中, 云南蒙古族形态面高、鼻高、体重值大, 身高值较大,鼻宽、口裂宽值较小。(5)云南蒙古族体质与阿昌、白族、彝族最为接近。(6)云南蒙古族总体上属于蒙古人种南亚类型体质, 是南亚类型中体质相对接近于北亚类型的一个族群。(7)云南蒙古族体质形成与其族源及与周边族群的基因交流有关。     

内蒙古地区虎榛子群系的群落特征

虎榛子(Ostryopsis davidiana)灌丛是温带地区重要的山地中生落叶阔叶灌丛类型,分布范围广。调查虎榛子灌丛的分布、群落特征有助于为蒙古高原的生物多样性保护、生态屏障建设提供支持。2016–2020年在内蒙古自治区内调查37个样地,共记录到维管植物300种,隶属于52科158属;其中被子植物298种,隶属于50科156属;蕨类植物2种,隶属于2科2属。生活型谱以多年生草本为主,占73%;水分生态类型以中生植物为主,占65%;区系地理成分以温带成分为主,其中东古北极分布种最多,其次是东亚成分;大多数植物为偶见种。对内蒙古区域内虎榛子群系物种组成、生态特征和群落分类进行了详细描述和研究,后将内蒙古区域内虎榛子群系划分为3个群丛组、17个群丛。     

蒙古扁桃的花部综合特征与虫媒传粉

连续2年对蒙古扁桃自然居群的传粉昆虫进行了观察,用重力玻片法检测。结果表明风媒导致的异株传粉作用可以忽略;蒙古扁桃花散布的气味、花蜜在诱导昆虫传粉中起主要作用;共发现访花昆虫17种,主要包括蜂类、蝇类、蝶类,以蜂类为主;昆虫访花频率与开花习性有关,访问者偏爱访问处于盛花期的花;蒙古扁桃趋向于虫媒的异花授粉,但缺乏忠实的传粉者。     

内蒙古赤峰地区蒙古族人群30个常染色体InDel的遗传多态性

为了调查30个常染色体插入/缺失(insertion/deletion, InDel)位点在内蒙古赤峰地区蒙古族人群中的遗传多态性,应用Investigator DIPplex试剂盒对50名内蒙古赤峰地区蒙古族无关健康个体进行分型检测,统计分析InDel位点的频率分布及群体遗传学参数。经Bonferroni校正后, 30个InDel位点均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验(P0.05/30),各位点间处于连锁平衡状态(P0.05/435);个体识别率为0.309 6～0.658 4,多态信息含量为0.188 9～0.374 9;系统累积个体识别率为0.999 999 999 993,三联体累积非父排除率为0.996 257 187 748,二联体累积非父排除率为0.957 489 048 877。结果提示, Investigator DIPplex试剂盒包含的30个常染色体InDel位点在内蒙古赤峰地区蒙古族人群中有较好的遗传多态性,可作为法医遗传学实践应用的补充。     

黑龙江省达斡尔族体质特征调查

本文所调查对象为黑龙江省的达斡尔族居民。共调查227人(男144人、女83人),年龄20—60岁。调查结果表明,达斡尔族居民具有典型的黄种人特征。例如胡须少、眼裂狭窄、蒙古褶发达,眼裂上斜,鼻梁较直、鼻高中等,鼻宽偏窄,头部短宽且较高,面部较高且偏宽。这些特征与华北地区的汉族和朝鲜族、羌族的体征比较接近。     

脊虎天牛属八种雌性生殖器比较研究(鞘翅目,天牛科,天牛亚科,虎天牛族)

记述了脊虎天牛属Xylotrechus 8 种雌性生殖器,比较研究了该属雌性生殖器的结构特点,结果表明:骨杆形状、交配囊的形状、受精囊的形状、受精囊腺的形状等雌性生殖器特征具有重要的分类学意义;通过生殖器特征对比,柳脊虎天牛与脊虎天牛属其余7种雌性生殖器特征差异不明显,因此作者认为将其归属于脊虎天牛属Xylotrechus 并将 Turanoclytus作为脊虎天牛属 Xylotrechus的一个亚属是合理的.     

铃兰族(广义)花粉形态与叶表皮特征的研究

对铃兰族(广义)7个属分别作了花粉(17种)扫描电镜观察和叶表皮(12种)的光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察。花粉可分为8个类型。在狭义的铃兰族的4个属内,花粉全为远极单槽,舟状。它们的外壁除夏须草属外,都具细孔。夏须草属的花粉外壁则为细皱。 Hutchinson(1934)的蜘蛛抱蛋族花粉形态变异很大,其中开口箭属和万年青属的花粉为远极单槽,舟形,外壁具穿孔或网纹,而蜘蛛抱蛋属的花粉则为球状,无萌发孔。其间的显著差异支持Nakai为前两个属建立万年青族(Rohdeae)。表1归纳了7个属的花粉形态;图1是我们对铃兰族(广义)花粉形态演化的见解。叶表皮观察表明,气孔器为无规则型,上表皮角质层主要为条纹加厚,或均匀加厚,而铃兰属的角质层秕糠状加厚。7个属的叶表皮特征归纳于表2。     

蒙古国鱼类地理分布简介

有关蒙古鱼类及其分布的文献很少,中文文献更少。本文依记载做了汇综简介。现知有43～44种(一种为引入外来鱼),另外尚可能有10～11种。在鱼类地理分布学内属全北区的环极亚区(西伯利亚分区)、黑龙江过渡亚区(黑龙江分区)及宁蒙高原亚区(西蒙古分区和内蒙古分区)。     

New furoxan derivatives for the treatment of ocular hypertension

A small series of water-soluble NO-donor furoxans bearing a basic center at the 4-position, having a wide lipophilic-hydrophilic balance range, and endowed with different NO-release capacities, were synthesized and characterized. Selected members were studied for their IOP-lowering activity in the transient ocular hypertensive rabbit model at 1% dose. The most effective IOP-lowering products were compounds 3 and 7, whose activity 60 min after administration was similar to that of Timolol. Notably, 7 was characterized by a long-lasting action. The IOP-lowering activity in this series of products appeared to be modulated by the lipophilic-hydrophilic balance rather than by the NO-donor capacity.     

Pharmacological consequences of oxidative stress in ocular tissues

The eye is a unique organ because of its constant exposure to radiation, atmospheric oxygen, environmental chemicals and physical abrasion. That oxidative stress mechanisms in ocular tissues have been hypothesized to play a role in diseases such as glaucoma, cataract, uveitis, retrolental fibroplasias, age-related macular degeneration and various forms of retinopathy provides an opportunity for new approaches to their prevention and treatment, In the anterior uvea, both H₂O₂ and synthetic peroxides exert pharmacological/toxicological actions tissues of the anterior uvea especially on the sympathetic nerves and smooth muscles of the iris–ciliary bodies of several mammalian species. Effects produced by peroxides require the presence of trace amounts of extracellular calcium and the functional integrity of mitochondrial calcium stores. Arachidonic acid metabolites appear to be involved in both the excitatory action of peroxides on sympathetic neurotransmission and their inhibitory effect on contractility of the iris smooth muscle to muscarinic receptor activation. In addition to the peroxides, isoprostanes (products of free radical catalyzed peroxidation of arachidonic acid independent of the cyclo-oxygenase enzyme) can also alter sympathetic neurotransmission in anterior uveal tissues. In the retina, both H₂O₂ and synthetic peroxides produced an inhibitory action on potassium depolarization induced release of [³H] d-aspartate, in vitro and on the endogenous glutamate and glycine concentrations in vivo. Effects caused by peroxides in the retina are mediated, at least in part, by second messengers such as nitric oxide, prostaglandins and isoprostanes. The ability of H₂O₂ to alter the integrity of neurotransmitter pools from sympathetic nerves in the anterior uvea and glutaminergic nerves in the retina could underlie its role in the etiology of glaucoma.     

Prevalence of adenoviruses as ocular disease causatives in Saudi Arabia

Although Human Adenoviruses outbreaks are rare, there still could be a potential chance for those viruses to mutate and spread quickly in human populations with severe public health and socioeconomic consequences. Outbreaks often spread fairly quickly with considerable morbidity/mortality. Saudi Arabia’s geopolitical and religious significance bring with it, millions of pilgrims, and tourists yearly. This presents a significant potential for HAdVs epidemics. This review shows that even with the mushrooming serotypes and genotypes, the scholarly knowledge on the nature, structure, transmission, and management of HAdVs is already well-established. Significant research is ongoing on pharmacological interventions, which, presently remain speculative and lacking in effectiveness. This review similarly uncovers a shortage of literature, both recent and dated, on epidemic keratoconjunctivitis in either Saudi Arabia or the Middle East.     

近10年来蒙古高原植被覆盖变化对气候的响应

基于东亚干旱半干旱地区内蒙古和蒙古国67个气象站的观测资料和SPOTVEGETATION归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据,借助线性趋势、MK趋势性检验、最大化合成法和相关分析等常用数理统计方法,研究了内蒙古和蒙古国地区的植被覆盖变化和气候变化及其响应关系。结果表明:①近49年内蒙古和蒙古国地区年均气温显著上升,降水变化不明显。年均气温在空间上呈现出南高北低的空间分布格局,降水量表现出由西向东递增趋势。②空间分布上,内蒙的植被覆盖状况好于蒙古国。时间变化上,该地区植被覆盖变化分为2个阶段,1998—2001年NDVI呈整体退化趋势,2002—2012年波动上升,其中2009—2012年连续3a上升。空间变化上,内蒙古境内植被退化的区域主要集中在锡林郭勒盟周边地区,蒙古国境内退化的区域分布在中西部地区。③蒙古国境内荒漠和草原植被NDVI与降水呈正相关关系,与气温呈负相关。而对于内蒙古而言荒漠和草原植被的NDVI也与降水呈正相关关系,森林植被与气温呈正相关。就政策层面:内蒙古区域近年来受国家重大生态政策退耕还林、退牧还草的影响,大部分东部和西部植被恢复较快。在今后如果增强两国的文化和政策交流学习,将会对未来的游牧民族文化的保留和发展提供契机。     

Application of sterilised human amnion for reconstruction of the ocular surface

BACKGROUND: Despite improved surgical techniques and the use of new medication, healing of corneal and conjunctival defects cannot always be achieved. In this connection the clinical use of human amnion, produced by different techniques, has represented a successful alternative for the past ten years. The purpose of the present investigation was the development of a clinically secure, therapeutically efficient, and easy-to-handle (transport, storage, application) allogenic amnion transplant. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A new method for an amnion preparation, which contains a sterilisation process in peracetic acid and a drying process in a laminar flow cabinet, was developed as an alternative to previous techniques described in the literature. Amnion transplantation was used to treat 41 patients, 36 of them with corneal ulcer. Further indications for amnion transplantation were symblepharon, descemetocele, as well as dehiscence of conjunctiva after cerclage. RESULTS: Seventy-three percent of cases showed postoperative improvement evidenced by constant vision, while 15 percent showed decreased vision. CONCLUSIONS: The study confirms the observations of previous investigators who consider amnion transplantation an efficient therapeutic method for a multitude of eye diseases. The new method described in this report, guarantees patients' safety by using a validated new sterilisation process against infections that can be transmitted by human tissue. At present this method constitutes the only process available in Germany, and is approved by the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Products (BfArM) for the manufacture of human amnion transplants as a finished medical product.     

眼部浅绿色气球菌感染4例报道

目的 提高对眼部气球菌感染的认识.方法 报告4例眼部气球菌感染病例并复习文献,对其发病因素、临床症状、诊断、及治疗和预后进行分析.结果 4例眼部感染气球菌患者为中年或老年人,基础疾病为青光眼、糖尿病(2例)及甲状腺功能亢进症,均经病原菌的分离鉴定后确诊为浅绿色气球菌感染,且对左氧氟沙星、万古霉素等常用药敏感,4例患者中除1例青光眼患者用药效果不理想外,其余均经1～2周的治疗后痊愈.结论 对眼部感染患者,应加强浅绿色气球菌的分离与鉴定.     

Heritability and shared environment estimates for myopia and associated ocular biometric traits: the Genes in Myopia (GEM) family study

To examine the familial correlations, heritability (h ²) and common environmental components (c ²) of myopia and ocular biometric traits (all treated as continuous outcomes) in families collected through the Genes in Myopia (GEM) family study in Australia. A total of 132 pedigrees (723 participants) were recruited for this study. All individuals completed a risk factor questionnaire and underwent a detailed eye examination including spherical equivalent (SphE) and ocular biometric measurements of axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD) and corneal curvature (CC). Familial correlations were calculated and h ² and c² were estimated using a variance component model that assumes a multivariate t distribution within each pedigree. Two definitions of common environments (c ²) were considered: nuclear family (current) shared environment (Model 1) and sib-ship (childhood) shared environment (Model 2). Population ascertainment adjustment was performed using the Blue Mountains eye study dataset. The trends observed for familial correlations suggested that SphE is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors whereas AL, ACD and CC are predominantly genetically determined. This was largely confirmed by variance components modelling. Heritability estimates (adjusted for age, sex and years of education) from the best fitting ACE model (Model 2, childhood shared environment) were 0.50 ± 0.05 for SphE, 0.73 ± 0.04 for AL, 0.78 ± 0.04 for ACD and 0.16 ± 0.06 for CC. Childhood environmental effects were significant with c ² estimated to be 0.33 ± 0.04 for SphE, 0.06 ± 0.03 for AL, 0.22 ± 0.04 for ACD and 0.10 ± 0.05 for CC. Age was associated with SphE, total years of education was associated with AL and sex was associated with all traits studied. We used a novel and conservative approach to account for and estimate common environmental effects by specifying either nuclear family or sib-ship environment when estimating heritability estimates and showed that all traits examined (SphE, AL, ACD and CC) are heritable, thus reflecting a genetic component. These traits therefore all represent candidates for quantitative trait linkage analyses.     

Expression of the heparin-binding growth factors Midkine and pleiotrophin during ocular development

Midkine (MDK) and Pleiotrophin (PTN) belong to a group of heparin-binding growth factors that has been shown to have pleiotropic functions in various biological processes during development and disease. Development of the vertebrate eye is a multistep process that involves coordinated interactions between neuronal and non-neuronal cells, but very little is known about the potential function of MDK and PTN in these processes. In this study, we demonstrate by section in situ hybridization, the spatiotemporal expression of MDK and PTN during ocular development in chick and mouse. We show that MDK and PTN are expressed in dynamic patterns that overlap in a few non-neuronal tissues in the anterior eye and in neuronal cell layers of the posterior eye. We show that the expression patterns of MDK and PTN are only conserved in a few tissues in chick and mouse but they overlap with the expression of some of their receptors LRP1, RPTPZ, ALK, NOTCH2, ITGβ1, SDC1, and SDC3. The dynamic expression patterns of MDK, PTN and their receptors suggest that they function together during the multistep process of ocular development and they may play important roles in cell proliferation, adhesion, and migration of neuronal and non-neuronal cells.