猪骨髓基质干细胞低温生物学渗透特性的研究

以猪为材料利用细胞计数仪法研究了骨髓基质干细胞的渗透特性,包括细胞的等渗体积、低渗或高渗溶液中细胞的平衡体积及细胞的不可渗体积.结果表明,在等渗条件下,骨髓基质干细胞的平均体积为5248.4μm~3,相当直径d为21.6μm;细胞体积随溶液渗透压的变化规律符合Boyle van’t Hoff关系式,据此得到猪骨髓基质干细胞的不可渗体积V_b=0.36Vi,为1902.5μm~3.     

中华蟾蜍蝌蚪对高渗溶液的耐受性

为了解中华蟾蜍蝌蚪对高渗溶液的耐受性,采用常规静态实验,用蔗糖调节溶液渗透压对蟾蜍蝌蚪进行渗透耐受实验;采用方差分析统计溶液渗透压对蟾蜍蝌蚪的存活率、体积变化和活动性的影响。结果显示,蟾蜍蝌蚪能够忍受溶液渗透压在一定范围内的变化,对渗透压较低的溶液其适应对策为调节,而对渗透压较高的溶液则为协变。蝌蚪对水溶液的耐受渗透压为1485．24mOsm,其存活率随渗透压增高而降低;同一渗透压下,蝌蚪存活率随在溶液中暴露时间的延长而降低。蟾蜍蝌蚪体内水分在不同浓度溶液中丧失的程度存在显著差异,即使在同一浓度的溶液中,体积会随时间的增加而不断缩小,并且溶液浓度越高,体积减小的速率越大。身体失水对蝌蚪的行为性会产生一定的影响,蝌蚪的活泼性随时间的延长而降低。     

生理盐水不一定是等渗溶液

纯水或其他低浓度溶液经过半透性膜向高浓度进行扩散的现象称渗透。在渗透时溶刘透过半透膜所产生的压力即谓渗透压。对一般微生物来说,在高渗溶液中（如２０％ＮａＣｌ）,水将通过细膜膜从低浓度的细胞质进入细胞周围的溶液中,造成细胞脱水和质壁分离,从而使细胞不能生长甚至死亡。相反,在低渗溶液中（如０.０１％ＮａＣｌ）,水可从溶液中进入细胞并引起细胞膨胀,甚至使细胞破裂［１］。因此只有等渗溶液才适宜微生物的生长［２］。因为等渗溶液指该溶液的渗透压与细胞的渗透压相等,此时细胞保持水分平衡［３］。对于原生质体而言…     

环境pH及渗透压对玫瑰无须鲃精子运动的影响

以玫瑰无须鲃Puntius conchonius精子为材料,应用计算机辅助精子分析系统(CASA),研究了精子在不同pH和不同渗透压的NaCl溶液中的运动百分率、运动时间和运动速率。结果表明,酸性(pH<7.0)或碱性较强(pH>9.0)的溶液均不利于精子运动,而弱碱性(pH7.5～8.5)的溶液较适合精子的运动;在渗透压较低(<75mOsm/kg)或较高(>175mOsm/kg)的NaCl溶液中,精子的运动时间和运动百分率都显著较100～150mOsm/kg渗透压溶液中的短或低(P<0.05);而运动时间最长,并且运动百分率最高的条件为pH8.0和125mOsm/kg渗透压的溶液环境。     

TRPV4在渗透压对大鼠心肌收缩性影响中的作用

本文旨在探讨低渗和高渗内环境对心肌收缩性的影响及机制.取Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠左心室乳头状肌,在电刺激引起兴奋的条件下,分别记录在低渗、等渗和高渗灌流液中肌条的收缩力;同样条件下观察在低渗、等渗和高渗灌流液中加入渗透压敏感蛋白瞬时感受器电位离子通道家族香草素受体亚家族IV型(transient receptor potential vanilloid 4,TRPV4)的拮抗剂和激动剂后肌条收缩力的变化.结果显示:(1)与等渗(310 mOsm/L)时心肌收缩力相比,渗透压为290、270和230 mOsm/L时心肌收缩力分别增加11.5%、21.5%、25.O%(P<0.05);渗透压为350、370、390 mOsm/L时心肌收缩力分别降低16.0%、23.7%、55.2%(P<0.05).(2)在低渗液(270 mOsm/L)中加入TRPV4拮抗剂钌红(ruthenium red,RR),低渗对心肌收缩力的增强作用被抑制36%(P<0.01);在高渗液(390 mOsm/L)中加入RR,高渗对心肌收缩力的抑制作用增加56.1%(P<0.01).(3)在等渗液中(310 mOsm/L)加入TRPV4激动剂4-α-佛波醇-12,13-二癸酸(4-α-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate,4 α-PDD),心肌收缩力没有改变;在高渗液中(390 mOsm/L)加入4α-PDD,高渗对心肌收缩力的抑制作用增加27.1%(P<0.01).以上结果提示,TRPV4参与渗透压引起的心肌收缩力变化.     

渗透压对血管内皮细胞中NO合成酶活性的影响及其机制研究

目的：研究非等渗压浓度对血管内皮细胞NO合成酶活性的影响,并探索其发生机制。方法：使血管内皮细胞暴露于低渗（205mOsm)或高渗透压（410mOsm)培养液,用Griess法测定NO合成酶（NOS）活性,以Northern blot ting观测细胞iNOS和eNOS基因表达的变化。结果： 非等渗压浓度可使血管内皮细胞中NOS活性显著升高。细胞NOS活性变化具有明显的时间效应规律,低渗透压浓度效应产生的效应早于高渗透压浓度,且低渗透压浓度的影响较高渗透压浓度更为明显。Dexamethasone对这种非等渗透压诱导的NOS活性没有明显作用,给予cycloheximide,不影响非等渗压诱导的这种差异。Nothern blot分析表明：非等渗压浓度不诱导iNOS基因表达,而使eNOSmRNA表达增加。结论：非等渗透压浓度诱导血管内皮细胞NOS活性升高,eNOS基因表达增强是其主要机制之一。     

溶液渗透压计算公式P=RTiC中的C应该是物质B的浓度CB

稀溶液渗透压(或渗透势)的计算公式是：P=RTiC(或ψw=-RTiC)。 (1)从它诞生至今已有100多年了,但其中的C究竟是物质B的浓度cB,还是溶质B的质量摩尔浓度bB,在植物生理学界观点尚不一致。文献1、2都认为C为溶液的摩尔(克分子)浓度M;文献3则认为C为溶液的重量克分子浓度m,并直接以m作为一个物理量表达于公式中,即：但在实际运算时,文献3又不是用重量克分子浓度m的单位,而是用克分子浓度的单位;文献4认为"C为溶液的重量克分子浓度",但在配制蔗糖溶液时,又用M作为蔗糖溶液的量度单位;文献5认为C为浓度(应以重量克分子浓度为单位,但实际上当溶液较稀时,可认为克分子浓度与重量克分子浓度相等),所以在实际运算时,他们以克分子浓度作为C12H22O11的组成量度;文献6认为渗透压公式"式中V是指溶剂即水分子的体积(而不是溶液的体积!)",公式"式中n2／V(相当于C)是指单位体积(因水的比重是1,亦即单位重量)溶剂分子中所含溶质分子的摩尔数,所以C应为质量摩尔浓度(molality,m)";文献7对C的含义的观点与文献6的观点一致,并提出了在测定植物组织渗透势时,将体积摩尔浓度换算成质量摩尔浓度,再代入公式P=-RTiC中的四步     

对《关于渗透势与渗透压,压力势与压力问题的一些看法》的意见

“渗透压(π)在数值上等于渗透系统中(两种不同有效浓度的)溶液的渗透势(ψ_x)的差值。……由π=⊿ψx=ψx-ψxB可见,渗透压表示了溶液B的渗透势比溶液A的渗透势要低π这样大的值。……(一个溶液的渗透势)ψx≤0……渗透压等于两溶液的水势之差值。”引文中的“两溶液”,不妥。一溶液的渗透压是该溶液与纯水达成渗透平衡时,溶液一方所承受的外压(差),不是两溶液的渗透平衡时的外压(差)。     

几本植物生理学教科书及实验教材评析二题

用质壁分离法测定植物细胞渗透压(或渗透势)的基本公式P=RTiC (或ψπ=-RTiC) (1)以及用小液流法测定植物组织水势的基本公式(由上式演变而来)ψω=-RTiC (2)虽然堪称众所周知,但对公式中C的理解却常出现一些不应有的紊乱。例如华东师范大学生物系植物生理教研组主编的《植物生理学实验指导》以及某些高校自编的同类指导书中,都认为C是“溶液的克分子(摩尔)浓度”,因而在指导配制蔗糖(或甘露醇)溶液时误以为是配制多少M,即体积摩尔浓度。不久     

牵张作用对成骨样细胞MG63的线粒体跨膜电位的影响

目的:探讨在低渗透压形成的静牵张应力环境下线粒体跨膜电位与细胞增殖分化及凋亡的关系。方法:用成骨样细胞MG63细胞株进行体外培养、扩增,在对数生长期采用不同的低渗透压对细胞进行刺激,检测不同作用务件下线粒体跨膜电位(ΔΨm)、细胞增殖比例(S期百分比)以及凋亡指数。结果:240mOsm组ΔΨm呈上升趋势,4h达到峰值,6h逐渐下降,但仍高于对照组;163 mOsm组ΔΨm在6 h时明显降低。277和240 mOsm组S期百分比在6 h和8 h达到峰值(26.54±0.71,28.10±0.39:26.96±0.33,28.55±0.26)。三个实验组的凋亡峰均提前,且大于对照组,尤以163 mOsm组为最(54.87±0.78)。结论:成骨样细胞MG63ΔΨm的变化与时间和力学刺激强度有一定的依赖性,预示线粒体跨膜电位的变化与细胞增殖活性之间存在一定的关系。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.