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1.
Permeability and Respiratory Properties of Germinating Pollen 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
A study of permeability and respiration of germinating lily pollen (Lilium longi-florum, variety Ace) was conducted. Calcium was needed in the culture medium to maintain the integrity of the cell membranes. Carbohydrates leaked from pollen when calcium was absent, but little or no leakage occurred when calcium was present. A culture medium containing penlaerythritol was developed for this study. Pentaerythritol allowed normal germination and did not interfere with measurement of carbohydrates. Intact pollen grains possessed a β-fructofuranosidase external to the cell membrane which hydrolyzed sucrose in the culture medium. External α- or β-glucosidases were absent, although soluble α-glucosidase was present within the pollen. Oligomycin, an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation, eliminated the 3-phase patters of respiration associated with normal germination. O2 uptake was inhibited by oligomycin while CO2 output was stimulated. 2,4-Dinitrophenol, an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, reversed the inhibition of O2 uptake caused by oligomycin. 相似文献
2.
Respiration and Vitality of Binucleate and Trinucleate Pollen 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The respiration and vitality of ungerminated bi- and trinucleate pollen were studied in order to determine the influence of relative humidity and temperature on metabolic activity. The gas exchange, germination capacity and staining with tetrazolium bromide were followed under standardized conditions. A constant respiration rate occurred under conditions of high relative humidity (97%). Per mg pollen, the trinucleate grains of Compositae and Gramineae respired 2 to 3 times as intense as 6 species of binucleate grains. Per unit of pollen protein the differences were even larger. In contrast to binucleate pollen, the longevity of trinucleate pollen was very short and the ability to germinate was lost twice as fast as the respiration capacity. This limits the use of tetrazolium bromide as an indicator of viability. At reduced relative humidities respiration was strongly restricted, but the longevity of bi- and trinucleate pollen considerably increased. Pollen of Gramineae, however, was very sensitive to changes in relative humidity; short exposure to low relative humidity decreased both the vitality and the capacity to respire. 相似文献
3.
21-kDa polypeptide,a low-molecular-weight cyclophilin,is released from pollen of higher plants into the extracellular medium in vitro 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Calcium ions play a key role in the elongation and orientation of pollen tubes. We found that significant amounts of 21-kDa polypeptide were specifically released into the extracellular medium when pollen grains of lily, Lilium longiflorum Thunb., were incubated in the presence of EGTA or at low concentrations of Ca2+. This phenomenon was also dependent on pH and on the concentrations of MgCl2 in the medium; the release of 21-kDa polypeptide from pollen was suppressed by increasing the MgCl2 concentration and by lowering pH. Germination of pollen grains was inhibited in the medium into which the 21-kDa polypeptide had been released. This inhibition was irreversible; germination did not occur on transfer of the pollen grains into basal culture medium. Immuno-electron microscopy using an antibody against 21-kDa polypeptide showed that this polypeptide was present in the cytoplasm, vegetative nucleus and generative cell. When the pollen was treated with a medium containing EGTA, the density of 21-kDa polypeptide in the cytoplasm significantly decreased, but its density in vegetative nuclei and the generative cell did not, suggesting that only cytoplasmic 21-kDa polypeptide was released into the extracellular medium. The 21-kDa polypeptide was also present in the pollen of other higher-plant species, such as Tradescantia virginiana L., Nicotiana tabacum L. (angiosperms), and Cryptomeria japonica D. Don. (gymnosperm), and was also released into the medium in the presence of EGTA. In the case of C. japonica, however, it was released from pollen at alkaline pH above 8.5. The expression of 21-kDa polypeptide was not pollen-specific, because 21-kDa components immunoreactive with the anti-21-kDa polypeptide serum also existed in vegetative organs and cells of lily or tobacco. However, the 21-kDa polypeptide was not released into the extracellular medium from cultured tobacco BY-2 cells, even in the presence of EGTA. Amino acid sequences of two peptide fragments derived from 21-kDa polypeptide matched well those of low-molecular-weight cyclophilin (CyP). The antiserum against 21-kDa polypeptide recognized the CyP A from calf thymus and that in A431 carcinoma cells. The 21-kDa polypeptide fraction purified from lily pollen possessed peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity, which was suppressed by cyclosporin A (CsA), an inhibitor of enzyme activities of CyPs. From these results, we concluded that the 21-kDa polypeptide is a low-molecular-weight CyP. The present study showed that CyP in the pollen of higher plants is released into the extracellular matrix under unfavorable conditions.Abbreviations
CaM
Calmodulin
-
CBB
Coomassie-brilliant-blue
-
CsA
Cyclosporin A
-
CyP
Cyclophilin 相似文献
4.
Summary Two phytases from lily pollen (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) were partially purified and characterized. The first (pH optimum 5.0) was purified 40-fold from ungerminated pollen. The second (pH optimum 6.5) appeared during germination and was purified 68-fold from pollen germinated 2 h. Molecular weight of the first was 72 kD, and the second was 36 kD as determined by gel filtration. Both were active against phosphate esters other than phytate, although purification of the first reduced its activity against AMP and myo-inositol 2-P to 10% of activity against phytate. Phytase from germinated pollen (but not ungerminated) was inhibited by the sulfhydryl agent parahydroxy mercuribenzoate; P
i
inhibited phytase from ungerminated but not germinated pollen. Such different catalytic and physical properties may reflect different biochemical functions.Abbreviations HPLC
High performance liquid chromatography
- DEAE
diethyl aminoethyl
-
P
i
orthophosphate
- PP
i
pyrophosphate
-
p-NPP
para-nitrophenyl phosphate
- pNP
para-nitrophenol
- MI
myo-inositol
- MI 2-P
myo-inositol 2-P
- MI penta P
myo-inositol pentakisphosphate
- PHMB
para-hydroxy mercuribenzoate
- PMSF
phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride
- AMP
adenosine monophosphate
- GMP
guanosine monophosphate
- EGTA
ethylene glycol-bis (-aminoethyl ether) N, N, N, N-tetraacetic acid 相似文献
5.
Summary A polyclonal antibody directed against a 170 kDa myosin heavy chain from lily pollen tubes was employed to (a) assess the cellular distribution of the polypeptide using immunofluorescence methods, and (b) ascertain if similar polypeptides are present in pollen tubes and somatic cells of other species. Fluorescence is associated with particles of various size as well as an amorphous component, and is concentrated in the apical cytoplasm of lily and tobacco pollen tubes. Apical fluorescence is more extensive in lily than in tobacco, which may be related to different streaming patterns and apical zonation seen at the ultrastructural level. In suspension cells of tobacco andArabidopsis, fluorescence is concentrated around the nuclei. Dual localizations indicate that anti-myosin fluorescence may be associated with the presence of actin. Little or no staining was seen in controls consisting of either pre-immune serum or mono-specific IgG that had been preadsorbed with the 170 kDa polypeptide. Immunoblots show that a 170 kDa immunoreactive polypeptide is present in pollen tubes of tobacco andTradescantia virginiana in addition to lily, and in suspension culture cells of tobacco andArabidopsis and extracts of wholeArabidopsis seedlings. Our results show that a conserved 170 kDa myosin heavy chain is present in a variety of monocot and dicot cells. They are also consistent with the presence of multiple myosins in plants in general and pollen tubes in particular.Abbreviations BSA
bovine serum albumin
- IgG
immunoglobulin G
- Mf
microfilament
- Mt
microtubule
- PBS
phosphate-buffered saline
- PME
50 mM Pipes, 5mM EGTA
- 2mM
MgSO4, pH6.9. 相似文献
6.
Successful expression in pollen of various plant species of in vitro synthesized mRNA introduced by particle bombardment 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Toshinori Tanaka Masahiro Nishihara Motoaki Seki Atsushi Sakamoto Kunisuke Tanaka Kohei Irifune Hiromichi Morikawa 《Plant molecular biology》1995,28(2):337-341
Gold particles coated with -glucuronidase (GUS) mRNA with a 5 cap structure that had been synthesized in vitro were introduced, by use of a pneumatic particle gun, into pollen grains of lily (Lilium longiflorum), freesia (Freesia refracta) and tulip (Tulipa gesneriana). A fluorometric assay for the GUS activity indicated that in vitro synthesized GUS mRNA introduced into these pollen cells by particle bombardment was successfully expressed. GUS activity in extracts of the bombarded lily pollen became detectable fluorometrically within 30 min after bombardment, peaked at 6 h, then gradually decreased. This activity changed as a function of the developmental stage of the pollen cell of lily. 相似文献
7.
Two exo-β-glucanases (LP-ExoI, 83 kDa and LP-ExoII, 71 kDa) were extracted and partially purified from the cell wall of Lilium longiflorum pollen tubes. Both LP-ExoI and LP-ExoII hydrolyzed laminarin (1,3-β-glucan). These enzymes also exhibited some activity toward
1,3:1,4-β-glucans of Hordeum vulgare and Cetraria islandica and the 1,6-β-glucan of Umbilicaria papullosa. The pH for optimum activity for both exo-β-glucanases was 5.5. Methylation analysis of the reaction products revealed that
purified LP-ExoI decreased both 1,3- and 1,4-glucosyl linkages in hemicellulosic polysaccharides isolated from the cell wall
of lily pollen tubes. D-gluconolactone and nojirimycin, inhibitors of glucosidase, inhibited activities of both exo-β-glucanases,
as well as growth of the lily pollen tubes. These results disclosed that the wall-bound exo-β-glucanases play an important
role in the regulation of lily pollen tube growth.
Received: 3 January 2000 / Revision accepted: 8 March 2000 相似文献
8.
Hong-Gyu Kang Tae-Woong Bae Ok-Cheol Jeong Hyeon-Jin Sun Pyung-Ok Lim Hyo-Yeon Lee 《Journal of Plant Biology》2009,52(6):630-634
Knowledge about pollen viability is important when evaluating the risk of genetically modified (GM) plants. Here, staining
via iodine potassium iodide (IKI) or triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) could not distinguish between live and dead pollen
from Zoysia japonica. Therefore, to obtain a reliable assessment of such viability and longevity, we developed an optimum germination medium containing
20% sucrose and 50 ppm H3BO3. Pollen grains transferred to the germination medium at about 1000 hours had a germination rate of >90%. Pollen was most
predominantly shed at approximately 1000 hours, with viability declining to nearly 0% at 1200 hours. All germinability was
lost within 150 min when stored at 25°C. No significant difference was found between GM and non-GM plants in their pollen
viability or longevity. 相似文献
9.
Ability of Pollen to Germinate prior to Anthesis and Effect of Desiccation on Germination 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7
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The ability of pollen to germinate prior to anthesis was tested using Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.). Lily pollen normally dries to a low moisture content between anthesis and pollination while corn does not. The corn pollen germinated well (about 73%) when removed from anthers 1 day before anthesis and placed on culture medium. The lily pollen germinated poorly (0 to 5%) when harvested one to six days before anthesis. However, the lily pollen harvested one or two days before anthesis gave greatly improved germination (about 55%) after it was dried to a low moisture content. The results indicate that an internal control prevents premature germination of lily pollen and that drying is the final stage of pollen maturation. A different sort of regulatory mechanism must operate to prevent premature germination of corn pollen. 相似文献
10.
The commercial polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture Aroclor 1242 was tested regarding its effects on the uni-cellular green alga Scenedesmus obtusiasculus Chod. The algae were grown in liquid medium at PCB concentrations between 10 and 1000 ppb. Growth was inhibited at 300 ppb and above, viability was only affected at the highest concentration, 1000 ppb. Reduction of phosphate uptake was seen at 300 ppb and above. The inhibition of phosphate uptake had almost exactly the same appearance in light as in darkness. It is suggested that this inhibition is mainly caused by PCB action on the plasmalemma. At 800 ppb some experiments indicated an uncoupling of the oxidative phosphorylation. 1000 ppb inhibited both respiration and O2 evolution. 相似文献
11.
Outward and inward currents, mainly carried by K+, were detected in protoplasts of pollen grains (PG) and pollen tubes (PT) of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. by using the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique. The outward K+ current (IK+
out) was similar in both protoplast types, while the inward K+ current (IK+
in) was higher in pollen tube protoplasts. In PT but not in PG protoplasts, inward K+ currents were already detectable at negative membrane voltages usually monitored in lily pollen. IK+
in consisted of a slow and a fast current component, as revealed by fitting a sum of two exponential functions to the time-dependent current. The contribution of the fast component to the total inward current was higher in PT than in PG protoplasts, which was even more evident at acidic pH of the external medium. Therefore, based on the measured characteristics, the IK+
in of PT protoplasts may contribute to the endogenous K+ currents surrounding a growing pollen tube.
Abbreviations: BS, bath solution; BTP, bis-Tris-propane; MES, 2-N-morpholinoethane sulfonic acid; Vact, activation voltage; VM, membrane voltage; Erev, reversal potential; IK+
in, inward K+ current; IK+
out, outward K+ current; PG, pollen grain; PT, pollen tube; PM, pipette medium 相似文献
12.
Occurrence of mono- or disaccharides and polysaccharide reserves in mature pollen grains 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Pollen from 13 species of gymnosperms and angiosperms was studied for soluble and insoluble carbohydrates at dispersal. Starch
reserves stored during pollen development give rise to carbohydrates at maturity. Combinations of different types of carbohydrates
in mature pollen may depend on the extent of starch hydrolysis. An inverse relationship was found between the extent of starch
hydrolysis and sucrose content. If the starch was scarcely de-polymerized, the cytoplasm had very low levels of soluble sugars
and none of the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive material as found in pollen not subject to high dehydration (Cucurbita pepo L., Zea mays L.). After total or partial starch hydrolysis, insoluble PAS-positive oligo/polysaccharides were found in the cytoplasm associated
with much soluble sugar, and the pollen grains were dehydrated at dispersal as in Typha latifolia L., Chamaerops humilis L., Trachycarpus excelsa Wendl., and other specimens. Intermediate levels of starch and soluble sugars, together with cytoplasmic PAS-positive material,
characterized species with dehydrated pollen such as Pinus halepensis Miller. Carbohydrates may be related to pollen longevity, which largely depends on the abundance of sucrose, which is known
to protect membrane integrity. The relationship between PAS-positive material and pollen viability is unclear at present.
Received: 30 July 1996 / Revision accepted: 18 December 1996 相似文献
13.
Vacuolar sorting receptors (VSRs) and secretory carrier membrane proteins (SCAMPs) are essential for pollen tube growth 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hao Wang Yu C. Tse Angus H.Y. Law Samuel S.M. Sun Yong‐Bin Sun Zeng‐Fu Xu Stefan Hillmer David G. Robinson Liwen Jiang 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2010,61(5):826-838
Vacuolar sorting receptors (VSRs) are type‐I integral membrane proteins that mediate biosynthetic protein traffic in the secretory pathway to the vacuole, whereas secretory carrier membrane proteins (SCAMPs) are type‐IV membrane proteins localizing to the plasma membrane and early endosome (EE) or trans‐Golgi network (TGN) in the plant endocytic pathway. As pollen tube growth is an extremely polarized and highly dynamic process, with intense anterograde and retrograde membrane trafficking, we have studied the dynamics and functional roles of VSR and SCAMP in pollen tube growth using lily (Lilium longiflorum) pollen as a model. Using newly cloned lily VSR and SCAMP cDNA (termed LIVSR and LISCAMP, respectively), as well as specific antibodies against VSR and SCAMP1 as tools, we have demonstrated that in growing lily pollen tubes: (i) transiently expressed GFP‐VSR/GFP‐LIVSR is located throughout the pollen tubes, excepting the apical clear‐zone region, whereas GFP‐LISCAMP is mainly concentrated in the tip region; (ii) VSRs are localized to the multivesicular body (MVB) and vacuole, whereas SCAMPs are localized to apical endocytic vesicles, TGN and vacuole; and (iii) microinjection of VSR or SCAMP antibodies and LlVSR small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) significantly reduced the growth rate of the lily pollen tubes. Taken together, both VSR and SCAMP are required for pollen tube growth, probably working together in regulating protein trafficking in the secretory and endocytic pathways, which need to be coordinated in order to support pollen tube elongation. 相似文献
14.
A large number of strains ofRhizobium were able to solubilize the insoluble phosphate compound, hydroxy-apatite, in liquid culture. Solubilization of hydroxyapatite
byRhizobium was not mediated by an enzyme but acidity developed in the cultures was involved in the process. An inverse relationship
between the level of soluble phosphate and medium pH was evident. The ability to solubilize hydroxyapatite varied among the
strains. In a medium without NH
4
+
, some of the strains showed better activity than when NH
4
+
was present, suggesting involvement of different mechanisms for phosphate solubilization.R. meliloti SU 47 produced 2-ketogluconic acid along with an unidentified acid in the medium containing NH
4
+
. 2-Ketogluconic acid was identified as the major factor in inorganic phosphate solubilization. Initial presence of soluble
phosphate in the medium had no discernible influence on the extent of hydroxyapatite solubilization. Initial presence of calcium
reduced solubilization of phosphate and addition of EDTA to stationary phase cultures caused an increase in the level of soluble
phosphate. 相似文献
15.
Invertases of Lilium Pollen : Characterization and Activity during In Vitro Germination 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
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Two different forms of invertase are found in pollen of lily (Lilium auratum). One form is cytoplasmic (Invertase 1) and the other is bound to the pollen wall (Invertase 2). Invertase 1 has been partially purified and is a glycoprotein (apparent molecular weight, 450 kilodaltons) with a Km of 0.65 millimolar for sucrose. The two invertases differ in pH optimum and thermal stability. Invertases of lily pollen are β-fructofuranosidases which can hydrolyze sucrose but not melizitose. The mature pollen grains have enzyme activity in both cytoplasmic and wall fractions, and no increase in the activity of either occurs during germination. The wall-bound enzyme could not be released by treatments with detergents or high salt concentrations. 相似文献
16.
红麻细胞质雄性不育系与保持系花药活性氧代谢差异比较 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
以红麻细胞质雄性不育系L23A及其保持系L23B为材料,比较其花药淀粉及可溶性糖含量变化并分析呼吸速率、活性氧产生速率、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及活性氧清除酶(POD、SOD)含量变化,来探讨活性氧伤害与红麻雄性不育的关系。结果表明:在小孢子发育的单核期,不育系呼吸速率与保持系差异不明显,但不育系花药O-2·含量高于保持系; 在双核期,不育系的呼吸速率明显低于其保持系,但不育系花药O-2·含量与保持系花药相近; 不育系在单核期和双核期的呼吸速率几乎没有变化,而保持系同一时期的呼吸速率呈明显增高趋势; 在不育系败育过程中,药隔维管组织中的大颗粒淀粉含量几乎不变,且不育系花药中的可溶性糖含量在单核期和双核期均低于保持系。推测是由于不育系花药中抗氰呼吸降低,一方面导致花药物质代谢和能量代谢的紊乱,不育系花药不能利用药隔组织中的淀粉粒,另一方面不能有效将细胞内过多电子通过抗氰呼吸传至O2,引致不育花药中O-2·升高,从而导致MDA含量在单核期和双核期均高于保持系,同时POD的活性在单核期及双核期均低于保持系,而SOD活性在单核期高于保持系,在双核期则低于保持系。不育系花药在发育中,花药O-2·和MDA过量积累,以及SOD和POD酶活性降低,导致活性氧产生与清除失去平衡,花粉败育。 相似文献
17.
The ability of pine pollen to grow in vitro is discussed in relation to its in situ. Optimal conditions of growth in vitro were investigated. All the experiments were made with pollen of Pinus mugo Turra. A satisfactory medium is described as that which at pH 5.2 and at 29 °C can lead to a tube growth bigger than in vivo. The initial growth (0–30) hours) in terms of tube growth and respiration is described in detail. It is shown that a correlation exists between tube growth and respiration. A method for estimating the metabolism and growth of the pollen tube, based on the uptake of 32p-labelled phosphate, is described. Addition of known stimulators of plant growth and extension does not stimulate tube growth. Temperature studies show that under 20°C germination does not take place. 相似文献
18.
Action of some phytohormones on the respiration and on the absorption of phosphate by aging potato tuber discs. Discs of potato tuber incubated in aerated medium show an increase of the rates of respiration and phosphate absorption with aging time; the rates increase by two and nine respectively during the time period between 5 and 24 h of aging. Adenine or some N-6 substituted adenines [benzylaminopurine (BAP), furfurylaminopurine (FAP), methylaminopurine (MAP)], which present variable degrees of cytokinin activity, partially inhibit the increase of the rate of phosphate absorption and, to a lesser extent, the increase of the rate of respiration. Also abscisic acid (ABA), indole 3-acetic acid (IAA), and gibberellic acid (GA3) produce inhibition of the increase of the rate of phosphate absorption with varied effects on the respiration. With regard to phosphate uptake, the effects of ABA, 1AA and GA3 were additive to those of BAP. The effects on respiration were different from the effects on phosphate uptake, so that there is no direct relationship between inhibition of respiration and inhibition of phosphate uptake. 相似文献
19.
Danilo D. Fernando J. N. Owens Patrick von Aderkas Tokushiro Takaso 《Sexual plant reproduction》1997,10(4):209-216
Pollen tube and female gametophyte interactions in Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) were examined in vitro. Formation of pollen tubes in Douglas fir occurred on a modified Murashige and Skoog medium in which
concentrations of H3BO3 and Ca(NO3)2 were altered and supplemented with sucrose and polyethylene glycol. Addition of 100 μg/ml H3BO3 and 300 μg/ml Ca(NO3)2 resulted in optimum pollen viability. Lack of H3BO3 inhibited pollen tube formation. Addition of H3BO3 and Ca(NO3)2 significantly increased pollen tube formation within one week in culture. Using a medium supplemented with mannitol, viability
of Douglas fir pollen can be sustained for 7 weeks in culture, about the same length of time as in vivo. However, pollen tubes
are not formed. This suggests that the factors responsible for tube formation reside in the external environment of the pollen.
Culture of female gametophytes to examine egg viability and longevity had not been done previously. We found that egg viability
in culture is short-lived, and therefore the window to study and manipulate events of fertilization in Douglas fir is very
limited. In spite of this, about 7% of the female gametophytes that were co-cultured became penetrated by pollen tubes. In
vitro archegonial penetration has been repeatedly achieved, but pollen tubes also penetrated other parts of the female gametophytes.
Pollen tubes also penetrated non-viable eggs. Most female gametophytes were not penetrated because of pollen tube branching
and swelling, failure of tubes to orient towards the female gametophytes, or premature pollen tube death due to plasmolysis.
This report outlines the first attempt towards in vitro fertilization in conifers.
Received: 13 March 1997 / Revision accepted: 6 June 1997 相似文献
20.
Dagmar Siliprandi A. Toninello F. Zoccarato Michela Rugolo N. iliprandi 《Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes》1978,10(1-2):1-11
Addition to rat liver mitochondria of 2 mM inorganic phosphate or 0.15 mM diamide, a thiol-oxidizing agent, induced an efflux of endogenous Mg2+ linear with time and dependent on coupled respiration. No net Ca2+ release occurred under these conditions, while a concomitant release of K+ was observed. Mg2+ efflux mediated either by Pi or low concentrations of diamide was completely prevented by EGTA, Ruthenium red, and NEM. These reagents also inhibited the increased rate of state 4 respiration induced both by Pi and diamide. At higher concentrations (0.4 mM), diamide induced an efflux of Mg2+ which was associated also with a release of endogenous Ca2+. Under these conditions EGTA completely prevented Mg2+ and K+ effluxes, while they were only partially inhibited by Ruthenium red and NEM. It is assumed that Mg2+ efflux, occurring at low diamide concentrations or in the presence of phosphate, is dependent on a cyclic in-and-out movement of Ca2+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane, in which the passive efflux is compensated by a continuous energy linked reuptake. This explains the dependence of Mg2+ efflux on coupled respiration, as well as the increased rate of state 4 respiration. The dependence of Mg2+ efflux on phosphate transport is explained by the phosphate requirement for Ca2+ movement.Abbreviations Diamide
diazenedicarboxylic acidbis-dimethylamide
- FCCP
p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
- EGTA
ethylene glycol-bis-(2-amino ethyl ether)-N,N-tetracetic acid
- Pi
inorganic phosphate
- Ruthenium red
Ru2(OH)2Cl4 · 7NH3 · 3H2O
- state 4
controlled state of respiration in the presence of substrate
- RCI
respiratory control index
- NEM
N-ethyl maleimide
A partial and preliminary report of these results has been published inBiochem. Biophys. Res. Comm.,78 (1977) 23. 相似文献