稻、麦秸秆对球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)生长的抑制作用

考查了秸秆及其浸出液对球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)生长的影响,分析了秸秆附着微生物及秸秆物理吸附作用对秸秆抑藻活性的影响,观察了稻杆浸出液对藻细胞形态的影响。结果显示,一定量的物理破碎稻杆、麦杆及其浸出液均可有效抑制棕囊藻的生长,灭菌与未灭菌秸杆之间抑藻效果相差不大。不同条件处理的秸杆浸出液总酚含量与抑藻作用间均存在很大差异,但两者之间并无明显相关性。原子力显微镜观察发现,秸秆处理组细胞膜破裂、细胞塌陷,结构不完整,细胞粗糙度明显增加。这些结果提示微生物和物理吸附对秸杆抑藻作用的贡献很小,秸秆中存在的或降解产生的抑藻活性成分是秸秆抑藻的主要原因;除了酚酸类物质外,秸杆中可能存在其他可以显著抑制藻类生长的物质;秸秆通过破坏藻细胞的膜结构,导致藻细胞出现空洞,细胞内容物流出,从而抑制或杀灭藻细胞。     

The synergistic effect of EDTA/antimicrobial combinations on Pseudomonas aeruginosa

AIMS: To demonstrate that the nonlinear concentration-dependent inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to EDTA can be used to successfully model and predict the potentiation of antimicrobials by EDTA. METHODS AND RESULTS: A model used successfully to describe the concentration-dependent inhibition of bacterial growth caused by many antimicrobials was unable to describe the inhibition of P. aeruginosa by EDTA. Examination of the inhibition profiles for EDTA against P. aeruginosa revealed a biphasic inhibitory pattern suggesting different mechanisms of action at different concentrations. A modelled, two-stage inhibitory process was shown to fit the observations. This model was then used to examine the effect of combining EDTA with other antimicrobials. The apparent synergy of mixtures of EDTA with quaternary ammonium surfactants (QAC) and specific antibiotics was successfully modelled. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the QAC and that of oxacillin and cefamandole were reduced by a factor of 3-10, whereas ampicillin was reduced by a factor of 70 from an MIC of 1524 to 21 mg l(-1) in the presence of 500 mg l(-1) of EDTA. CONCLUSIONS: A nonlinear concentration-dependent inhibition of P. aeruginosa by EDTA gives rise to apparent observation of synergy with other antimicrobials. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This is a further example where the current methodology for the examination of antimicrobial synergy (the summed fractional inhibitory concentrations) leads to false conclusions.     

菖蒲干体提取液对两种水华藻类生长的影响

通过不同浓度的提取液添加试验,研究了水生植物菖蒲的干体提取液对铜绿微囊藻和蛋白核小球藻生长的影响.结果表明:菖蒲干体提取液中含有抑藻活性的化感物质.高浓度的提取液（>40 ml·L^-1）对两种低接种密度藻的生长有显著的抑制作用（P＜0.01）,最高抑制率分别为9866%和9238%;而低浓度的提取液（<30 ml·L^-1）能促进蛋白核小球藻的生长,第7天最低抑制率为-4952%.但两种浓度的提取液对高密度藻的生长并无显著影响（P＞0.05）.对比提取液的半连续添加和一次性添加试验发现,提取液中的抑藻组分较易分解,表明自然水体中化感物质的持续分泌可能是菖蒲对浮游藻类产生抑制作用的重要因素.     

Potential inhibitors from wet oxidation of wheat straw and their effect on growth and ethanol production by Thermoanaerobacter mathranii

Alkaline wet oxidation (WO) (using water, 6.5 g/l sodium carbonate, and 12 bar oxygen at 195 degrees C) was used for pre-treating wheat straw (60 g/l), resulting in a hemicellulose-rich hydrolysate and a cellulose-rich solid fraction. The hydrolysate consisted of soluble hemicellulose (9 g/l), aliphatic carboxylic acids (6 g/l), phenols (0.27 g/l or 1.7 mM), and 2-furoic acid (0.007 g/l). The wet-oxidized wheat straw hydrolysate caused no inhibition of ethanol yield by the anaerobic thermophilic bacterium Thermoanaerobacter mathranii. Nine phenols and 2-furoic acid, identified to be present in the hydrolysate, were each tested in concentrations of 10-100x the concentration found in the hydrolysate for their effect on fermentation by T. mathranii. At 2 mM, these aromatic compounds were not inhibitory to growth or ethanol yield in T. mathranii. When the concentration of aromatics was increased to 10 mM, the fermentation was severely inhibited by the phenol aldehydes and to a lesser extent by the phenol ketones. By adding the same aromatic compounds to WO hydrolysate (10 mM), synergistic inhibitory effects of all tested compounds with hydrolysate components were shown. When the hydrolysate was concentrated three- and six-fold, growth and fermentation with T. mathranii were inhibited. At a six-fold hydrolysate concentration, the total concentration of phenolic monomers was 17 mM; hence aromatic monomers are an important co-factor in hydrolysate inhibition.     

Plant Growth Inhibitory Compounds from Aqueous Leachate of Wheat Straw

When seedlings of lettuce, cress, rice and wheat were incubated with the leachate of wheat straw, the roots growth of lettuce and garden cress were particularly inhibited. The leachate of wheat straw (100 g eq./l) showed 80.5 and 79.4% inhibition for lettuce and cress roots, respectively. The inhibitory activity was stronger as the concentration of wheat straw leachate was greater. This result indicates that allelochemical(s) inhibiting the roots growth of lettuce and cress are leached from the wheat straw into the water. Two potent compounds were isolated from the leachate of the wheat straw and identified as syringoylglycerol 9-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and l-tryptophan by spectral analyses. Syringoylglycerol 9-O-β-d-glucopyranoside inhibited the roots growth of lettuce and cress at concentrations greater than 0.1 and 10.0 μM, respectively. On the other hand, l-tryptophan inhibited the roots growth of lettuce and cress at concentrations greater than 0.1 and 1.0 μM, respectively. The content of syringoylglycerol 9-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and l-tryptophan in the leachate of wheat straw (100 g eq./l) was 18.4 ± 0.7 and 6.2 ± 0.6 μM, respectively. Syringoylglycerol 9-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (18.4 μM) showed 21.5 and 13.5% inhibition in the lettuce and cress roots assay, respectively. On the other hand, 6.2 μM of l-tryptophan showed 47.5 and 35.0% inhibition in the lettuce and cress roots assay, respectively. These results suggested that l-tryptophan may be a major contributor to the allelopathy in aqueous leachate of wheat straw and syringoylglycerol 9-O-β-d-glucopyranoside may be a minor contributor.     

Plant growth inhibitors isolated from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) straw

Several compounds related with plant defense and pharmacological activities have been isolated from sugarcane. Straw phytotoxins and their possible mechanisms of growth inhibition are largely unknown. A bioassay-guided fractionation of the phytotoxic constituents leachated from a sugarcane straw led to the isolation of trans-ferulic (trans-FA), cis-ferulic (cis-FA), vanillic (VA) and syringic (SA) acids. The straw leachates and their identified constituents significantly inhibited root growth of lettuce and four weeds. VA was more phytotoxic to root elongation than FA and SA. The identified phenolic compounds significantly increased leakage of root cell constituents, inhibited dehydrogenase activity and reduced chlorophyll content in lettuce. VA and FA inhibited mitotic index while SA increased cell division. Additive (VA-FA and FA-SA) and synergistic (VA-SA) interactions on root growth were observed at the response level of EC(25). Although the isolated compounds differed in their relative phytotoxic activities, the observed physiological responses suggest that they have a common mode of action. HPLC analysis indicated that sugarcane straw can potentially release 1.43 (ratio 2:1, trans:cis), 1.14 and 0.14mmolkg(-1) (straw dry weight) of FA, VA and SA, respectively. As phenolic acids are often found spatially concentrated in the top soil layers under plant straws, further studies are needed to establish the impact of these compounds in natural settings.     

生长素吲哚乙酸对铜绿微囊藻生理生化及产毒特性的影响

为了探究生长素吲哚乙酸(IAA)对产毒铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)的影响, 从生长、光合色素含量、叶绿素光诱导荧光特征、脂质氧化和微囊藻毒素合成特性等方面, 研究了IAA对M. aeruginosa CHAB6301生理生化及产毒的影响。结果表明, 在低浓度IAA(0.04和0.2 mg/L)条件下, 铜绿微囊藻生长、叶绿素含量、光合系统(PSⅡ)电子传递效率及藻毒素含量均无明显变化, 藻蓝蛋白、别藻蓝蛋白和丙二醛(MDA)含量均低于对照。高浓度IAA(1和5 mg/L)能够促进细胞生长, 提高叶绿素含量, 但是抑制藻蓝蛋白和别藻蓝蛋白含量, 降低膜脂过氧化程度和细胞内藻毒素合成。综合各指标测定结果, 低浓度IAA对M. aeruginosa CHAB6301生长和光合作用影响不明显, 而高浓度IAA可促进藻细胞生长和光合作用, 增加微囊藻水华形成几率。     

Effect of ovotransferrin, protamine sulfate and EDTA combination on biofilm formation by catheter-associated bacteria

AIMS: To determine the effect of a composition comprising ovotransferrin (OT), protamine sulfate (PS) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on biofilm formation by catheter-associated bacteria. METHODS AND RESULTS: The in vitro activity of OT, PS and EDTA alone and in combinations against biofilm formation by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus epidermidis was investigated. All the three compounds either alone or in combinations failed to inhibit the growth completely at the concentrations tested. However, the subinhibitory concentrations of three compounds in a composition showed synergistic inhibitory effect on biofilm formation by K. pneumoniae, Ps. aeruginosa and S. epidermidis. Furthermore, 79-95% reduction in Ps. aeruginosa and S. epidermidis biofilm formation was observed in a clear vinyl urinary catheter treated with the composition. CONCLUSION: The subinhibitory concentrations of OT, PS and EDTA in a composition were effective in reducing biofilm formation by catheter-associated bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study shows that a synergistic composition-comprising non-antibiotic generally regarded as safe (GRAS) compounds such as OT, PS and EDTA may be used in the prevention of catheter-related infections.     

Inhibition ofCandida albicans andStaphylococcus aureus by phenolic compounds from the terrestrial cyanobacteriumNostoc muscorum

Phenolic compounds were determined in methanolic extract from the algal mass of aNostoc muscorum culture. Bioassays with two human pathogens,Candida albicans andStaphylococcus aureus indicated that algal phenolic compounds evoked significant growth inhibition for both species (89.1% and 88.2%, respectively). It is suggested that this strong inhibitory effect is of potential medicinal value.     

Optimization of glycosidases production by Pseudoalteromonas issachenkonii KMM 3549(T)

AIMS: The present work aimed to design an optimized medium to yield a higher production of glycosides by Pseudoalteromonas issachenkonii KMM 3549(T). METHODS AND RESULTS: Higher levels of fucoidan hydrolase, alginase, laminaranase and b-N-acetylglucosaminidase production were obtained with peptone concentrations ranging from 2.5 g l(-1) to 10 g l(-1), while the presence of both yeast extract and glucose did not affect enzyme production. The activity of fucoidan hydrolase and laminaranase increased up to 4.83 microM h(-1) mg(-1) and 19.23 microM h(-1) mg(-1) protein, respectively, in growth media containing xylose (1.0 g l(-1)), laminarin (0.5 g l(-1)) or alginate (0.5 g l(-1)), and production of b-N-acetylglucosaminidase substantially increased in the presence of fucoidan (0.5 g l(-1)) or galactose (1 g l(-1)). All polysaccharides tested in concentrations of 0.5 g l(-1) fucoidan and 0.2 g l(-1) fucose induced production of alginase (up to 5.06 microM h(-1) mg-1 protein). CONCLUSIONS: The production of glycosidases is not only stimulated by the presence of algal polysaccharides, but may also be stimulated by monosaccharides (e.g. xylose). SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The production of glycosidases by Pseudoalteromonas issachenkonii KMM 3549(T) was significantly improved by using a simple nutrient medium containing peptone (2.5 g l(-1)) and xylose (5.0 g l(-1)) in 100% natural seawater.     

Isolation and characterization of a novel antialgal allelochemical from Phragmites communis

Antialgal allelochemicals were isolated from Phragmites communis Tris. The isolated allelopathic fraction showed strong inhibition activity on the growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Microcystis aeruginosa but had no inhibition on Chlorella vulgaris. The 50% effective concentrations (EC50) of the allelopathic fractions on C. pyrenoidosa and M. aeruginosa were 0.49 and 0.79 mg/liter, respectively. The allelopathic activity of the fraction was species-specific. The isolated allelopathic fraction caused metal ion leakage from algal cells. The fraction decreased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase and peroxidase. The addition of the isolated fraction increased the concentration of unsaturated lipid fatty acids in cell membrane of C. pyrenoidosa and M. aeruginosa. This caused a change in plasma membrane integrity and the leakage of ions in the protoplast. The allelopathic compound was identified by nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as ethyl 2-methylacetoacetate. Synthesized ethyl 2-methylacetoacetate also showed allelopathic activity on C. pyrenoidosa and M. aeruginosa. The EC50 of synthesized ethyl 2-methylacetoacetate on C. pyrenoidosa and M. aeruginosa were 0.49 and 0.65 mg/liter, respectively.     

Ecological removal of recalcitrant phenolic compounds of treated olive mill wastewater by Pediococcus pentosaceus

Treatment of olive mill wastewater by different biological process led to an important decrease of organic compounds but the black coloration due to the recalcitrant phenolic compounds persists. Experimental design using fractional factorial plan showed that, among the seven studied factors, yeast extract, dilution and glucose exhibited a positive effect on Pediococcus pentosaceus growth and treated olive mill wastewater (TOMW) decolourisation. Optimization of influent factors showed that 2.5 and 1g/l are the suitable concentrations of glucose and yeast extract, respectively. Optimum TOMW decolourisation was reached when TOMW was diluted to 2.5 initial OD390 value. The growth of P. pentosaceus on TOMW led to high molecular weight phenolic compounds removal as shown by the sephadex G-50 chromatogram. Simple phenolic compound removal was also observed. Bacterial growth on TOMW induced an ecological removal of recalcitrant phenolic compounds without chemical sludge production.     

Nematicidal Activity of Honokiol and Magnolol Isolated from Magnolia tripetala

Ethyl acetate extract of the branches of Magnolia tripetala exhibited nematicidal activity against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus , Panagrellus redivivus and Caenorhabditis elegans . Two nematicidal phenolic compounds magnolol ( 1 ) and honokiol ( 2 ) were isolated from the extract based on bioassay-guided fractionation. The median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) of compounds 1 – 2 were 149.3 and 63.7 mg/l, respectively, against B. xylophilus , 74.5 and 75.9 mg/l, respectively, against P. redivivus , 64.7 and 57.8 mg/l, respectively, against C . elegans at 48 h.     

Responses of enzymatic antioxidants and non-enzymatic antioxidants in the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa to the allelochemical ethyl 2-methyl acetoacetate (EMA) isolated from reed (Phragmites communis)

Macrophytic allelochemicals are considered an environment-friendly and promising alternative to control algal bloom. However, studies examining the potential mechanisms of inhibitory allelochemicals on algae are few. The allelochemical ethyl 2-methyl acetoacetate (EMA), isolated from reed (Phragmites communis), was a strong allelopathic inhibitor on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa. EMA-induced antioxidant responses were investigated in the cyanobacterium M. aeruginosa to understand the mechanism of EMA inhibition on algal growth. The activities of enzymatic antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and the contents of non-enzymatic antioxidants reduced glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (AsA) of M. aeruginosa cells were analyzed after treatments with different concentrations of EMA. Exposure of M. aeruginosa to EMA caused changes in enzyme activities and contents of non-enzymatic antioxidants in different manners. The decrease in SOD activity occurred first after 4h of EMA exposure, and more markedly after 40h. CAT activity did not change after 4h of EMA exposure, but increased obviously after 40h. The contents of AsA and GSH were increased greatly by EMA after 4h. After 60h, low EMA concentrations still increased the CAT activity and the contents of AsA and GSH, but high EMA concentrations started to impose a marked suppression on them. EMA increased dehydroascorbate (DHAsA) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) contents during all exposure times. After 60h, the regeneration rates of AsA and GSH (represented by the AsA/DHAsA ratio and GSH/GSSG ratio, respectively) were reduced by high EMA concentrations. These results suggest that the activation of CAT and the availability of AsA and GSH at early exposure are important to counteract the oxidative stress induced by EMA, and the inactivation of SOD may be crucial to the growth inhibition of M. aeruginosa by EMA.     

枯草芽孢杆菌fmb60菌株非核糖体肽类化合物对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制作用

铜绿微囊藻是一种分布广泛的水华微藻,可对人类健康和生态环境造成严重危害,而枯草芽孢杆菌作为一种生防微生物可通过非核糖体肽合成酶合成多种生物活性物质.因此,枯草芽孢杆菌fmb60非核糖体肽(Non-ribosomal peptide,NRP)类产物对铜绿微囊藻生长抑制作用的研究在水华治理方面具有重要的意义.利用基因组挖掘...     

Growth inhibition of unicellular and colonial Microcystis strains (Cyanophyceae) by compounds isolated from rice (Oryza sativa) hulls

The algicidal effects of crude and pure rice hull extracts on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa were investigated using cultured unicellular and colonial strains. Upon treatment with rice hull crude extract (RHE), growth inhibition of unicellular M. aeruginosa was much higher than that of colonial M. aeruginosa. However, purified compounds from the crude extract, β-sitosterol-β-d-glucoside and dicyclohexanyl orizane, powerfully inhibited the growth of colonial M. aeruginosa cells. At the same concentrations, the two compounds were almost equipotent (66% and 80% growth inhibition for colonial M. aeruginosa, respectively; P < 0.05). As rice hulls are readily obtainable, and as extracts show high algicidal activity (targeting colonial algae rather than unicellular organisms) at low concentrations, the results suggest that some pure compounds extracted from rice hulls, such as β-sitosterol-β-d-glucoside and dicyclohexanyl orizane, may serve as environmentally friendly agents for controlling the growth of toxic colonial M. aeruginosa in eutrophic waters.     

麦秸与稻秸浸提液对油菜及2种靶标杂草种苗生长影响的差异性研究

采用室内培养皿生物测定的方法,测试不同质量浓度（0、0.02、0.03、0.05、0.08、0.10 g·mL^-1）麦秸、稻秸浸提液对油菜及油菜田2种常见靶标杂草野燕麦（Avena fatua Linn）、播娘蒿 ［Descurainia sophia（L.）Schur］种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,在供试质量浓度下,麦秸与稻秸浸提液对3种受体材料种苗生长的影响存在显著差异,二者对油菜种苗生长安全的最高质量浓度分别为0.08 g·mL^-1和0.05 g·mL^-1,可以用来开发研制油菜田肥料;在对油菜安全的质量浓度下,麦秸浸提液对野燕麦种苗生长无抑制作用;而稻秸浸提液对野燕麦种苗生长的抑制作用明显,可以用来开发研制油菜田防除野燕麦的生物抑草肥;在油菜的安全的质量浓度下,麦秸、稻秸浸提液对播娘蒿种苗生长均有很强的抑制作用,且麦秸的抑制作用强于稻秸,具有开发研制油菜田治理播娘蒿的生物抑草肥料的应用前景。     

Algal growth control by a barley straw extract

In recent years, there has been an apparent increase in the occurrence of harmful algal blooms occurring in potable waters. The potential of a simple barley straw extract to inhibit algal growth was assessed. Algal growth in lakewater was inhibited by the addition of barley straw (1% w/v), with the chlorophyll a concentration remaining below the original level (40 micrograms l-1) throughout the experiment. In contrast, in the presence of wheat straw, algal biomass increased, reaching a final chlorophyll a concentration of 1160 micrograms l-1 after 28 days. Analysis of the remaining particulate straw at the end of the experiment showed that the lignin content of barley straw had increased significantly from 10-33% (w/w). Further, a preparation of a simple aqueous extract from the decomposed-barley straw was found to inhibit the cyanobacteria Microcystis sp. and the algal species Scenedesmus, with chlorophyll a levels some 10-fold lower than in untreated flasks. This study shows that a decomposed-barley extract, even in a very dilute concentration (0.005%) was capable of inhibiting the growth of Microcystis sp., a commonly occurring cyanobacterium which produces the toxin microcystin and has been responsible for some of the most serious pernicious algal blooms in the UK.     

Types of responses of a model population of microalga <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scenedesmus quadricauda</Emphasis> (Turp.) Breb. under different intoxication conditions

The main ways of reaction of a green chlorococcal alga Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Breb. model population to the toxic action of different chemicals (the fungicide imazalil sulfate and heavy metal Cr⁶⁺ as a potassium bichromate) are analyzed. Regularities of the change in the size-age and functional population characteristics are considered, and four types of universal microalgal response to the toxic action are demonstrated. In the presence of low concentrations (0.001 mg/l), the slowdown of the culture growth was caused by the long stop of cell division in part of the algal population rather than by cell death or a decrease in their growth. The lack of effect (or even culture growth stimulation under medium concentrations (0.1 mg/l)) is related to the cell division proliferation after a temporary stop. After increasing the toxicant concentration up to 1.0 mg/l, we observed a long cell division inhibition; however, the cell death was under high toxicant concentrations of 5.0–10.0 mg/l). A significant inhibition of functional cell parameters (photosynthetic intensity) took place only under high toxicant concentrations (5.0 mg/l and higher). It is shown that the microalgal population state can be estimated on the basis of an analysis of its structural and functional parameters.     

一氧化氮对桦褐孔菌抗氧化酚类化合物积累的影响

本研究探讨了NO对深层培养的桦褐孔菌积累抗氧化酚类化合物的影响。在桦褐孔菌的培养基中分别加入0.01mmol/L、0.1mmol/L以及1mmol/L的NO供体硝普钠,并测定总酚的含量及其抗氧化活性。发酵产物的抗氧化活性以清除DPPH和羟自由基活力表示。加入0.1mmol/L的硝普钠可使桦褐孔菌胞内外酚类化合物分别达到最高水平67mg/g和677mg/L。不同培养时期产生的胞内外酚类化合物都具有抗氧化活性,尤其是添加0.1mmol/L硝普钠的菌丝体。因此NO可用于上调深层发酵培养的桦褐孔菌酚类化合物的积累。