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Nicolás R. Ehemann Lorem D. V. González-González Alejandro Tagliafico Simon Weigmann 《Journal of fish biology》2019,95(3):753-771
Using the last taxonomic review of chondrichthyans of the world, we selected the species distributed in the north-western Atlantic Ocean (NWA) and compared it with the available published literature related to the class Chondrichthyes in the Venezuelan exclusive economic zone. We also revised information from worldwide databases such as: FAO (NWA-31 area), GBIF, iSpecies, IUCN and OBIS, as well as available museum collection databases. The taxonomic validity was checked using the Catalogue of Fishes of the California Academy of Sciences and recent references. The past published Venezuelan lists of chondrichthyans combined included nine orders, 30 families and 108 species. The updated list with 12 orders, 36 families and 122 species increased by three new orders, six families, three shark genera, nine shark species (one replacing another species), one chimaera genus, two chimaera species, three batoid genera and six batoid species (two replacing other species). Four holotype specimens (two sharks and two rays) are deposited in Venezuelan Museums. Most of the species have an IUCN conservation status, including four species catalogued as Critically Endangered, six as Endangered and 18 species as Vulnerable. Deep-sea fisheries, scientific exploration and taxonomic/genetic revisions might add future increments to the Venezuelan chondrichthyan list. 相似文献
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FRANK GLAW MIGUEL VENCES FRANCO ANDREONE DENIS VALLAN 《Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society》2001,133(4):495-529
A systematic revision of the Malagasy frogs hitherto attributed to the Boophis difficilis group is presented. The difficilis holotype is not conspecific with other specimens hitherto named Boophis difficilis but belongs to the B. tephraeomystax group based on lack of webbing between fingers and the presence of heterogeneously granular ventral skin. Rhacophorus difficilis Boettger, 1892 is considered as junior synonym of Boophis tephraeomystax. The Boophis difficilis group is dissolved and its species are transferred to a new species group named after Boophis majori , the oldest of the included taxa. All species of the B. majori group, their type specimens, and their geographical distributions are revised based on new morphological, bioacoustic and ecological data. Five new species of the group from the eastern rainforests of Madagascar are described. Morphological differentiation within the B. majori group is low, although some species can be distinguished by characters such as snout-vent length, relative tympanum size, or coloration. The most reliable character for species identification are advertisement calls which are strikingly different between most species of the group. Species diversity in Boophis is highest in central eastern Madagascar and gets lower at the northern and southern borders of the island. Available data do not allow a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the B. majori group, but a northern subgroup of small species without red coloration and a southern subgroup of larger species with distinct red pigments can be distinguished. Osteological data for B. miniatus are provided. Within Boophis , representatives of all species groups except the B. tephraeomystax group are characterized by a synapomorphic reduction of the anterolateral hyoidal process. 相似文献
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物种编目及其科属系统排列是了解生物多样性的基础, 本文采用Flora of China使用的分类系统, 结合最新分子分类学研究成果以及近几年发表的新资料, 对中国石松类和蕨类植物多样性和地理分布数据进行了统计和分析。结果表明中国共有石松类和蕨类植物40科178属2,147种5个亚种118个变种, 其中特有种839个, 占总种数的39.08%。种数最多的5个科依次为鳞毛蕨科(505种, 含种下单位, 下同)、蹄盖蕨科(323种)、水龙骨科(280种)、凤尾蕨科(266种)和金星蕨科(209种); 种数最多的5个属依次为耳蕨属(Polystichum, 209种)、鳞毛蕨属(Dryopteris, 176种)、蹄盖蕨属(Athyrium, 137种)、双盖蕨属(Diplazium, 98种)和凤尾蕨属(Pteris, 97种)。在地理分布上, 种数排名前5的省份为云南(1,365种)、四川(875种)、贵州(838种)、广西(785种)和台湾(779种)。含中国特有石松类和蕨类植物的科属中, 排前3位的科分别为鳞毛蕨科(257种)、蹄盖蕨科(169种)和凤尾蕨科(113种); 排前3位的属为耳蕨属(140种)、蹄盖蕨属(82种)和鳞毛蕨属(61种)。 相似文献
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Sven Buerki Dion S. Devey Martin W. Callmander Peter B. Phillipson Félix Forest 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2013,171(2):304-329
Madagascar is renowned for its unparalleled species richness and levels of endemism, which have led, in combination with species extinction caused by an unprecedented rate of anthropogenic deforestation, to its designation as one of the most important biodiversity hotspots. It is home to 10 650 species (84% endemic) of angiosperms in 1621 genera (19% endemic). During the last two centuries, botanists have focused their efforts on the provision of a taxonomic framework for the flora of the island, but much remains to be investigated regarding the evolutionary processes that have shaped Madagascan botanical diversity. In this article, we review the current state of phylogenetic and biogeographical knowledge of the endemic angiosperm genera. We also propose a new stratified biogeographical model, based on palaeogeographical evidence, allowing the inference of the spatio‐temporal history of Madagascan taxa. The implications of past climate change and extinction events on the evolutionary history of the endemic genera are also discussed in depth. Phylogenetic information was available for 184 of the 310 endemic genera (59.3%) and divergence time estimates were available for 67 (21.6%). Based on this evidence, we show the importance of phylogenetic clustering in the assemblage of the current Madagascan diversity (26% of the genera have a sister lineage from Madagascar) and confirm the strong floristic affinities with Africa, South‐East Asia and India (22%, 9.1% and 6.2% of the genera, respectively). The close links with the Comoros, Mascarenes and Seychelles are also discussed. These results also support an Eocene/Oligocene onset for the origin of the Madagascan generic endemic flora, with the majority arising in the Miocene or more recently. These results therefore de‐emphasize the importance of the Gondwanan break‐up on the evolution of the flora. There is, however, some fossil evidence suggesting that recent extinctions (e.g. Sarcolaenaceae, a current Madagascan endemic, in southern Africa) might blur vicariance patterns and favour dispersal explanations for current biodiversity patterns. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London 相似文献
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MARIE-STÉPHANE TIXIER SERGE KREITER GILBERTO J. DE MORAES 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2008,93(4):845-856
More than 1982 species in 90 genera were included in an analysis of the biogeography of the Phytoseiidae, a family of predatory mites. Seven biogeographic regions were taken into account: Nearctic, Neotropical, Ethiopian, West Palaearctic, East Palaearctic, Oriental, and Australasian. The number of species was particularly high in the Neotropical, Oriental, and West Palaearctic regions. These regions also present the highest levels of species endemism. The number of genera was quite similar in all regions except for the Neotropics, which also had a high level of endemism. The possible Gondwanian (Neotropical, Ethiopian, Australasian, and Oriental regions) origin of the Phytoseiidae, most probably in the Neotropics, and their possible radiation to Laurasia (Nearctic, West Palaearctic, and East Palaearctic regions) are discussed. The comparison between genera and species in the different biogeographic regions indicate the importance of both dispersal and vicariance events in the evolution of the group. Dispersal is assumed to have been most important between Neotropical and Nearctic regions and between East Palaearctic and Oriental regions, whereas vicariance could have been the dominating process between Australasian, Ethiopian, and Oriental regions, as well as between West and East Palaearctic regions. A parsimony analysis of endemicity showed the Neotropical and the Nearctic regions to be isolated from the other regions. This is certainly due to a diversification after the continents drifted apart and then a high dispersal between Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Different phylogenetic hypotheses and scenarios are proposed for each subfamily based on the results obtained and further investigations are proposed. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2008, 93 , 845–856. 相似文献
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物种多样性编目是开展生物多样性保护的重要基础,该研究结合最新分子系统学研究成果以及近年来发表的新资料,对中国苦苣苔科植物多样性和地理分布数据进行了统计和分析.结果表明:中国苦苣苔科植物共有44属671种(含种下单位,下同),其中特有属11个;特有种573种,占总种数的85.39%.种数最多的10个属依次为广义报春苣苔属(180种)、广义马铃苣苔属(122种)、石蝴蝶属(39种)、半蒴苣苔属(39种)、芒毛苣苔属(38种)、长蒴苣苔属(35种)、石山苣苔属(31种)、吊石苣苔属(31种)、蛛毛苣苔属(28种)、汉克苣苔属(22种).在地理分布上,种数排名前10的省份(区)有广西(260种,33属)、云南(236种,30属)、贵州(96种,28属)、广东(93种,17属)、四川(85种,21属)、湖南(58种,13属)、西藏(39种,9属)、湖北(29种,15属)、福建(26种,13属)、江西(25种,9属).含中国特有苦苣苔科植物的属中排前10位的分别为广义报春苣苔属(178种)、广义马铃苣苔属(119种)、石蝴蝶属(37种)、半蒴苣苔属(35种)、石山苣苔属(30种)、长蒴苣苔属(29种)、吊石苣苔属(23种)、蛛毛苣苔属(19种)、芒毛苣苔属(19种)、汉克苣苔属(11种).这表明中国南部和西南部是苦苣苔科植物的一个分布中心,特别是石灰岩地区有着高度的物种多样性和特有性,广义报春苣苔属、广义马铃苣苔属、石蝴蝶属、半蒴苣苔属、石山苣苔属、吊石苣苔属等为我国典型的优势属.此外,根据目前的研究现状,还对我国苦苣苔科植物资源的调查、分类学和系统发育研究、保护和可持续利用等进行了讨论. 相似文献
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John Veron 《Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society》2013,169(3):485-508
Coral taxonomy has entered a historical phase where nomenclatorial uncertainty is rapidly increasing. The fundamental cause is mandatory adherence to historical monographs that lack essential information of all sorts, and also to type specimens, if they exist at all, that are commonly unrecognizable fragments or are uncharacteristic of the species they are believed to represent. Historical problems, including incorrect subsequent type species designations, also create uncertainty for many well‐established genera. The advent of in situ studies in the 1970s revealed these issues; now molecular technology is again changing the taxonomic landscape. The competing methodologies involved must be seen in context if they are to avoid becoming an additional basis for continuing nomenclatorial instability. To prevent this happening, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) will need to focus on rules that consolidate well‐established nomenclature and allow for the designation of new type specimens that are unambiguous, and which include both skeletal material and soft tissue for molecular study. Taxonomic and biogeographic findings have now become linked, with molecular methodologies providing the capacity to re‐visit past taxonomic decisions, and to extend both taxonomy and biogeography into the realm of evolutionary theory. It is proposed that most species will ultimately be seen as operational taxonomic units that are human rather than natural constructs, which in consequence will always have fuzzy morphological, genetic, and distribution boundaries. The pathway ahead calls for the integration of morphological and molecular taxonomies, and for website delivery of information that crosses current discipline boundaries. © 2013 The Author. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. on behalf of The Linnean Society of London 相似文献
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Javier A. Simonetti 《Biodiversity and Conservation》1997,6(4):633-637
The Chilean taxonomic community is reduced, with the largest fraction of taxonomists devoted to well known groups, such as vertebrates. Some invertebrates and plant taxa have no Chilean taxonomist working on them, all factors that hamper the inventory of the Chilean biota. 相似文献
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Callan Cohen Julia L. Wakeling Tshifhiwa G. Mandiwana‐Neudani Eric Sande Christine Dranzoa Timothy M. Crowe Rauri C. K. Bowie 《Ibis》2012,154(4):768-780
The monotypic Stone Partridge Ptilopachus petrosus (Galliformes: Phasianidae), restricted to arid rocky areas of the northern savanna belt including the Sahel on the southern border of the Sahara Desert, is a taxonomic enigma. Historically, it has been grouped with Asian forest partridges (Galloperdix and Bambusicola spp.). However, recent DNA‐based phylogenetic research has suggested that its closest relative is Nahan's Francolin Francolinus nahani, another taxonomically enigmatic African galliform, and a globally threatened, narrow endemic species associated with the interior of remnant primary forests of the eastern equatorial lowlands of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda. This hypothesis is investigated in greater detail using additional DNA evidence and information on behaviour and vocalizations. Phylogenetic analyses of the combined sequences from three nuclear and four mitochondrial markers (5554 bases for 84 galliform taxa) overwhelmingly support the sister relationship between F. nahani and P. petrosus. They, in turn, are the distantly related sister taxon of the New World quails (Odontophoridae), and are not related to any other Old World galliform. 相似文献
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Models for biodiversity growth on the remote oceanic islands assume that in situ cladogenesis is a major contributor. To test this, we compiled occurrence data for 194 terrestrial reptile species on 53 volcanically‐constructed middle‐ to low‐latitude landmasses worldwide. Despite 273 native island‐species records, there are only 8–12 cases of the phenomenon, including just two radiations. Diversification frequencies are largely uncorrelated with island area, age, maximum altitude, and isolation. Furthermore, there is no indication that the presence of non‐sister congeners on an island stymies the process. Diversity on individual oceanic islands therefore results primarily from immigration and anageneis, but this is not a simple matter. Clusters that are difficult to reach (far or challenging to get to) or thrive upon (e.g. Canaries, Galápagos) have relatively few clades (3–8), some of which have many species (6–14), and all host at least one endemic genus. In these settings, diversity grows mainly by intra‐archipelago transfer followed by within‐island anagenetic speciation. In contrast, those island groups that are easier to disperse to (characterized by short distances and conducive transit conditions) and harbour more benign habitats (e.g. Comoros, Lesser Antilles) have been settled by many ancestor‐colonizers (≥ 14), but each clade has few derived species (≤ 4). These archipelagoes lack especially distinctive lineages. Models explaining the assembly and growth of terrestrial biotic suites on the volcanic ocean islands thus need to accommodate these new insights. 相似文献
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MARC OREMUS ROSEMARY GALES MEREL L. DALEBOUT NAOKO FUNAHASHI TETSUYA ENDO TAKAHIRO KAGE DEBBIE STEEL SCOTT C. BAKER 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2009,98(4):729-744
Pilot whales (Globicephala spp.) provide an interesting example of recently diverged oceanic species with a complex evolutionary history. The two species have wide but largely non‐overlapping ranges. Globicephala melas (long‐finned pilot whale; LFPW) has an antitropical distribution and is found in the cold‐temperate waters of the North Atlantic and Southern Hemisphere, whereas Globicephala macrorhynchus (short‐finned pilot whale; SFPW) has a circumglobal distribution and is found mainly in the tropics and subtropics. To investigate pilot whale evolution and biogeography, we analysed worldwide population structure using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences (up to 620 bp) from a variety of sources (LFPW = 643; SFPW = 150), including strandings in New Zealand and Tasmania, and whale‐meat products purchased on the markets of Japan and Korea. Phylogenetic reconstructions failed to support a reciprocal monophyly of the two species, despite six diagnostic substitutions, possibly because of incomplete lineage sorting or inadequate phylogenetic information. Both species had low haplotype and nucleotide diversity compared to other abundant widespread cetaceans (LFPW, π = 0.35%; SFPW, π = 0.87%) but showed strong mtDNA differentiation between oceanic basins. Strong levels of structuring were also found at the regional level. In LFPW, phylogeographic patterns were suggestive either of a recent demographic expansion or selective sweep acting on the mtDNA. For SFPW, the waters around Japan appear to represent a centre of diversity, with two genetically‐distinct forms, as well as a third population of unknown origin. The presence of multiple unique haplotypes among SFPW from South Japan, together with previously documented morphological and ecological differences, suggests that the southern form represents a distinct subspecies and/or evolutionary significant unit. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 98 , 729–744. 相似文献
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M.J. BISHOP 《Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society》1979,67(3):269-284
A fossil land snail from the Oligocene White River Group of Nebraska is described as Caracolus aquilonaris sp nov. Living members of the genus Caracolus occur in tropical forest on the islands of the Greater Antilles. It is likely that C. aquilonaris occupied a similar habitat and that the present restricted occurrence of the genus Caracolus is a fragment of a previously wider range. The American carnaenid genera Pleurodonte, Polydontes and Zachrysia form a well defined monophyletic group, but there is an unresolved trichotomy involving this group, Labyrinthus and Caracolus . Well characterized fossil camaenids assigned to Pleurodonte (Jamaica, Carriacou) and the related Pleurodontites (Florida) occur in the Miocene. Antecedents to Labyrinthus were isolated in South America and to Caracolus and Pleurodonte in North America, possibly in the late Cretaceous. The latter genera reached the Antilles where Caracolus has persisted relatively unchanged. Ancestral Pleurodonte has diversified producing the distinctive subgenera Eurycratera and Thelidomus on Jamaica and the genus Polydontes on the other Greater Antilles. Drier conditions on Cuba have resulted in the divergence of Zachysia from Polydontes . 相似文献
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Iskandar M. Mirabdullayev Abdulahmed R. Kuzmetov 《International Review of Hydrobiology》1997,82(2):201-212
Five Thermocyclops species were found in Uzbekistan: T. crassus, T. dybowskii, T. rylovi, T. taihokuensis, and T. vermifer. The last species has been for the first time recorded in the region. The data on morphology, variability and distribution of these species in Uzbekistan are given. A key to determine to the five species is proposed. 相似文献
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Until now, two species of Borgatomelissa Patiny, 2000 have been described, both from loci typici located in the Near East and eastern Africa. Borgatomelissa brevipennis (Walker, 1871), the most widespread taxon, has also been found in the southern Sahelo-Sudanian belt of the Sahara. A third species from eastern Morocco is described in the present study: Borgatomelissa flavimaura n. sp. In addition to taxonomic insights, the new species sheds a new light on the biogeography of the genus. 相似文献
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M. Alonso 《Hydrobiologia》1991,225(1):37-43
A checklist of 88 freshwater Cladocera from the Iberian Peninsula is given, based on the examination of approximately 1500 samples collected from all parts of the peninsula from 1976 to 1989. Ecology and species assemblages are considered. Distribution of the species versus regional limnology of the Iberian Peninsula is discussed. 相似文献
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低温细菌与古菌的生物多样性及其冷适应机制 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
低温细菌与古菌广泛分布于地球的低温环境,包括南极、北极及高山地带的冻土、低温土壤和荒漠、冰川、湖泊、海冰,以及深海、冰洞和大气平流层等.栖息在这些低温环境中的细菌与古菌具有丰富的多样性,主要为α,p和γ-Proteobacteria分支、CFB类群分支和革兰氏阳性细菌分支等.由于低温环境中的微生物流动性低,因而是研究微生物地理学理想的生态系统,有助于理解地球微生物的多样性、分布规律乃至形成机制.由于长期生活在冰冻环境中,低温细菌与古菌形成了多种适应低温环境的生理机制,如它们通过细胞膜脂类的组成来调节膜的流动性以维持正常的细胞生理功能;利用相容性溶质、抗冻蛋白、冰核蛋白及抗冰核形成蛋白等实现低温保护作用;产生冷激蛋白、冷适应蛋白和DEAD-box RNA解旋酶保持低温下RNA的正确折叠、蛋白质翻译等重要的生命活动;另外还产生低温酶,提高能量产生和储存效率等以适应低温环境.随着DNA序列分析技术的飞速发展,各类组学方法也用于揭示微生物全局性的冷适应机制. 相似文献