评世界保护联盟新的物种受威胁分类系统草案

为了进一步了解物种受威胁的情况和发展,以加强物种保护工作,世界保护联盟制定了一个新的物种受威胁分类系统草案,把物种受威胁的程度分为９个级别,即绝灭种、野生状态下的绝灭种、极危种、濒危种、渐危种、敏感种、安全的／危险性小的种、不充分了解的种和未估价的种。本文对这个分类系统草案作了简略的评介。     

种间作用对物种分布模拟的影响及建模方法

物种分布模型(SDMs)通过量化物种分布和环境变量之间的关系,并将其外推到未知的景观单元,模拟、预测地理空间中生物的潜在分布,是生态学、生物地理学、保护生物学等研究领域的重要工具.然而,目前物种分布模型主要采用非生物因素作为预测变量,由于数据量化和建模表达困难,生物因素特别是种间作用在物种分布模型中常被忽略,将种间作用...     

灌丛化对黄土高原草地植物群落结构和地上生物量的影响

中国北方草地普遍出现灌丛化现象,灌丛化改变植物群落结构、植物多样性和生产力,直接影响着草地生态保护与可持续利用.该研究以黄土高原灌丛化草地为研究对象,通过植被调查,分析比较不同坡向的灌丛斑块与禾草斑块植物群落结构(物种组成、优势种及物种多样性)和地上生物量的差异.结果发现:(1)灌丛化草地不同坡向对物种多样性及地上生物...     

北京市建成区绿地植物物种来源分析

为探讨北京市建成区绿地植物的物种构成、外来植物组成及其在不同功能区的分布,采用机械布点和随机抽样法对北京市建成区绿地植物资源进行系统调查。结果表明：（1）北京市建成区绿地植物外来引进种173种,外来归化入侵种20余种：（2）外来引进种以国内引进为主,境外起源物种中美洲和欧亚区系植物占绝对优势：（3）外来种丰度按大小排列为：大型公园〉高等院校〉居住区绿地〉街头绿地／街心花园〉附属绿地〉街道绿地〉片林绿地,而各绿地类型的入侵种数量没有显著差异。     

Effect of Hay Transfer on Long-Term Establishment of Vegetation and Grasshoppers on Former Arable Fields

The transfer of seed‐containing hay is a restoration measure for the introduction of plant species of local provenance. We investigated the effect of hay transfer on species richness and on long‐term establishment of target plant and grasshopper species on former arable fields with and without topsoil removal in comparison to reference sites in a nature reserve. Plant species richness, the number of target plant species, and Red List plant species were significantly positively affected by hay transfer, both on the scale of whole restoration fields and on permanent plots of 4 m². Eight years after the start of the restoration, only few of the transferred plant species had disappeared and some target species were newly found. Grasshoppers were affected not by hay transfer but by topsoil removal. The proportion of target grasshopper and plant species and Red List grasshopper species was higher on topsoil removal sites with low standing crop and high cover of bare soil than on sites without soil removal. On topsoil removal sites without hay, however, plant species richness was very low because of the slow natural dispersal of the target species. Vegetation and grasshopper communities still differed between restoration fields and the nature reserve. Nevertheless, our results indicate that the transfer of autochthonous seed‐containing hay is a successful method to establish species‐rich grasslands with a high proportion of target species.     

An Essay on Some Topics Concerning Invasive Species

Abstract There is a tendency for both scientists and lay people to regard invading alien species as inherently ‘bad’ and native species as inherently ‘good.’ Past invasions occurred commonly without human assistance. They rarely caused large, lasting decreases in species richness or ecological damage. Current invasions provide opportunities for scientific study. They are unintentional, uncontrolled experiments, which can provide insights into attributes of successful colonists, relationships with native species, and impacts on the structure and function of ecological systems.     

DNA分子标记技术在真菌系统学研究中的应用及影响

DNA分子标记技术为真菌系统进化研究提供了许多新的方法,真菌分子系统学已成为一门成熟的学科。简述了真菌分子系统学的发展简史和代表性的研究方法以及对真菌系统学的主要贡献,包括将广义的真菌划分为3个类群,粘菌和卵菌不再属于真菌界成员。真菌生命之树项目的研究结果对真菌界高阶分类系统作出重大调整,将先前的4个门(壶菌门、接合菌门、子囊菌门和担子菌门)变为7个门(微孢子虫门、壶菌门、新丽鞭毛菌门、芽枝霉门、球囊菌门、子囊菌门和担子菌门)和4个亚门,并对真菌各类群概念作出修订。此外,DNA分子标记技术对真菌种概念的认识、有性型-无性型关联及分子生态学等研究领域产生了重要影响。     

根际土壤动物及其对植物生长的影响

土壤动物是根际土壤生物的重要组成部分,对于营养物质的转化、储存和释放,土壤微生物的调节及土壤理化性质的改变都发挥着积极作用,最终影响地上植物生长及其生产力。本文综述了土壤动物在根际土壤生态系统中的作用、根际土壤动物与土壤微生物之间的关系、根际土壤动物对植物生长的影响等。就目前根际土壤动物及其对植物生长的影响研究中亟待解决的一些问题进行了探讨,并提出今后应加强研究的方向。     

Protecting rare and endangered species under climate change on the Qinghai Plateau,China

Climate change‐induced species range shift may pose severe challenges to species conservation. The Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau is the highest and biggest plateau, and also one of the most sensitive areas to global warming in the world, which provides important shelters for a unique assemblage of species. Here, ecological niche‐based model was employed to project the potential distributions of 59 key rare and endangered species under three climate change scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) in Qinghai Province. I assessed the potential impacts of climate change on these key species (habitats, species richness and turnover) and effectiveness of nature reserves (NRs) in protecting these species. The results revealed that that climate change would shrink the geographic ranges of about a third studied species and expand the habitats for two thirds of these species, which would thus alter the conservation value of some local areas and conservation effectiveness of some NRs in Qinghai Province. Some regions require special attention as they are expected to experience significant changes in species turnover, species richness or newly colonized species in the future, including Haidong, Haibei and Haixi junctions, the southwestern Yushu, Qinghai Nuomuhong Provincial NR, Qinghai Qaidam and Haloxylon Forest NR. The Haidong and the eastern part of Haibei, are projected to have high species richness and conservation value in both current and future, but they are currently not protected, and thus require extra protection in the future. The results could provide the first basis on the high latitude region to formulate biodiversity conservation strategies on climate change adaptation.     

镰刀菌属分类学研究历史与现状

镰刀菌是农作物和经济作物的重要病原菌,其产生的真菌毒素可危及人畜健康。近十几年来欧美的科学家在研究技术上有新的突破,使镰刀菌属种的概念在认识上有迅速的发展,尤其是那些引起谷类作物严重病害,并产生毒素的种类。在我国,从谷类粮食、饲料中检出镰刀菌毒素的现象屡有报道,我们对镰刀菌属种以及产生这些毒素的菌种(菌株)的认识还有待进一步加强。     

江苏省外来种子植物的初步调查和分析

对江苏省外来种子植物的种类、来源地及分布状况进行了初步调查统计。调查结果显示,江苏省共有外来种子植物393种,大多数来源于欧洲和美洲,主要通过有意引种和无意引入2种方式引入。有意引种的栽培植物有276种,其中观赏植物132种、蔬菜46种、林木35种、工业原料植物17种、药用植物12种、牧草植物11种、粮食作物11种、果树7种以及油料作物5种。另外,外来种子植物中有逃逸种62种、归化种22种、入侵种33种;81．8％的入侵种在江苏全省均有分布;入侵种以菊科（Compositae）和禾本科（Poaceae）植物为主,分别有11种和7种。在此调查结果基础上,对江苏省外来种子植物的分类和危害进行了讨论,并对江苏省外来物种的利用和管理提出了一些建议。     

The impact of global climate change on genetic diversity within populations and species

Genetic diversity provides the basic substrate for evolution, yet few studies assess the impacts of global climate change (GCC) on intraspecific genetic variation. In this review, we highlight the importance of incorporating neutral and non‐neutral genetic diversity when assessing the impacts of GCC, for example, in studies that aim to predict the future distribution and fate of a species or ecological community. Specifically, we address the following questions: Why study the effects of GCC on intraspecific genetic diversity? How does GCC affect genetic diversity? How is the effect of GCC on genetic diversity currently studied? Where is potential for future research? For each of these questions, we provide a general background and highlight case studies across the animal, plant and microbial kingdoms. We further discuss how cryptic diversity can affect GCC assessments, how genetic diversity can be integrated into studies that aim to predict species' responses on GCC and how conservation efforts related to GCC can incorporate and profit from inclusion of genetic diversity assessments. We argue that studying the fate of intraspecifc genetic diversity is an indispensable and logical venture if we are to fully understand the consequences of GCC on biodiversity on all levels.     

Bat metacommunity structure on Caribbean islands and the role of endemics

Aim We evaluate characteristics of species ranges (i.e. coherence, species turnover and range boundary clumping) to determine the structure of bat metacommunities and metaensembles from Caribbean islands. We evaluate the effects of endemic species on that structure, and quantify associations between island characteristics and latent environmental gradients that structure these metacommunities and metaensembles. Location Sixty‐five Caribbean islands throughout the Bahamas, Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles. Methods Metacommunity structure is an emergent property of a set of ecological communities at different sites defined by species distributions across geographic or environmental gradients. We analysed elements of metacommunity structure (coherence, range turnover and range boundary clumping) to determine the best‐fit pattern for metacommunities from all Caribbean islands, as well as from the Bahamas, the Greater Antilles and the Lesser Antilles separately. For each island group, analyses were conducted for all bats and for each of two broadly defined guilds (i.e. carnivores and herbivores). In addition, analyses were conducted for all species and for a subset in which endemic species were removed from the fauna. Spearman rank correlations identified island characteristics (area, elevation, latitude, longitude) that were associated significantly with island scores for ordination axes based on reciprocal averaging. Results Metacommunity structure for all bats and for carnivores was similar for each island group, with Clementsian distributions (i.e. discrete communities with groups of species replacing other groups of species along the gradient) for all islands, the Bahamas and the Lesser Antilles, but with nested distributions for the Greater Antilles. Herbivore distributions were random for the Bahamas, but were Clementsian for all other island groups. Removal of endemic species affected the best‐fit model of metacommunity structure in only 3 of 12 cases. In general, ordination scores for islands were correlated with longitude or latitude, but not with island area or elevation. Main conclusions Characteristics of bat species ranges and associated metacommunity structure were primarily dependent on the number and geographic arrangement of primary sources of colonization, and not on interspecific interactions, species‐specific levels of environmental tolerance, or the physical characteristics of islands. Endemic species did not greatly affect metacommunity structure in Caribbean bats.     

Are plant communities on the Canary Islands resistant to plant invasion?

Oceanic islands are renowned for their unique flora and high levels of endemism. Native island plants, however, are imperilled by non-native species that can become invasive by outcompeting natives. The threat of native island assemblages generally increases with isolation and the number of endemics featured, but also with human-associated disturbance and land use. Based on this, the Canary Island native plant systems should be highly threatened by invasives, similar to other oceanic islands globally. However, Canarian native plant systems are only weakly infiltrated and are rarely directly threatened by invasive plants. Further, highly disturbed areas, usually among the first colonized by invasives on islands, are recolonized here by natives. Based on this, we postulate four hypotheses (climatic filter, well-preservation status, human legacy and permanent colonization) for explaining this unusual behaviour of plant systems on the Canary Islands, providing an opportunity to understand the drivers and processes behind invasion into plant communities on islands.     

No universal scale-dependent impacts of invasive species on native plant species richness

A growing number of studies seeking generalizations about the impact of plant invasions compare heavily invaded sites to uninvaded sites. But does this approach warrant any generalizations? Using two large datasets from forests, grasslands and desert ecosystems across the conterminous United States, we show that (i) a continuum of invasion impacts exists in many biomes and (ii) many possible species–area relationships may emerge reflecting a wide range of patterns of co-occurrence of native and alien plant species. Our results contradict a smaller recent study by Powell et al. 2013 (Science 339, 316–318. (doi:10.1126/science.1226817)), who compared heavily invaded and uninvaded sites in three biomes and concluded that plant communities invaded by non-native plant species generally have lower local richness (intercepts of log species richness–log area regression lines) but steeper species accumulation with increasing area (slopes of the regression lines) than do uninvaded communities. We conclude that the impacts of plant invasions on plant species richness are not universal.     

Arthropod accumulation on tea in young and old habitats

ABSTRACT.

• 1 A comparison is made of the number of species of arthropods that inhabit tea plants in young and old habitats. Tea plants of comparable age harbour more species in old habitats than in young habitats.
• 2 In both young and old habitats, there is an initial rise in the number of arthropod species on young tea upto 11 years: in the intermediate phase, i.e. between 12 and 21 years, a sharp decline in species numbers occurs followed by a rapid increase between 22 and 36 years, and a final drop after 36 years. These phases are characterized by sap-feeding mites and insects; leaf eaters and defoliators; stem and root borers; and termites and wood-eating insects respectively.
• 3 Attracting abilities of the plants of different age-groups vary according to their morphological, and physiological attributes depending on their locations in young and old habitats.
• 4 Diverse species of arthropods coexist on tea by developing their own niches in different parts of plants; they apparently avoid interspecific competition by maintaining their numbers at low density.

     

北京市河流滨岸带植被调查

采用样地样方调查法,通过Margalef指数、Shannon-weiner指数和Pielou指数综合分析了北京市3条主要河流(潮白河、拒马河、清水河)的滨岸带植被物种丰富度、多样性及均匀度。结果表明:在11个样地中共记录植物74科248种,其中蕨类植物3科7种,双子叶植物56科166种,单子叶植物15科75种。清水河滨岸带的植物Mar-galef指数、Shannon-weiner指数和Pielou指数均高于潮白河与拒马河,植被状况保持较好。     

基于多源遥感的红树林监测

红树林是生长在热带以及亚热带海岸潮间带上的生态群落, 其生产力高, 固碳能力强, 对保持海岸带生物多样性具有十分重要的价值。本文介绍了利用多源遥感数据监测红树林的一些主要研究内容, 分为3个方面: (1)在时空模式研究方面, 利用高空间分辨率影像像素和对象结合的方法对红树林树种进行分类以及利用Landsat影像对红树林进行动态变化监测并分析其驱动因素; (2)在结构参数研究方面, 利用无人机多光谱数据及地面激光雷达数据对红树林叶面积指数进行反演; (3)在生理生化参数研究方面, 探讨了红树林叶绿素含量对淹没状况的响应、互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)入侵是否影响红树林光能利用率, 以及光化学反射指数(photochemical reflectance index, PRI)与光能利用率(light use efficiency, LUE)的关系。上述系列研究为提取红树林相关信息要素时如何选择合适的分析方法提供了有力的参考, 强调了遥感在研究红树林时空模式, 提取结构参数和生物生化参数监测的有效性, 从而更好地促进红树林生态系统的生物多样性保育工作。     

Reconciling topographic and climatic effects on widespread and range-restricted species richness

Aim To identify the reasons behind differing geographical species richness patterns of range‐restricted and widespread species. Location The Western Hemisphere. Methods We used regression to determine the strongest environmental predictors of richness for widespread and range‐restricted mammal species in 10,000 km² quadrats in the continental Americas. We then used range‐placement models to predict the expected correlation between range‐restricted and widespread species richness were they to be determined by identical, random, or contrasting environmental factors. Finally, to determine the reasons underlying deviations from these predictions, we divided the Americas into 5% quantiles based on temperature and topographic heterogeneity and correlated richness of these two assemblages across quantiles – an approach that avoids constraints on statistical testing imposed by low potential for range overlap among range‐restricted species. Results Minimum annual temperature was the strongest predictor of widespread species richness while topographic heterogeneity was the best, although weak, predictor of range‐restricted species richness in conventional regression analysis. Our models revealed that the observed correlation between range‐restricted and widespread species richness was similar to what would be observed if both range‐restricted and widespread species richness were determined by temperature. Patterns of range‐restricted and widespread species richness were highly correlated across temperature quantiles, but range‐restricted species uniquely showed an increasing pattern across heterogeneity quantiles. Main conclusions Species richness gradients among range‐restricted species differ from those of widespread species, but not as extensively or for the reasons reported previously. Instead, these assemblages appear to share some but not all underlying environmental determinants of species richness. Our new approach to examining species richness patterns reveals that range‐restricted and widespread species richnesses share a common response to temperature that conventional analyses have not previously revealed. However, topographic heterogeneity has assemblage‐specific effects on range‐restricted species.